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V. a NATIONAL MUSEUM.
— 31
BULLETIN
OF THB
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
No. 35.
PUBLISHBD UNDER THE OIEECTION OF THE SKITHSONUN IMSnTUTIOI.
i WASHIKGTON:
i OOVEENMENT PBINTINO OFFIOB.
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ADVERTISEMENT.
This work is the thirty-first of a series of papers intended to illus-
trate the collections of natural history and ethnology belonging to the
United States, and constituting the National Museum, of which the
Smithsonian Institution was placed in charge by the act of Congress
of August 10, 1846.
It has been prepared at the request of the Institution, and printed by
authority of the honorable Secretary of the Interior.
The publications of the National Museum consist of two series — the
Bulletins, of which this is No. 25, in continuous series, and the Pro-
ceedings, of which the sixth volume is now in press.
•The volumes of proceedings are printed signature by signature, each
issue having its own date, and a small edition of each signature is dis-
tributed to libraries promptly after its publication.
From time to time the publications of the Museum which have been
issued separately are combined together and issued as volumes of the
Miscellaneous Collections. These are struck off from the stereotype
plates from which the first edition was printed, and in this form are
distributed by the Smithsonian Institution to libraries and scientific
societies throughout the world. Volume 13 of these collections includes
Bulletins 1 to 10 inclusive ; volume 19, vols. 1 and 2 of the Proceedings;
volume 22, vols. 3 and 4 of the Proceedings; and volume 23, Bulletins
11 to 15 inclusive.
Full lists of the publications of the Museum may be found in the cur-
rent catalogues of the publications of the Smithsonian Institution.
SPENCEE F. BAIED,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
Smithsonian Institution,
Washington^ June 1, 1884.
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CONTRIBUTIONS
TO IliB
NATURAL HISTORY OF THE BERMUDAS.
U>mCD BT
J. MATTHEW JONES AND GEORGE BROWN GOODE.
VOL. I.
Pabt L— geology By Prof. Wiluam North Rick.
Part II.— BOTANY ByGsn. Si R. John Henry Lkfrot.
Part III.— MAMMALS By J. Matthew Jones.
Part IV.— BIRDS By Capt. Savile G. Rkid.
Part V.— NOTES ON BIRDS By Dr. C. Hart Mrrriam.
Part VI.— REPTILES By Samuel G arman.
Part VII.— ANNELIDS By Prof. H. E. Webster.
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOB.
1884.
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BOTANY OF BERMUDA.
Errata in Part II., Bullettin No. 25, U. S. National Museum.
Page 35, line 26: for "pine" readyfw^.
Page 38, line 24: for *»low" read law.
Page 45, line 7: for "Lance" read Lane.
Page 59, line 18: for "Ayland" read Hyland.
Page 59, line 21 : after "wood" insert a semicolon.
Page 60, line 21 : for "medeira" read Madeira.
Page 65, line 4: for "Vitch" read Vetch.
Page 65, line 17: for "tiliqua" read siliqiia.
Page 68, line 12: for "Caffra-brom " read Kaffir-boom.
Page 68, line 20: for " pernif erum " xt.^A pertdfcrum.
Page 73, line 14: after "Japan-medlar" insert Loquat.
Page 73, line 27: for "Lip plant" read Life plant.
Page 79, line 26: for "thoris" read koris.
Page 84, line 5 : for " hetorophylla " read heterophylla.
Page 85, line 24: for "spendens" read splendens,.
Page 88, line 8: for "shore" read share.
Page 91, line 14: for " gnaphalodes " x^tA gnalphaloides.
Page 96, line 14: for "aryroncara" read argyroneura.
Page 104, line 15: after "obscure" insert a comma.
Page 105, line 18: for "atropha" x^2Ajatropha.
Page 113, line 32: for "ovedoxa" read oreodoxe.
Page 114, line 18: for '*Vershafelii" read Vershaftii.
Page 127, line 17: for "atropha" x^^dij atropha.
Page 128, line 9: for "coriandum" read coriattdrum.
Page 128, line 31 : for "Hog wood" read Hogweed.
Page 128, lines 37-38: for "98" read 80.
Page 128, for line 57 insert Jatropha 105.
Page 129, line 48: for "Pane" read Plane.
Page 131, line 5: dele With 64.
Page 131, for line 10 insert Yellow wood 56.
Page 134, line 53: for "tiliqua" read nliqua.
Page 134, line 60: for " Brugmonsia " read Brugmansia.
Page 136, line 5: for " argyroncara " read argyroneura.
Page 137, line 53: for "J. Jatropha" read J. curcas.
Page 139, line i : for "Pipearceae " read Piperacea.
Page 139, line 41 : for "guayva" x^^.^ guaiava.
Page 140, line 8: for "fiabilliformis" xtzAJlabelliformis.
Page 141, line 3: for "stenataphrum" read stenotaphrium.
Page 141, line 12: for "Swietinia" read Swie tenia.
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PREFACE.
The Bermudas or Somers Islands, since their discovery in 1515, have
given origin to a literature of very considerable extent. Not only have
they been the subject of discussion in many a book of history and
travel, they have inspired the poetic fancies of Thomas Moore and
Andrew Marvell, and supplied Shakespeare with an environment for
** The Winter's Tale.'^ The natural history of this little archipelagd has
also been a fruitful subject of description from the days of Sil jourdan
and his quaint old black-letter volume, "The Wreck of the Sea Adven-
ture.'' The literature of the islands, as will be shown in a bibliography
to be published in a subsequent part of this work, includes many papers
of considerable importance from a scientific standpoint.
The " enchanted isles " have proved very attractive to natui;alists,
especially during the past decade, and to the old list of observers, con-
taining such names as those of J. Matthew Jones, Sir William Beid, Sir
Henry Lefroy, Lansdowne Guilding, H. B. Tristram, J. L. Hurdis, Col.
H. M. Drummond-Hay, Colonel Nelson, Dr. J. J. Bein, and Colonel
Wedderbum, must be added those of Sir Wy ville Thomson and his as-
sistants on the Challenger staff, especially John Murray and H. N.
Moseley, Prof. W. G. Farlow, Mr. Walter Faxon, Dr. C. Hart Merriam,
Mr. J. W. Fewkes, Prof. William North Eice, Dr. G. W. Hawes, Dr. F.
M. Hamlin, and Prof. A. S. Bickmore. The field of marine zoology is as
yet hardly touched. No place can be more suitable for a laboratory of
biology.
The only book in which a general survey of the flora and fauna of the
islands has been attempted is in " The Naturalist in Bermuda," an oc-
tavo volume of 200 pages, published in London in 1859, by John Matthew
Jones, Esq., F. L. S., barrister, of the Middle Temple. This work is full
of interest and suggestion. It bears upon its title page as its legend,
the well-known saying of White of Selborne, " Every Mngdom^ every prov-
ince j should have its own monographer ^^ was conceived and executed in
the spirit of a true disciple of the Hampshire sage, and received a well-
merited encomium from Darwin in his Origin of Species.
In " The Naturalist in Bermuda," Mr. Jones made no attempt to
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VI PREFACE.
grapple with marine zoology, the book being demoted almost entirely to
the land animals and plants. The lists are all, of coarse, very incom-
plete in the light of subsequent discoveries, but the book is a claasic,
and will always remain so. Since 1859, a number of special papers have
been published by Mr. Jones, and by others; and a series of faunal lists,
very nearly complete for vertebrates, is given in Mr. Jones^ Visitors'
Guide to Bermuda, printed in 1876.
Dr. T. L. Godet, in his *^ Bermuda,'' published in 1860, attempted to
discuss the zoology of the islands, but his chapters on " natural history,''
** shells," and ^* corals " give evidence not only of ignorance of but
shameful dishonesty in his methods of book-making.
The plan of the work, of which the first instalment is now published,
was arranged by Mr. Jones and the writer of this preface in the spring
of 1877, at the close of a second winter of joint exploration of the isl-
ands. Mr. Jones has collected in Bermuda for several winters, between
1859 and 1876, and has become the standard authority on matters relat-
ing to the natural history of the islands. It has been our purpose in
our joint work to bring together in convenient form that which is known
of the natural history of the islands, and to make a complete series of
faunal and floral lists, to serve as a starting point for future works in
the study of the region.
In the present volume are printed seven separate papers.
Professor Rice's essay upon the Geology of the islands (Part I) is the
result of a careful reconnaissance during a six weeks' visit in the spring
of 1877. The previous work of Nelson and Thomson, and the discus-
sion of the region by Dana, have been taken into condderation in the
preparation of this paper.
The Bermudian Flora, by Sir John Henry Lefroy (Part II), is the re-
sult of the studies of that eminent geographer while governor of the
islands from 1871 to 1877, most of the specific identifications having
been made at the Royal Botanical Gardens, Eew. An especial feature
of interest in this paper is the thorough manner in which the native
flora has been differentiated from the extensive exotic flora, which has
been energetically increased by the Bermudians since the very beginning
of the colony in 1609. It is of gr^at value, too, as a record of the suc-
cesses of Sir Henry Lefroy himself in acclimatizing numerous species.
During his administration, two or three hundred species of trees, shrubs,
and plants were introduced from different quarters, particularly from
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PREFACE. VII
the Royal Gardens at' Kew, which will- greatly extend the interest of
the Bermudas as a botanic garden.
The catalogue of Bermuda Mammals (Part III), by Mr. J. Matthew
Jones, is one of the monographs, which will probably never be extended
unless by the addition of certain species of whales.
Capt. Savile G. Beid's essay on Bermuda Ornithology (Part IV) is the
final result of the labors of Jones, Hurdis, Wedderbum, and others, and
may be regarded as a final report. Much of the completeness of this
list is due to the labors of a most ingenious local collector, Mr. John T.
Bartram, of Stock's Point, whose little museum is full of interesting ma.
terial.
Dr. C. Hart Merriam, in a short visit to the islands in 1878, discov-
ered one or two additional species of Birds, which, by special request^
he records in Part V.
Mr. Samuel Garman's paper on Bermudian Herpetology (Part VI) is
undoubtedly a final statement. The discussion of the marine turtles in
this paper is of great general interest.
Professor Webster's paper on the Annelids (Part VII) is only a be-
ginning, being based upon a very incomplete collection gathered in con-
nection with other work.
A number of other papers are in preparation, and it is hoped that
they may be completed within the next year. Among these are a second
edition of the present writer's Fishes of Bermuda, and papers on the
Crustaceans, by Prof. 8. 1. Smith ; the Radiates, by Prof. A. E. Verrillj
the Sponges, by Prof. A.. Hyatt; the Spiders, by J. H. Emerton; and
the Mollusks, by J. Matthew Jones.
G. BROWN GOODE.
WASHiNaxoN, April 2, 1884,
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Bull. No. 25, TT. S, National MusjTE I.
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INTRODUCTION
By J. Matthew Jones, F. R. 8. C.
Alone in mid-ocean, about 600 miles east of the Carolina coast, lies
the little group of islets known as Bermuda. In former days, when
light-houses were few and far between, and navigation was beset with
greater danger and difficulty, these islands were counted among the
greatest terrors of the deep; lying in the track of merchantmen from
Europe to America, and surrounded by barrier reefs extending far out
to sea, they too often became the last home of mariners, whose ships
were driven in Airy upon the breakers and dashed to atoms amid the
seettiing foam.
There are no bold scenic effects to impress the visitor on his first ap-
proach ; no elevated peaks or cone-like craters, nor hillside gorges. All
is on a small scale, and although with islands and rocky islets together*
over three hundred may be counted, yet the whole lie in a space of 23
miles by 3, and so slightly raised are they above the ocean surface that
the very highest point of land only reaches 250 feet.
The Oulf Stream flows between the Bermudas and the eastern coast
of the United States, trending to the northeast as it reaches the latitude
of New York, thus affording the ocean to the southward protection from
the cold winds of the north during the winter months. On the eastern
edge of this heated concourse of waters which circle around from south
to northeast are the Bermudas ; while within this semicircular space
float vast masses of Gulf-weed, the Sargassum ftacci/erww, intermingled
with driftwood, seeds of trees and plants, and abundance of other veg-
etable matter bearing upon its surface, or within its tangled masses,
myriads of moUusks, crustaceans, and other invertebrate forms, which
float hither and thither as the winds direct, while thousands of fishes
frequent these aquatic preserves to feed upon them. It is to these float-
ing masses of Oulf- weed that the northern shores of America owe the
presence of isolated examples of tropic fishes taken generally during
the later months of summer. During that period the ocean surface is
rarely disturbed by violent storms, and the Oulf weed floats along in im-
IX
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X INTRODUCTION.
mense fields, propelled both by the swift, warm current and southerly
winds to a far more northerly point than usual ; indeed, instances are
known, one very recently, where turtles have been captured while float-
ing on the water within 100 miles of Halifax.
The deniaens of this favorable cover, thus brought within a compara-
tively short distance of the northeast coast of America, wander away
right and left, and many strike the shores and are captured, to aflFord
wonder to those who are unaccustomed to their singular forms. Thus
it is that on the coast of Kova Scotia are found, almost every summer,
examples of West Indian Balistes^ Fistularia, Eemirhamphusj Uxoccetua,
&c., also the well-known " Portuguese Man-of-War " {PhysaXia peta-
gica) } while many large seeds of West Indian plants, such as Entada
scandenSj Mucuna urenSy and others chiefly belonging to the family Legu-
minosoBj are picked up at Sable Island, which lies 80 or more miles off
the Nova Scotian coast.
North and west of the islands, at a distance fiom shore in soine di-
rections of 10 or more miles, lie what are known as the outer reefs, a
belt of submerged rocks coated with SefpulWj whose hard, irregularly-
twisted calcareous tubes often form incrustations an inch or more in
thickness, and various other forms, particularly nullipores, stony sea-
weeds of a rosy color, which occur as wartlike processes on all portions
of the reef rock. Within the outer reefs, and coating the inner edges of
these submerged rocks, grow numerous species of corals.
Thousands of other objects help to form the population of these outer
reefe and contribute not a little to their growth, while myriads of tropic
fishes lurk in the snug holes and corners formed in the wave- worn rocks.
Through certain channels in this reef vessels reach the harbors within;
but without the aid of the pilots, a daring, clever set of fellows, with eyes
as sharp as hawks and nerves that never fail, it would be useless to
attempt an entrance.
The latitude of the light-house on Gibb's Hill is 32© 15' 4" N.j longi-
tude, 64P 5V 36^' W. In shape the Bermudas form a narrow elongated
strip of land about 23 miles long, running east and west, bent in-
wards at one extremity like a fish-hook, and indented throughout by
inlets, with numerous little inlets scattered over the whole extent. The
distance from Cape Hatteras is about 600 miles ; and from Halifax 750
miles. The land lies very low, but it is pleasingly diversified through-
out its whole area with little hills and dales. It is covered over large
areas with groves of cedar {Juniperus barbadensis), having an under-
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INTRODUCTION. XI
wood of sage bush {Lantana odorata) and (£. camara). A few depres-
sions, slightly below the sea level, are wet and marshy, and are grown
np with coarse grasses, reeds, and sedges, with palmettoes and cedars
where the ground is dry, and mangroves and a^icennias where it is
muddy. There are no lakes, streams, or wells of fresh water, the only
water-supply being derived from the clouds. The roofs of the houses
are sloped and whitewashed so as to allow the rain to run freely into
tanks under ground; some of these are of large size and keep an abun-
dance of water perfectly clear and fresh for two or three months, if
droughts should occur.
The climate, during the winter months of November, December, Jan-
uary February, and March, is simply charming, the thermometer usu-
ally ranging from 60^ to 1(P, Cool and pleasant breezes almost con-
tinually prevail ; and as may well be imagined from its position on the
wide ocean, the air of Bermuda is the purest of the pure.
The trade of Bermuda is carried on by a dozen or more island vessels
and others from England, United States, Nova Scotia, and Prince Ed-
ward Island. The island vessels are built of cedar, the most durable
of all woods ; but as that timber is getting scarce, ship-building is not
carried on to the extent it was formerly. The principal exports are
onions, tomatoes, and potatoes, chiefly to New York, during the months
of April, May, and June. Arrowroot has also been for many years a
well-known Bermudian product, commanding a high price in every part
of the world.
Bermuda is a British military post, and there is one line regiment
always garrisoned there, as well as artillery and engineers ; and the
dock-yard is one of the stations of the West Indian squadron of the
British navy.
The following brief topographical description of the islands is here
presented as an introduction to the special natural history papers which
are to follow, and which otten contain reference to special localities. It
should be read in connection with the map.
Beginning at the eastern extremity of the archipelago, we observe
upon the map.
St George's. — ^This was once the chief town of the islands and resi-
dence of the governor ; but Hamilton, which is more centrally situate,
was chosen in its stead about the latter part of the last century. The
town is quaint and interesting ; the streets are so narrow that in places
two portly persons would almost jostle each other in passing. They
were constructed when carriages were unknown on the islands.
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XII INTRODUCTION.
Tbese narrow streets, winding up the hill on which much of the town
is bnilt, with their gardens hemmed in by high walls, over which hang
different species of cacti, with papaws, bananas, and plantains tower-
ing above, and here and there the graceful form of the palmetto sur-
mounting the same, will remind the visitor of a small Spanish or East-
em town.
To obtain a good view of the harbor and surrounding country the
visitor should proceed either up to the Signal Station or Barrack Hill,
from which will be obtained an extensive prospect. Not far beyond
the barracks, and eastward of there, is a small cove on the northern
sliore, known as "Buildings Bay»^ said to be the place where, in 1609,
Sir George Somers had his cedar vessel, in which he proceeded to Vir-
ginia, built. There are three or four strong forts commanding the
channel through the reefs on the north side.
David^s Island, forming the southern boundary of St. George's har-
bor, is quite small. It is here that some of the best arrowroot is grown
and manufactured ; and this island also furnishes most of the pilots
who hail from the east end of the islands. There is a whalehouse here,
which is now, however, rarely used, as the whale fishery has been much
neglected of late years. In its many pretty little bays and inlets a
variety of shells and sea- weeds may be obtained; thousands of sea
anemones occur in the clear shallow water, and many species of crusta-
ceans and echinoderms may be collected on the white sandy bottom,
which renders their forms wonderfully conspicuous.
Castle Harbor. — This charming sheet of water, the beauties of which, on
a bright sunny day, with sufficient breeze to ripple the surface of the
azure waters, are not to be excelled in any part of the world, is an ex-
cellent collecting place. The day's work should commence by a visit
to Castle Island, which commands the entrance to the harbor. The
visitor can only land upon the island at one spot on its southern side.
Here are the ruins of what, many years ago, was a fort of some im-
portance, called "The King's Castle;" the old brick oven, too, has be-
come a cave with miniature stalactites. The island is about 270 yards
long by 90 broad. It is a lonely, desolate spot, the home of the lizard
and prickly pear (Opuntia).
In sailing along for Southampton Island, which is the next to attract
attention, the entrance channel to Castle Harbor will be crossed, show-
ing how intricate the passage must have been for the large West Indian
mail steamers, which made this harbor their port of entry for some few
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INTBODUCTION. XIH
years after 1842. Soathampton Island was also fortified for the same par-
pose as Castle Island.
Nearly opposite Southampton Island, but at some little distance from
the shore on the south side, stands " Gurnet Eock," an isolated mass, very
interesting to an ornithologist, from its being almost the only spot in the
Bermudas where breeds that rare bird, the dusky shearwater (Puffinus oh-
8curm)y which is evidently the curious bird mentioned by Capt. John
Smith in his account of the Bermudas (which is included in his " History
of Virginia") about two centuries ago, under the name of the "cahow.''
The rock cannot be landed upon in safety, owing to the almost continued
swell of the ocean; and many are the hair-breadth 'scapes that have
occurred when enthusiastic naturalists, who are somewhat rare in the
Bermudas, have daringly attempted the task. The last effort was made
by Lieutenant Eeid, E. B., about 1874. Getting as near as possible in
the boat, he had to make a spring just as the swell lifted her up the side
of the rock ; but although he luckily succeeded in making good his foot-
ing, he received some severe bruises from the jagged nature of the sur-
face. His embarkation was happily effected without injury, and he had
the pleasure of carrying home a fine young specimen of the bird which
he had secured.
After passing Southampton Island the western shore of N'onsuch Island
comes in view. This island now belongs to the military department.
Several rare si>ecies of moUusks may be obtained in the sandy bays of
its southern shore.
Cooper's Island next claims attention ; here many shells and sea- weeds
are to be found, as well as a few interesting plants growing on the
sandy hillocks which are such conspicuous features in its scenery. If
the day should be calm instead of breezy, the visitor will do well to
pay attention to the curious objects beneath the waters of the harbor.
The bottom is everywhere studded with reefs, on which grow corals, gor-
gonias, sponges, &c., in profusion, and if the boat be provided with a
pair of long-handled nippers, any quantity of specimens may be obtained.
Knllet Bay. — ^About half a mile from St. George's, is Mullet Bay, one
of the many pretty little inlets with which the islands are everywhere
indented.
Stock's Point— Past Mullet Bay, and forming its western shore, runs
out toward Castle Harbor an irregular promontory known as Stock's
Point. At the extreme end of this point, and situate in a pretty nook,
is the residence of Mr. J. T. Bartram, whose collection of Bermudian
stuffed birds and fishes is the only one of its kind in the islands.
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XIV INTRODUCTION.
The Cameway. — This bridge was constracted in England and sent out
in pieces. Just at its end, on the Walsingham side, is a deep pool,
which is known as ^^ Blue Hole," in which many kinds of fish may be
seen disporting themselves in the clear water.
Walsingham Caves. — About a quarter of a mile up the hilly road which
leads from the causeway towards Hamilton, stands a small wooden
shed on the left hand ; while on the right, a rough and narrow road
is seen, which leads to the famous caves which have afforded for many
years the most singular scenes to be met with in the Bermudas. It
would take pages to describe properly the various portions of these sub-
terranean recesses, which present the usual appearance of stalactitic
halls and spacious chambers, floored with transparent waters, on which
no boat has ever yet been launched to explore the darkness beyond.
Walsingham. — The grounds about Walsingham are by far the most
picturesque in the islands, presenting a singular chaotic appearance of
broken rocks, caverns, and ponds, interspersed with grassy patches and
thickets in which numerous kinds of trees and shrubs mat their foliage
with that of the orange and lemon. Here may be found species of plants
unknown in any other part of the islands, and in the clear waters which
occur in almost every cavern mouth, the most brilliant-hued flshes may
be seen. The coffee-tree grows luxuriantly at Walsingham, and a climb-
ing jasmine overruns both rocks and trees profusely. The soil of this
district is different to that of other parts, being of a bright brick-red.
Paynter Vale. — Xot far from Walsingham, and snugly ensconced in a
grove of fine old trees, lies all that remains of the old homestead of the
Paynter family; the house a complete ruin, with ferns growing out of
the crevices, and bananas, papaws, and cedars hemming in its remains
on every side. Near what was formerly the principal entrance gate
stands a magnificent fiddle- wood tree (Citharexylum), the parent of all
the fiddle- wood trees in Bermuda. It was brought from Barbadoes about
the year 1829.
A little east of the ruined house an avenue of tall tapering cedars leads
to the old burial place of the family, which has recently been covered
over with blocks of stone to prevent desecration. Climbing a steep hill
near by, the visitor finds himself in full view of Harrington Sound, with
the Flatt's Bridge and village in the distance, while a little higher he
will find a patch of red ground, on which it is said nothing in the shape
of vegetation has ever been known to grow. About 80 yards north-
wards of this patch, and situate in the adjoining wood, is a small cave.
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INTRODUCTION. XV
known as '* Chalk Cave.'' On returning and recrossing the red patch,
there will be seen on the left hand a deep hollow called " Plantain Hole,'^
in which coffee, myrtle, wild cherry, fiddle- wood, and other trees are
growing and entwining their branches together.
After leaving this cavernous depression and ascending the steep hill
above for a short distance the visitor will come suddenly in view of
Castle Harbor. Descending the slope before him and arriving at the
shore he will find himself near the Government Limestone Quarry, from
which large blocks of compact stone have been taken for building forti-
fications, and which is frequently referred to below in Professor Bice's
paper on the geology of the islands. To the southeast is a cave called
*' Cooper's Hole," well worth a visit. Beturning northwards, along the
margin of the water, the visitor will perceive a current of water rushing
almost under his feet, which is supposed to flow under the land from
Harrington Sound. Still continuing northwards he will soon arrive at
a rail fence, which, if he follows along through ferns, myrtle, orange,
&c., will bring him to another deep hollow, called ^^ Little Plantain
Hole." At one time this was overrun with citron and orange trees ; but
very few, owing to the great disease of 1854, now remain. Still follow-
ing the fence he will again arrive at the ruins of the old Paynter home-
stead, from which he started. Just outside the entrance gate, and across
the public road, on the shore of Harrington Sound, will be seen a cavern
in the cliff, which goes by the name of ^^ Shark's Hole." If a boat can
be obtained this cavern is well worth investigating, for several species
of sea- weeds are to be obtained on the rocks on either side; while in the
recesses of the cave beyond, by the aid of a torch, a beautiful collection
of stalactites can be seen. A fine collection of stalactites from this
cave are preserved in the National Museum and in that of Wesleyan
University, Middletown,
Tucker's Town. — The land which lies between Paynter Yale and the
south shore, including the long narrow neck which stretches out east-
ward to Castle Island, is known as Tucker's Town. Tucker's Town
ponds are favorite resorts of the migratory water birds which visit
Bermuda from the North American continent during the fall and winter
months. Along the shores of these ponds the mangrove (Rhizaphora)
grows luxuriantly wherever congenial mud affords its roots a resting
place.
The walks about the sand hills near the shore will be found interest-
ing to the lover of nature, for many interesting maritime plants may be
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XVI INTBODUCTION.
seen, while along the coral strand are found rare sea-weeds and shells,
mingled with the pink-colored nullipore and dSbris of the reefe.
Devil's Hole. — ^This is a cavernous recess filled with salt water on the
south side of Harrington Sound, about midway between Walsingham
and the Flatts. For years it has been one of the " lions'' of Bermuda,
as it generally contains a stock of groupers (Serrani). and sundry other
fishes ; which swim about and can be as easily seen as if in an aquarium.
Here will be found a species of ground shark, which, although not un-
common on the east coast of America, is, from its retired habits, very
rarely seen. The angel-fish (Holacanthus) will be observed disporting
itself in the clear waters, as if proud of its splendid livery. The group-
ers themselves are easily recognizable, as they crowd together with open
mouths in hopes of a feed when the visitor arrives.
Harrington Sound, which lies before the visitor as he emerges from
the entrance door to Devil's Hole, probably possesses in itself and its
surroundings more picturesque scenery than any other locality in the
islands. Its surface is usually calm, owing to its land-locked position,
and a boating excursion on it« waters, especially about the shores of
Trunk Island, will reveal many submarine wonders to the eye of the
naturalist, in the form of gorgonias, sponges, corals, and hosts of other
things. Its northern shore, westward of Bailey's Bay Church, presents
a series of high clifb, in many places quite inaccessible, much to the
satisfaction of the several pairs of tropic birds which here annually, in
perfect security, make their nesting places and rear their young. From
the water is seen the high cliff known as " Devil's Head," its face all
ragged and torn by the storms of many winters. From out its numer-
ous crevices spring dwarf trees and shrubs, whose only holdfast appears
to be the solid rock on which they grow, while circling around its shat-
tered brow the tropic birds lazily float, mingling their plaintive cries
with the sounds of the rippling wavelets which dash on the rock-bound
shore a hundred feet below. Harrington Sound, owing to the fact that
the rise and fall of the tide is almost nothing, is one of the best places
for collecting corals, such as Millepora Oculina^ Mceandrina, Porite$y
Mycediumj and Siderastrcea. Here occur in great numbers the Bermuda
scollop, Pecten ziczctCj fished for at a depth of 5 or 6 fathoms by means of
long-handled nipper.
Flatt'8 Bridge. — At the western end of Harrington Sound there is an
outlet into Flatt's Harbor, through which the tide ebbs and flows with
great impetus. This channel has from the earliest times been spanned
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INTRODUCTION. XVIf
by a bridge. In the torrent below the bridge Mr. Ooode discovered
AmphioTifs in 1877, and this vicinity is one of the best collecting grounds
in the islands. Much may be done by raking up stones and sponges
from the bottom and examining their interstices for small animals.
Flatt*8 Harbor. — In days of yore this pretty little inlet of the sea pre-
sented a different aspect, for the shores, particularly at its head, were
lined with wharves from which good-sized vessels discharged their car-
goes. It was, in fact, one of the ports of Bermuda, and considerable
trade was carried on here. Even now the extent of the mins of several
bouses testifies to their capacity in former times. All, however, now
wears a look of desolation ; the moldering walls with the carved portals
are draped with the prickly cactus, while gigantic papaws and plantains
raise their leafy crowns above the whole.
Gibbons* Bay. — ^About a quarter of a mile ftom Flatt's Village, on the
north shore road to Hamilton, on the right hand, will be seen a little
sandy bay, with an island beyond, joined by a causeway of large stone
blocks to the shore. The little bay to the right is known as Gibbons'
Bay. It is an excellent place for collecting shells and sea-weeds, as
also marine invertebrates, which are common under the stones and sand
at low water. In the little rock pools here and along the north shore
occur frequently groups of young VeleUaj while in the crevices of the
rocks, after a northerly storm, may be found great masses of Onlf weed
covered with pelagic crustaceans and hydroids.
Koimt Langton. — Government House is situated on an elevated ridge
of land, and commands a fine view of the sea-coast all along the north
shore. The garden contains interesting examples of foreign trees,
shrubs, and plants. It was here that Lady Turner, between 1826 and
1832, planted the first weeping willow ever seen in the islands, a spe-
cies now very common. Governor Eeid, about 1841, planted the India-
rubber trees which stand near the steps leading down to the garden.
The wampee and litchi tre^s were also planted by him. The large silk
cotton trees in the garden were planted by Governor Elliott about 1850|
and Sir Henry Leflx)y, when governor, added largely to the list.
Peniston*! Pond.— This beautiftil little lake, screened from the ocean
by small hills covered with cedar, lies on the south shore of the islands,
about a mile and a half west of the Devil's Hole.
The waters of Peniston's Pond are quite brackish, having communi-
cation with the outer sea by underground channels. In heavy southerly
storms a perfect stream of water is forced over the shore rocks at the
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XVni INTRODUCTION.
eastern end, giving it the appearance of a natural water-course, which
is a rare sight in Bermudas except during a heavy rainfall. On the
souttiern shore of this pond, about its center, and within a few paces of
the water, are wells used for the purpose of watering cattle. The water
they contain, like all similar excavations throughout the islands, is firesh
above, but brackish beneath, as soon as the sea level is reached. This
is, of course, owing to the simple reason that fresh water is lighter than
salt. The islanders declare that there are ^^ springs'' of fresh water in
various places. This is only true to the extent of supply ftimished
by percolation of rain water to the depth such springs are found in ; a
few weeks of drought would be sufficient to prove the fallacy of the as-
sertion that such sources are really springs. Bermuda, which is merely
the peak of a submarine mountain, rising to a height of nearly four
miles from the bottom of the ocean, having its whole land area honey-
combed throughout above, and most probably far below the level of the
sea, can possess no fresh- water supply from below, and can only rely
upon rainfalls for the necessary fluid. No hard water, therefore, is to
be had in these islands ; none but what the tanks supply, running from
roofs and smoothed surfaces, constructed for the purpose. Peniston's
Pond is a great resort of water fowl and waders, which visit Bermuda
during the winter ; and many a rare bird has been obtained by ornithol-
ogists in favorable seasons.
Spaniih Book. — ^A few yards east of the cattle wells spoken of, just at
the base of the shore hills, an open grassy patch will be seen, having a
mud hole about its center. After passing this, proceed up through the
cedar grove in front, and immediately at the top a little pathway will
be seen leading to the cliff beyond. Care must be taken on approach-
ing this precipice, for if a fialse step be ma de, there ifi| nothing to prevent
a fall of fully 100 feet into the foaming waters below. The flattened
rock*, on which is an inscription consisting of a monogram and the date
1543, supposed to have been made by the Si>aniard, Ferdinand Gamelo, is
cut, is a little below the crest of the cliff. It is one of the oldest histori-
oal monuments in America.
Hungary Bay. — ^About three miles from Devonshire Bay, along the
coast westward, is Hungary Bay, an excellent place to gain some idea
of what a tropical mangrove swamp must be. This is, of course, only one
on a very small scale; but still the mangrove grows luxuriantly here.
With the exception of the crabs which climb the trees, hardly a sign of
animal life is observable. Fine specimens of Littorina scabra occur on
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INTEODUCTION. XJX
the tranks of the mangrove trees near the mud. Melampus flavtis and
Jtf. Bedfieldii also occur in abundance under stones at the edge of the
mud Kear the entrance to this bay on the eastern side will be seen
the ruins of a building formerly used us a magazine. A battery existed
here also.
It was just inside the mouth of the bay that, in the month of January,
1860, the largest example of the ribbon flsh (Regalecus) ever yet seen
was captured. The head and some other portions of the flsh were for-
warded as a present to the British Museum. The total length of the
specimen was 16 feet 7 inches.
Begaining the public road again, the visitor is now only a mile or so
from the capital town of the islands.
TTamiltoii. — ^Incorporated June 30, 1793, and named after the then gov-
ernor, Henry Hamilton, the town has very slowly but steadily increased
in size.
Below the hill on which the Sessions House stands is the '^ Public
Building,'' erected in 1839. Here are the "Custom-House," " Colonial
Office,'' *' Public Library," " Council Chamber," &c, while on the land-
ing of the upper staircase are a few cases containing enough natural
history specimens to make the visitor regret that the inhabitants do not
possess sufficient enterprise to establish a museum. No place in the
world presents the flBu^ilities Bermuda does for the collection of marine
specimens ; and as nearly all could be preserved in alcohol, there is less
excuse for the omission. It is hoped, however, that ere long the tide
of improvement will at last reach "the remote Bermudas," and that
institutions generally established in other communities for their benefit
and satisfaction will be considered necessary in this.
There are several interesting localities within walking distance of
Hamilton which will well repay the trouble taken in reaching them.
Proceeding along the publie road going to the eastward, skirting
the shore of Hamilton Harbor, and before the end of the harbor is
reached, there may be seen four fine specimens of the cabbage palm
(Oreodoxa oleracea) with trunks as smooth as ivory, and bearing above
the curious bunch of foliage which, from its resemblance to the vege-
table in question, has given the tree its name. One or two specimens
of the cocoanut palm (Cooos nndfera^ are also to be seen here, as well as
numerous shrubs, natives of the West Indies. At the end of the wall
which skirts this property will be seen in a cottage garden a tree pos-
sessing to all appearances crimson leaves. This is the fire plant, or
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XX INTRODUCTION.
borning bush {Poindana pulcberrima)^ and the gaily colored leaves will
be found to be merely the elongated petals of the flower. At the bend
of the road round the harbor head, and immediately by the guard wall,
in the dark, offensive looking mud, several mangrove trees grow, having
attached to the roots and lower parts numbers of an oyster-looking shell
{Pema ephippium). A little further on, on the right-hand side of the
road, will be observed a fine tamarind tree {Tamarindus indica) standing
in a neat little garden, while on the left, just beyond the tanks, runs
along the wall side a hedge of the ^^ snuff plant V {Buddlefa americana).
Paget Sand Hilli. — This sterile locality, which is an extremely wild
and lonely spot, is well worth a visit, and close examination also, for
here can be seen the mode adopted by nature to form the Bermudaa;
viz, drifting sand gradually increasing its deposits and elevating the
land; thereby overcoming cedar groves and cultivated ground, and in
one place even the dwelling of man.
On arriving at the northeast comer of the sand hills, the encroach-
ment of the drifting sand will at once be perceived, as the mass, some
10 feet in depth, is now gradually covering a small garden. According
to the observations made by persons residing close to, this overwhelm-
ing body has advanced over the cultivated land about 80 yards during
the last twenty-five years. At the northeast comer of the hills will be
seen, among some oleander trees near the top, the chimney of a cottage
which formerly stood there, inhabited by a colored fieunily. It is now
wholly buried in the drifting sand, save the chimney, which alone rises
above the mass to show the position of the structure.
With the exception of a few irregular patches here and there, and the
long reach of white sand gradually encroaching on the cultivated ground
at the northeast corner, the whole slope, which some twenty years ago
was almost wholly clear drift sand, with a few patches of bent grass
in scattered spots upon it, is now clottied «with wild plants and shrubs,
as well as young cedars, which will no doubt in a few years attain goodly
dimensions, and, with the aid of the universal underwood of sage-bush,
put an end to the further encroachments of the sand drift.
On the western side of the sand hills there is now a plateau of about
half an acre, or perhaps more, of hardened drift sand, forming gradually
into rock. On its face are cracks filling with drift sand, showing that
the sun doubtless affects this hardened surface. Elevated protuberances
of a foot or so in height, rise amid this plateau, having each a hole or
depression at the center. These denote the sites in which cedar trees
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INTRODUCTION. XXI
fcrmerly grew. At the eaet end of the hills may be seen the gradual
decay of cedar stumps, exhibiting more clearly the several stages of
change, which are the more worthy of study in consequence of the light
they throw upon the many curious chimney-pot looking structures every-
where to be met with on the Bermuda shores.
Indeed, the naturalist, on carefully observing the whole appearance
of these sand hills, and taking into consideration the facts which are so
prominently placed before him, will be able to form a very fair idea of
the circumstances under which the Bermudas attained their present
elevation after the great submergence.
At the foot of these hills, along the shore, runs a charming stretch
of sandy beach.
At low water, and almost within wading distance of the beach, will
be seen a series of ^< boilers" as they are locally termed, t. a., rounded
masses of rock hollowed within, containing sea water, having their mar-
gins raised by incrusting serpuke. The origin of these boilers, which
occur all round the shores, has never been satisfactorily ascertained,
and would form a very interesting source of inquiry for any one desirous
of advancing scientific knowledge.
The Boyal Engineer Quarries. — These quarries, where the most com- f
pact stone to be found in the islands is procured for the purpose of
building fortifications and other Government work, are situate upon
the shore about a quarter of a mile east of the sand hills.
The Light-hoiue. — ^This commanding structure, which possesses one of
the most powerful lights in the world, is situate on the summit of GibVs
HiU. The light itself stands 362 feet above the sea level. From an
elevation of only 10 feet above the water it can be clearly seen at a
distance of 25 miles, while at 40 feet it can be easily distinguished 30
miles off.
There are some very pretty little coves under the light-house, having
their shores irregularly indented by rocks which have in some places
become detached from the cliflBs above, tlpon these rocks, and on the
sides of the cliife, grows a pretty species of stock (Matthiola), and in
holes burrowed in the more friable rock, the tropic bird (Phaeton) makes
its nest. Many species of algse can be collected about the shore, and
the conchologist must not forget that it was under stones at this locality
where the Bev. J. B. Freer, in 1861, discovered the fine Pupa, an inch
in length, which has never been taken since. Here, too, occurs in great
quantities Imperatar caloar^ and also occasionally the large Echinus
esoulentua.
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XXII INTEODUCTION.
Somerset Bridge connects the island of Somerset or Sandy's with the
main island. To the westward of the bridge, on a neck of land which
protects the water of Elis Harbor from the ocean swell without, rises
<^ Wreck Hill,'' so named from its being the spot from which the best
view of the western reef^ could be obtained, which have always been
considered the most dangerous of all the reefs surrounding the islands.
Elis Harbor.— A perfect little gem of an inlet, which, to be seen in its
greatest perfection, should be visited on a bright sunny day, when it»
waters appear of the lightest emerald tint. It is an excellent collect-
ing ground for crustaceans, holothurians, and naked moUusks.
Xangrove Bay. — ^At the extremity of Somerset Island lies Mangrove
Bay, so named from the number of those trees which formerly grew
around its margin. The scenery is very pretty hereabouts, although
the land is almost level with the water. Boat excursions about the bay
and adjoining shores reveal many interesting forms to the naturalist^
especially among the submerged rocks near the shore. On the other
side of the neck of land which divides Mangrove Bay from the ocean
lies a stretch of sandy beach well worth examining, for as it lies open
to the heavy westerly gales, some fine specimens of sponges and sea-
tweeds are often cast ashore.
Watford and Boas Islands connect Somerset with Ireland Island, and
do not contain much to interest the visitor, as their sur&ces have been
partially leveled by convict labor, during the time that Bermuda was
unhappily burdened by the presence of the worst of criminals trans-
ported from the mother country.
Ireland Isle. — ^Probably the most important i>osition in the Bermudas
is Ireland Isle, which, although not much more than a mile in length,
or a quarter of one in breadth, contains the dock-yard and other estab-
lishments connected with the Boyal Navy. The Camber is a dock shel-
tered from the usual swell of the ocean by an excellent breakwater.
But the principal feature of attraction is " the Great Bermuda Dock,'*
a floating mass of iron, the largest structure of the kind in the world*
In preparing the bed for this dock there was made an excavation to the
depth of 64 feet below low water, and no less than 1,200,000 cubic feet
of sand and coral dSbris were removed for that purpose. The geological
teachings of this section are referred to in Professor Bice's paper.
The anchorage ground opposite Ireland, on its east side, where one or
two men-of-war are generally to be seen, is known as "Grassy Bay."
There was an old lady living in Bermuda in 1876, aged 93, who well
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INTRODUCTION. XXIII
recollected the time when Ireland and Boaz were inhabited by fisher-
men, who lived in hats made of boughs of cedar, and brush for sides,
and having the roofs thatched with palmetto leaves.
The Islands in the Sound. — ^The large sheet of water, which is inclosed
by the curve of the land running fix>m Paget Parish to Ireland Island,
is known as "The Great Sound." It contains several islands, generally
of small size, but the larger ones are very picturesque. Tucker's Island,
which lies close in shore near Somerset Bridge, is well worth a visit,
and the visitor should not omit to notice a lovely little cavern upon it.
Marshal Island and Godet Island lie east of the latter, and around
their shores may be obtained many fine specimens of sponges, zoophytes,
and small crustaceans.
Brackish Pond, an extensive morass about two miles east of Hamil-
ton, on the skirts of which grow some fine specimens of cedar trees,
while amongst the close thicket of shrubs and palmettos which tenant
its interior some giant ferns and aquatic plants of divers species occur
which are not seen in the open. In this dense region the ornithologist
will find a good collecting ground, as owing to tlie difficulty of travers-
ing the treacherous bog hardly any one disturbs the solitude which
almost continually prevails here. Here also, up in the branches of the
old cedars, and occasionally in the shrubs around, may be procured the
curiously constructed nest of the tree rat {Mus tectorum)y a species re-
cently added to the Bermudian fauna.
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I>^RT I.
THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA.
BT
Professor WILUAK VOBTH BICE, Th. D.,
Of Wbslbtan UioyBRflrrT, Hiddlbtowit, CoNNSonour.
BnU. Nat Mns. No. 26 ^1
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TABLE OF CONTENTS.
History and Literature of the Salijeot ^ 5
Physical Geography of Bermnda 6
IsBemmdaan Atollt 8
The Coral Limestone, and its varieties 9
Movements of Elevation and Subsidence 15
Has Bermnda subsided within historic times t 19
Erosion 24
The "Bed Earth" 85
Phenomena resulting ^m the unequal hardening of the Limestone 26
Kon-CaloareoQS Bocks and Minerals 29
FoesUs 31
3
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THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA.
HISTORY AND LITBBATUBB OP THE SUBJECT.
The Geology of Bermada has already been the sabject of more or less
elaborate discassion by several authors. An important memoir by
- Lieut, (now Maj. Gen.) Richard I. Kelson, B. E., is contained in the
Transactions of the Geological Society of London, Second Series, Yol.
Y., Part first, pp. 103-123. This paper is based on observations made
in the years 1827-1833, while the anthor was stationed on the islands.
The excavations made in the construction of the fortifications under
his charge afforded him admirable opportunities for the study of the
structure of the rocks, and his work gives evidence of thorough and
conscientious investigation. Though written before the genius of Dar-
win and Dana had given the world the true interpretation of coral ree&
and islands, and therefore flailing to trace aright the history of the events
recorded in the Bermudian limestones, this paper is invaluable to subse-
quent investigators as a store-house of facts. J. Matthew Jones, F. L. S.,
who has resided a number of years in Bermuda and paid much atten-
tion to its natural history, has given us important geological notices
in his Naturalist in Bermuda,* and Yisitor's Guide,t and various papers
in the Proceedings and Transactions of the Nova Scotia Institute of
Natural Science, and in Nature. In 1873 Bermuda was visited by the
Challenger expedition, and important observations were made on the
geology, as well as other branches of the natural history, of the islands.
Some important points, notably the origin of the '* red earth," were
first explained by the naturalists of the Challenger. Benhuda forms
the subject of an interesting chapter in Sir Wy viUe Thomson's work.}
Brief references to Bermudian geology arecontainedintheclassical works
* The NatnraliBt in Bermnda ; a Sketch of the Geology, Zoology, and Botany of that
lemarkable groap of islands ; together with Meteorological Observations. By John
Matthew Jones. With a map and illnstrations. London, 1859.
tThe Visitor's Goide to Bermuda. With a sketch of its Natural History. By J.
Matthew Jones. London.
t The Atlantic. A preliminary account of the general results of the Exploring
Voyage of H. M. 8. Challeuger, during the year 1873 and the early part of the year
1876. By Sir C. Wyville Thomson. Now York, 1878. Vol. L, Chapter IV.
5
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6 THE GEOLOGY OP BEBBiUDA.
of Darwin* and Dana ; t bat their treatment of the subject is less satis-
flEtctpry than it would have been if these masters of the theory of coral
formations had had the opportunity of visiting the islands. My own
observations were made daring a sojourn of a few weeks in the win-
ter of 1876-^77. It is a pleasure to me in this connection to acknowledge
my obligations to Prof. 6. Brown Goode, of the Smithsonian Institution,
J. Matthew Jones, F. L. S., Mi^. Oten. Sir J. H. Lefroy, Gk)vemor of
Bermuda at the time of my visit, Mr. James Oarruthers, of Her Mcges-
ty's Dock-yard, and Mr. 0. M. Allen, United States Consul, for calling
my attention to interesting and instructive localities; and especially to
Pro£ James D. Dana for most important suggestions in regard to the
problems presented by the islands, communicated in a conversation just
before my visit.
PHYSICAL GEOGBAPHY OF BEBMUDA.
The ree& and islands comprised under the name of Bermuda are
nearly included between the parallels of 32^ 10' and 32^ 20' N., and be-
tween the meridians of 64^ W and 65^ W. firom Greenwich. The line
of the outer reef incloses an approximately elliptical area, whose major
and minor axes are respectively about twenty-five and about twelve
miles in length. The m^jor axis trends about N. 5(P E. Only a very
small part of the elliptical ai'ca thus described is dry land. The dry
land is almost confined to the south-easterly side of the ellipse, forming
a narrow and broken strip abojit fifteen miles in length, and nowhere
more thaiv three miles in width. The areas of the principal islands are
as follows:
Acres.
The Main Island 9, 725
St. Gteorge's Island 706
Somerset Island 702
David's Island 527
Ireland Island 133
The whole area of dry land in the archipelago is estimated at 12,378
acres.}
About three quarters of the whole area of dry land is included in the
Main Island, or Bermuda proper. The line of the Main Island is con-
* The Structure and Distribution of Coral Beefs. By Charles Darwin. Second edi-
tion. London, 1874. Appendix, pp. 264, 265.
f Corals and Coral Islands. By James D. Dana. New York, 1679. pp. 218-321,
361, 370, 391, 393-395.
t The Bermuda Pocket Almanack. Bermuda, 1877. pp. 60, 61.
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THE QEOLOQT OF BEBMUDA. 7
tinaed north-eastward by St. George's and David's Islands. The south-
western extremity of the Main Island bends around towards the north|
and the curve is thence continued northward and north-eastward by the
islands Somerset and Ireland. The hook-like south-west extremity of
the Main Island, with its continuation in Somerset and Ireland Islands,
incloses a lagoon called Great Sound. Two other lagoons are included
within the chain of islands on the southeast side of the ellipse : namely,
Harrington Sound, inclosed entirely by the Main Island, and commu-
nicating by a passage not exceeding 60 feet in width with the great
elliptical lagoon inclosed by the outer reef; and OasUe Harbor, inclosed
by the eastern end of the Main Island, St George's, David's, and sev-
eral smaller islands. The central part of the Main Island is occupied by
a peat-bog. The surfja.ce of this part of the island is elevated but little
above the sea-level ; and the peat, as I am informed by General Lefroy,
extends to a depth of 40 or 50 feet below the sea-level— a depth about
equal to that of the great lagoon inclosed by the outer reef. This bog
appears to mark the situation of a small lagoon now entirely filled up.
The sur£Etce of the land is considerably diversified, though nowhere
attaining any great elevation. The highest hills are only about 360 feet
above the level of the sea. ^
In consequence of the small extent of the land both horizontally and
vertically, and the extreme x>oro8ity of the rock of which it is composed,
there are no springs, streams, or lakes of fresh water in the islands.
The rain that falls, where it is not collected in artificial tanks, soaks
down into the porous rock until it mingles near the level of the sea with
the salt water with which the lower parts of the rock are saturated.*-
The water in the ponds and marshes, which occupy considerable areas
in the less elevated parts of the islands, is always brackish. The in-
habitants depend for their supply of water chiefly on the collection of
rain in tanks. These tanks are connected not only with the roofi9 of the
houses, but with areas on the hillsides scraped smooth for that purpose.
The chain of islands is bordered on the south-east by a fringing reef^
distant perhaps a quarter of a mile on the average from the shore. On
the north side of the ellipse the line of the reef is nearly continuous;
but the only dry land is the little islet, or group of islets, the largest of
which, called Forth Bock, is about 8 feet in diameter and about 14 feet
in height.
Along the course of the reef are numerous rings of calcareous rock,
a few feet or yards in diameter, rising to a level of about 2 feet above
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8 THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA.
low-tide level. The crest of these circular ridges is formed in large part
of the calcareous tabes of tabicoloas worms. They are appropriately
called by Nelson "serpuline reefs.''* The elevation of these serpu-
line reefs above low-tide level is due to the fact that these worms, on-
like the coral-forming anthozoa and hydrozoa, can survive an exposure
for some hours out of water. There are circular ridges of coral reef
similar to these serpuline reefs, except that they are less elevated, their
upward growth being limited by the inability of the coral animals to
survive an exposure above the water. These circular reefs are called,
commonly, " boilers." The form of both varieties of these ''boilers''
illustrates well Chamisso's theory of atolls — a theory which, though in-
adequate for the explanation of atolls in general, recognized a principle
which has played an important part in the history of coral formations.!
The depth of water in the elliptical lagoon inclosed by the outer reef
is generally 6 or 8 fathoms, though there are many patches of reef scat-
tered through the lagoon. Outside of the reef the water deepens gradu-
ally for a mile or more, the average depth at the distance of a mile being
only about 12 fathoms. A little further from the shore a more abrupt
descent commences, the depth at a distance of 10 miles in every direc-
tion except the south-west being from 1,500 to 2,250 fathoms. << Twenty
miles to the south west-by- west from the Bermudas there are two sub-
merged banks, 20 to 47 fathoms under water, showing that the Bermudas
are not completely alone, and demonstrating that they cover a summit
in a range of heights."! The Challenger expedition obtained a sound-
ing of 2,950 fiftthoms about 300 miles further on in the same direction,
indicating apparently that the range is not of great extent in that direo-
tion.§
IS BEEMXJDA AN ATOLL f
. The general form of the Bermuda Archipelago, as represented on a
map, is strikingly suggestive of the belief that it is a compound atoll,
similar to Mahlos Mahdoo and some other atolls of the Maldiva Archi-
pelago. The great depth of water within a few miles of the islands,
and the exclusively calcareous character of the rocks of which the
islands are composed, tend to confirm this impression. Dana|| and
Thomson IT regard Bermuda as truly an atoll. Darwin apparently
*0p. cit, pp. 105, 116.
t Darwin, Coral Beefs, pp. 78, 118.
t Dana, Corals and Coral Islands, p. 370.
$ Thomson, op, cit.f Vol. L, p. 286.
I Corals and Coral Islands, p. 218.
IT Op. ci*., Vol. L, p. 280.
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THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA. 9
inolines to the belief that it is not an atoll, and calls attention to the
following x>oint8 in which Bermnda differs from atolls in general : '^ First,
in the margin of the reef not forming a flat, solid sorfoce, which is laid
bare at low water; secondly, in the water gradually shoaling for nearly
a mile and a half in width round the entire reef; and, thirdly, in tiie
size, height, and extraordinary form of the islands, which present little
resemblance to the long, narrow, simple islets, seldom exceeding half a
mile in breadth, which surmount the annular reefs of almost all the
atolls in the Indian and Pacific Oceans."* These differences are cer-
tainly of great importance; yet I believe that they are all capable of
explanation on the theory that Bermuda is an atoll. I believe we may
recognize the causes of these peculiarities in the peculiar history of the
islands. Bermuda has a special interest in view of its position. It is
perhaps the only atoll in the Atlantic Ocean, the atoll character of the
Bahamas being at least doubtful.t Bermuda is also remarkable as being
more remote from the equator than any other coral formation, the growth
of corals there being rendered possible by the influence of the Gulf
Stream.
THE OOBAL LIMESTONE Ain> ITS VABIBTIES.
As already stated, the only rock found in situ in Bermuda, if we ex-
cept the peat or muck of the bogs, and the *<red earth," which will be
specially treated of hereafter, is limestone. The rock varies, however,,
exceedingly in texture. The extremes are an unconsolidated, calcareous
sand, a subcrystalline rock of almost flinty compactness, and a coarsely
crystalline stalagmite. The hard, compact rock is locally called <<base
rock," and the name is employed in that sense by Nelson ;( but it does
not uniformly underlie the softer rocks, nor is there any evidence that
it is older than they.
Dana distinguishes in coral reefs and islands three kinds of rock in
respect of the mode of formation: viz., reef rock, beach sand-rock, and
drift sand-rock. § The reef-rock is that which constitutes the reefy
proper. It is formed by the accumulation of the more or less finely
comminuted material of the corals, sheUs, and other skeletons of marine
animalB, on the grounds where the corals are growing. It can there-
fore never be formed at an elevation much above low-tide. The beach
sand-rock is formed by the action of the waves sweeping up against the
*CoTalReefi9,p.d64.
t Darwin, Coral Beefis, pp. 256-259 ; Dana, Corals and Coral Islands, pp. 213-218.
t Op. dtf p. 109.
i Corals and Coral Islands, Ch. II.
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10 THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA.
shore the calcareoas sands resaltiog from the disiDtegratiou of shells
and corals, precisely as in other places the waves sweep np the silicioas
sands of an ordinary beach. The beach sand-rock is therefore formed
chiefly between the levels of low and high tide, though the action of
storms may cause it to extend somewhat above the ordinary high-tide
level. The drift sand-rock is formed by the action of winds seizing the
dry sand at the upper margin of the beach and transporting it fhrther
inland and to greater elevations. The drift sand-rock may therefore be
formed at any level, from that of high-tide upward. The cement which
converts all these fragmental deposits into solid rock is formed by the
solution of the calcareous particles themselves.
A most important step in the investigation of the history of a coral
island is the recognition of the respective distribution of these three
kinds of rock. The discrimination of the true reef-rock from the sand-
rocks is not usually a difficult task. The reef-rock, whether fossilifer-
ous or not, is usually readily distinguishable by the impalpable com-
pactness of parts of the mass, resulting from the consolidation of the
finely triturated coral mud; while the sand -rocks, even when appearing
quite compact, will almost invariably reveal on closer examination their
arenaceous texture.
The discrimination of the two kinds of sand-rock from each other is
much more difficult Indeed, no absolute criteria exist for the discrimi-
nation of beach-rock and drift-rock, though serviceable iudications may
be obtained from the texture, lamination, and fossil contents of the
rocks. The beach-rock is, on the average, of coarser grain than the
drift-rock, as the wind sweeps along chiefly the finer sands; but some
specimens of the drift-rock are coarser than some specimens of the
beach-rock. The beach-rock is, on the average, more perfectly consoli-
dated than the drift-rock, but in this character also both rocks vary
widely. Drift-rock, when submerged by a subsidence subsequent to
its deposition, may come to assume the degree of consolidation usually
observed in beach-rock. On the south shore of the Main Island, near
Spanish Bock, I observed strata perfectly continuous dipping towards
the water, exceedingly hard at the margin of the water, but becoming
considerably softer as they were traced upward and landward. Mr.
Ebenezer Bell, who some years ago had charge of some works in prog-
ress on Boaz Island, informed me that he found that rock so soft as to
crumble in one's fingers became quite hard on immersion for a week or
a fortnight in sea- water. Some of the hardest rock which I observed in
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THE GEOLOGY OP BERMUDA. 11
Bermada was shown by other characters to be anmistakably drift-rock
A more reliable distinction is found in the lamination, the beach-rock
showing a gentle and tolerably uniform dip towards the water, while
the drift-rock shows the high and extremely irregular dips which are
characteristic of wind-blown sands. But not every section exhibits
characters sufficiently marked to settle the nature of the rock, since the
beach-structure admits of a considerable degree of irregularity in dip,
while wind-blown sands in a long ridge or dune may have for long dis-
tances a gentle and nearly uniform dip. The indication furnished by the
fossil contents of the rocks is important. The beach-rock is often richly
fossiliferous, containing shells and pieces of coral of considerable size.
The drift-rock can, of course, ordinarily contain no relics of marine ani-
mals except fragments so small as to be blown by the wind. A high
wind can, however, sweep along pieces of shell and coral larger and
heavier than one would at first suppose. The flat, thin valves of lamel-
libranchs are more likely to occur in drift-rock than shells r.f gastero-
pods. In the recent sand-drifts at Tucker's Town I collected a number
of organic relics, thinking they might afford some indication as to the
limit of size of marine fossils likely to occur in the drift-rock. Among
them were a fragment of the shell of Spondylus weighing 1.8 grammes;
a valve of Ghama, incrusted with tubes of Serpula, weighing 2.7
grammes; and a fragment of the coral Mycedium, having a length of 45
millimeters and a breadth of 30 millimeters, and weighing 8.3 grammes.
Of most frequent occurrence in the drift-rock of Bermuda is the large
and heskvj shell of Livona pica. This seems at first sight utterly para-
doxical, as the shell is altogether too large to be moved by the wind.
The true explanation is undoubtedly that given by Nelson, who states
that he has on more than one occasion seen soldier-crabs running about
in these shells.* While the presence of marine fossils in a sand-rock
is an indication that it is a beach-rock, the drift-rock is quite apt to con-
tain the shells of land snails. The presence of snail-shells cannot, how-
ever, be regarded as a sure proof of drift-rock, since they might easily
be washed down by rains from a bank or bluff above the beach,* and
imbedded in the beach sands.
That there can be no absolute distinction between beach-rock and
drift-rock will be manifest from the consideration that the two forma-
tions are in their origin strictly continuous. Near Elbow Bay and at
Tucker's Town, sand-hills are now in process of formation. At the
• Op. eU., p. 112.
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12 THE GEOLOGY OP BERMUDA.
fonner locality the advancing dune has nearly buried two small houses,
and is encroaching upon cultivated grounds. S'elson* gives us an
account of the beginning of this invasion, and Thomson t describes the
present condition of the dune. At these localities there is an oppor-
tunity to study the mode of formation of the two kinds of rock, and
to observe the perfect continuity of the two formations. As the wind
catches the sand on the upper and drier part of the beach, and moves
it landward, the beach merges above, with no perceptible line of
demarkation, into the base of the sand-hills. But though, in the
nature of the case, there can be no absolute distinction between beach-
rock and drift-rock, it is practicable, by noting all the indications of
texture, lamination, and fossil contents, to decide in most cases with
confidence whether the rock exposed in a particular section is beach-
rock or drift-rock.
There is no reef-rock in Bermuda in situ above the water-level. Nel-
son speaks of blocks of coral reef imbedded in the rock on the south
shore of the Main Island.| I observed detached blocks of reef-rock oii
the shore at Stock's Point, but none in situ. In the statement, " Toward
the shores the solid reef-rock outcrops," § Dana Is apparently misled, in
a way very natural for one who has not visited the locality^ by a state-
ment of Kelson. The rock described in Dana's quotation from Nelson
as '^very hard, fine-grained or compact limestone, in which scarcely a
vestige of organic structure is to be seen,"!] shows on careful examina-
tion an arenaceous texture, though consolidated by percolating waters
to a sub-stalagmitic condition, exhibits traces of irregular lamination,
and contains fossil shells of land snails. It is unquestionably an
extremely hard drift-rock, such as is found at several localities and at
various altitudes.
Beach-rock occurs at various localities along the shore of the isl-
ands. Thomson's statement that the Bermuda limestone is entirely an
^^iBolian formation "Ij is certainly inaccurate. I have n^ver observed
the beach-rock in the interior, nor at an altitude of more than about
15 feet above the water-level. To the category of beach-rock may
undoubtedly be refene<l the fossiliferous stratum described by Nelson ♦*
as api>earing in the chain of islands stretching across the mouth of
Crow-lane or Hamilton Harbor. This stratum reaches an elevation of
about 6 feet above the water, and its nearly horizontal lamination con-
• Op. dtf pp. 109, 110. t Op. dt, Vol. L, pp. 289-291.
t Op. cit.y p. 111. i Dana, Corals and Coral Islands, p#220.
II Nelson, op. cit, p. 106. IT Op. cit., Vol. I., p. 287. •* Op. oit, p. 111.
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THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA. 13
trastB strongly with the high dips observable in the drift-rock on the
Main Island in the vicinity of Hamilton. Kear the 'south end of Ire-
land Island I observed a stratum of almost perfectly unconsolidated
sand abounding in shells. In the lower layers of this sand the shells are
of marine species. In the uppermost layer the shells are those of land
snails. The stratum is overlain by ordinary drift-rock. The layers
containing marine shells attain an elevation of about 15 feet above the
water. In spite of the lack of consolidation of this stratum, I can hardly
doubt that its lower layers are truly a beach formation, and that the
transition from marine to terrestrial fossils marks an epoch of elevation.
A conglomerate evidently of beach origin appears at Stock's Point,
the part which remains in situ on the north shore of the Point reaching
an elevation of about 12 feet; though Mr. J. T. Bartram, an enthusiastic
self-taught naturalist residing near the spot, assured me that, in a part
of the bluff which has been removed in quarrying, the conglomerate
attained a considerably greater altitude. Unquestionable beach-rock
appears on the north shore of St. George's near Fort Oatberine. The
rock is at that locality richly fossiliferous. But the most instructive
localities of the beach-rock which I have observed are along the south
shore of the Main Island. At various points along that shore the
beach-rock, more or less fossiliferous, with its characteristic gentle dip
seaward, forms a gently sloping platform, at the back of which rises a
low cliff of drift-rock with steep landward dips. The most thoroughly
satisfactory locality which I observed for the exhibition of the relations
of the two rocks is near Devonshire Bay. There the beach-rock, which
forms (as in other localities along \he south shore) a platform gently
sloping seaward, is in places fine-grained and very hard, in other places
fossiliferous with shells and pieces of coral of considerable size. It is
surmounted by the usual low cliff of drift-rock with high landward dips.
Overlying the hard beach-rock of the shore platform, and underlying
the drift-rock of the cliff, is a stratum of unconsolidated sand, resem-
bling that observed at Ireland Island, containing marine shells in its
lower layers and land shells in its uppermost layer. This stratum of
sand is mentioned by Nelson,* though he seems to have misapprehended
the character and relations of the fossiliferous beach-rock which under-
lies the sand stratum. The sand stratum is not recognizable at some
of the localities on the south shore where the phenomena are in other
respects as above described.
• Op. oit, p. 107.
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14 THE GEOLOGY OP BERMUDA.
All the rock in the interior of the islands, and all the rock which is
much elevated above the water level, is drift-rock. Indeed, sabstan-
tially the whole mass of the rock visible in the islands is drift-rock.
Probably along the greater part of the shore drift-rock comes down to
the water's edge, no other rock being visible. I was not able to exam-
ine the whole of the coast, bat I am confident that drift-rock comes
down to the water's edge along the north shore of the Main Island from
Spanish Point to the Flats and beyond, along a part at least of the
north shore of St. George's, aroand a considerable part, if not the whole,
of the circait of Harrington Sonnd and Castle Harbor, aroand the head
of Hamilton Harbor, and in many places even along the south shore of
the Main Island — ^the region of the coast in which the beach -rock is
best exhibited. S'orth Eock, at least in its upper part, is formed of
drift-rock, as is shown by the high dip of its lamination.* This* char-
acter of the rock is well shown in the beaatiful photograph taken by
Mr. J. E. Heyl, of Hamilton. The drift-rock is usually very soft, so that
it is quarried out for building purposes by means of a peculiar long-
handled chisel, in large blocks, which are readily sawn into pieces of
such size and shape as may be wanted. Most of the houses in Bermuda
are built of this exceedingly friable stone. Even the roofs are covered
with the same material sawn into thin slabs. This stone, covered with
a coat of whitewash, is sufficiently durable for ordinary buildings in the
Bermudian climate. Exx>osed to the frosts of a S'ew England winter,
it would of course crumble very rapidly. Although the drift-rock is
generally quite soft and friable, it is sometimes very firmly consolidated
and of a subcrystaUine texture. This hard rock is quarried like any
ancient limestone or marble, and has been used in the construction of
the fortifications and other government works. The quarries at Payn-
ter's Yale and on Ireland Island are in such a hard drift-rock. The
quarry of the Boyal Engineers, near Elbow Bay, appears to be in beach-
lock. It would be a curious question, what are the precise conditions
which have determined the varying action of the rains on these accu-
mulations of coral sand. While in some localities the sands have been
merely washed away and dissolved, in others the grains have been, by
the action of the same rains, cemented firmly together, until the rock
has assumed a sub-stalagmitic texture, as at Paynter's Yale.
The usual softness of this drift-rock has made it a matter of small
labor and expense to secure easy grades on most of the roads in the
'ThomBon^ op. eit, VoL I., p. 296.
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THE GEOLOGY OF BEBMUDA. 15
islands, by making quite deep cuts wherever they are required. These
cuttings are of great interest to the geologist, from the beautiftd illus-
trations which they afford of that extreme irregularity of lamination
which is characteristic of wind-drifts. Not only the country roads, but
also the streets of the towns abound in these beautiful and instructive
sections. Fine exhibitions of this same structure are to be seen in the
natural sections afforded by the cliffis and pinnacles of the shore. The
characteristic structure of the drift-rock is shown in plates III and IV.
The height of these accumulations of wind-blown sands is certainly
remarkable. The highest hills on the islands attain an altitude of about
250 feet; and, since no rock of marine formation has been observed at
an elevation of more than about 15 feet, it is evident that nearly the
whole elevation of these hills must be due to the accumulated sand-
drifts. Sand-drifts, however, of such extraordinary altitudes, though
exceptional, are by no means unparalleled. Prof. W. 0. Kerr, State
Geologist of North Carolina, informs me that sand-hills more than 100
feet in height occur along the coast of that State. Dunes of even greater
altitude than those in Bermuda occur on the coast of Gascony and near
Cape Verd.*
In one respect, it seems to me, calcareous sands are better adapted *
than silicious ones for the formation of hills of great height: viz., the
comparative solubility of t>he material, producing a more rapid consoli-
dation by the cementing of the grains. At times when the direction of
the wind is unfavorable to the increase of a sand-hill, in a region of
variable winds, the tendency will be to reduce the height by removal of
the sands from the summit. If the sand has already become partly con-
solidated, the loss from this cause will be much lessened.
MOVEMENTS OF ELEVATION AND SUBSIBENOE.
The &cts which have been already detailed in regard to the distribu-
tion of the various kinds of rock, and other facts which will presently be
referred to, afford clear evidence as to changes of level which the islands
have undergone. The occurrence of beach-rock abovcThe water-level,
as noticed at several localities, is of course unquestionable proof of ele-
vation. Proofs of subsidence are equally clear. The relation of the
beach-rock and drift-rock at Devonshire Bay and various other localities
along the south shore is evidence of subsidence. The cliff of drift-rock
which in these localities rises immediately back of the narrow platform
* The Ocean, Atmosphere, and Life. By filial ReoltiB. New Tork, 1873. p. 196.
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16 THE GEOLOGY OP BERMUDA.
of beach-rock, is shown by its steep landward dip to be the landward
side of a done, whose seaward slope has been removed by erosion. The
dip of the lamin» of sand on the seaward face of a done is, of coarse,
seaward. If we conceive the seaward fiEtce of the dune to be restored, it
would certainly in some localities extend beyond the narrow shore plat-
form into the area- now covered by the sea. It is evident, then, that the
drift-rock of these clifBs on the sonth shore was formed at a time when the
islands stood at a higher level than at present. It is easy to see the rea-
son why the exposures of beach-rock should be much more frequent and
extensive on the south shore than on the north, in the fact of the vastly
greater erosive action of the sea on the south shore. The south shore
receives the full dash of the waves of the Atlantic, while the north
shore is acted upon only by the lighter waves raised in the great lagoon
between the shore and the north i^ef. Another proof of subsidence is
seen in the occurrence of caves with floors of stalagmite below the
water level, and with stalactites whose tips are immersed in the sea-
water.* About the year 1870 " submarine blastings were carried on
at the entrance of Hamilton Harbor, and at a depth of over 6 fathoms
a cavern was broken into which contained stalactites and red earth.^t
In the excavations made somewhat later for the lodgment of the im-
mense floating dock at the Dockyard on Ireland Island, 46 feet below
the water-level was found a stratum of ^' red earth," 2 feet in thickness,
containing remains of cedar trees. This stratum was underlain by a
stratum, 4 feet thick, of hard calcareous sand-rock, containing land
snails. J. Matthew Jones has called attention to the fskct that an ele-
vation equal to the subsidence indicated by the phenomena observed in
the excavations at the Dockyard would lay bare the whole elliptical
area inclosed by the outer reef. |
The series of movements required to account for the main features of
Bermudian geology seems to be the following: 1. A subsidence, in which
the original nucleus of the islands disappeared beneath the sea, the
characteristic atoll form was produced, and the now elevated beach-
rock was deposited, 2. An elevation, in which the great lagoon and
the various minor lagoons were converted into dry land, and the vast
accumulations of wind-blown sand were formed, which now constitute
the most striking peculiarity of the islands. 3. A subsidence, in which
* An elegant description of one of these beantifal cayemB may be found in Thom-
son, op. oU., VoL I., pp. 304, 305.
t Jones, Becent Observations in the Bermudas : in Katnze, Vol. YL, p. S62.
t Beoent Observations in the Bermudas.
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PLATE IV.
Kock inimacle uear the shore of Ireland Island, Bermuda.
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THE GEOLOGY OP BERMUDA. 17*
the soft drift-rock around the shores suffered extensive marine erosion^
and the shore platform and clifGa akeady described were formed*
On this hypothesis, the peculiarities of Bermuda mentioned by Dar^
win as rendering its atoll character at least doubtful,* admit of ready
explanation. The absence of the usual horizontal reef-platform, and
the gradual shoaling of the water for a mile or more around the islands,
may be accounted for by the supposition that the last subsidence was
too rapid and too recent to allow the growth of the reef into its usual
and typical form.t The original atoll character has, indeed, been greatly
modified by the subsequent changes; and the gradually sloping bottom
for some distance from the shore presents, instead of the typical hori-
zontal reef-platform, a plane of marine denudation formed by the rapid
erosion of the soft calcareous sand-rock during the progressive subsi-
dence. Dana has shown that a subsidence too rapid for the growth of
the reef to keep pace with it may lead to the formation of narrow fring-
ing reefs, producing thus an effect which may counterfeit the effects of
elevation.! Darwin is inclined to regard the fringing reefb on the south
shore of Bermuda as evidence of recent elevation ;§ but I believe all
the facts taken together are far more satisfactorily explained on the
hypothesis that the latest movement has been one of subsidence. The
extraordinary size and elevation of Bermuda, as compared with other
atolls, is accounted for by the vast accumulation of drift-sand during a
period of elevation. Darwin, indeed, admits that the probable ^olian
formation of most of the Bermudian rock renders the unusual height of
the islands immaterial as an objection to their atoll character. ||
The difference in the amount of dry land between the northern and
southern sides of the ellipse is doubtless due, as suggested by Dana,^
in part to the prevailing southerly winds, the windward side of the atoll
being the more favorable both for the growth of the reef proper and for
the accumulation of beach and drift sand-rock; and partly to differ-
encies in the configuration of the lands around which the ree& were
formed.
It is a profound and comprehensive suggestion of Professor Dana
*CoralBeef8,{>.264.
tFor estimatee iUastratiye of the extreme slowness of the growth of coral reefe, see
Dana, Corals and Coral Islands, pp. 249-254.
t Notes on the new edition of Mr. Darwin's work on the Stmcture and Distribution
of Coral Beefs: in Nature, Vol. X., pp. 408, 409.
$ Coral Reefs, p. 265.
|Cora]Reefi9,p. 265.
Y Corals and Coral Islands, p. 221.
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 25 2
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18 THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA.
that the great oceanic subsidence recorded by the coral islands of trop-
ical seas was the counterpart of the great elevation of the continental
lands in the Glacial Period.* It is not improbably a legitimate follow-
ing out of this suggestion to recognize, in the three great movements
which are indicated for at least a part of the North Atlantic basin by
the geological phenomena of Bermuda, the counterparts of the three
.great movements of the Korth American continent which have charac-
terized in American geology the epochs of the Quaternary Age. The
great subsidence in which the Bermudian atoll was formed, would then
be recognized as correlative with the Glacial elevation of the continent.
The epoch of elevation in which the Bermudian lagoon was converted
into dry land, would correspond with the Ghamplain subsidence of the
continent. And the final subsidence, of which Bermudian geology
afifords evidence so manifold, would correspond with the re-elevation of
the continent which marked the transition to the Terrace or Becent
Epoch.
While we may reasonably conclude that Bermuda, in common doubt-
less with an area of the North Atlantic of very considerable extent, has
undergone these comprehensive movements, it would be strange if
there had not occurred at least locally minor oscillations. Such oscil-
lations may possibly be indicated by the stones reported by Nelson as
occurring in the layers of ^^red earth" in Ireland Island.t His state-
ment, however, is somewhat indefinite. At one locality on the south
shore, a short distance west of Tucker's Town, I observed a hard layer
of rock containing marine shells immediately overlying a soft layer con-
taining land shells. The clearest evidence, however, of repeated oscil-
lations of level is afforded by a remarkable locality on the north shore
of Stock's Point. The rock which has been quarried there, and which
now appears in the base of the bluff, is a very hard rock of subcrystal-
line texture and of ferruginous color. It shows vestiges of irregular
lamination, and contains fossil Helices and no marine fossils. It is
undoubtedly a drift-rock, like that at Paynter's Vale. The upper sur-
face of this rock is exceedingly irregular, giving evidence of much sub-
aerial erosion preceding the deposition of the overlying strata. It is
overlain by a remarkable conglomerate, evidently a beach-rock, con-
taining fragments of the underlying hardened drift-rock, peculiar ferru-
ginous nodules, compact lumps of " red earth," and pretty large marine
* Corals and Coral Islands, pp. 366-372.
tOp. dt., p. 118.
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THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA. 19
shells. The upper surface of this conglomerate, unlike its lower sur-
tekce^ is quite regular — ^the usual plane of marine deposition. This con-
glomerate is overlain in places by a stratum of sand, like that observed
at Devonshire Bay, containing shells of land snails in its uppermost
layers. Above this sand, where the sand is present, in other places
resting immediately upon the conglomerate, is the ordinary drift>rock.
HAS BEBMTJBA SUBSIDEI) WITHIN HISTORIC TIKES t
Assuming that the last movement of subsidence has occurred in
times geologically very recent, the question arises whether that sub-
sidence has occurred within historic times. The affirmative of this
question is held by General Lefroy in his interesting and valuable work
on the early history of Bermuda.* Mr. J. Matthew Jones coincides
with this view.t This opinion is supported chiefly by three passages
from early writers, which I propose to examine in chronological order.
The earliest is from Gonzalo Ferdtnando de Oviedo, who visited the
islands about the year 1515.t It reads as follows: " In the yeere 1615,
when 1 came first to enforme your maiestie of the state of things in
India, and was the yeere following in Flanders, in the time of your
most fortunate successe in these your kingdoms of Arragon and Castile,
whereas at that voyage I sayled above the Hand Bermuda, otherwise
called Garza, being the furthest of all the Hands that are found at this
day in the world, and arriuing there at the depth of eight yards of
water, and distant from the Land as farre as the shot of a piece of
Ordinance, I determined to send some of the ship to Land, as well to
make search of such things as were there, as also to leave in the Hand
certaine Hogs for increase. But the time not seruing my purpose by
reason of contrarie winde, I could bring my ship no neerer the Band,
* Memorials of the Discovery and Early SettlemeDt of the Bermndas or Somen
Islands, 1515-1685. By Msgor-Oeneral J. H. Lefroy. 2 vols., London, 1877, 79.
t Recent Observations in the Bermndas.
t The extract is quoted by General Lefroy {op, elL, vol. I., pp. 2, 3) from an early
English version contained in a work entitled as follows: ''The history of Tranayle
in the West and East Indies and other conntreys lying eyther way towards the firuit-
fnll and riche Molxiccaes, as Mosconia, Persia, Arabia, Syria, iBgypte, Ethiopia, Guinea,
China in Cathayo and Qiapan. With a discourse of the North- West Passage. Gath-
ered in parte and done into Englyshe by Richard Eden. London, 1577.'' The same
version of Oviedo's narrative, under the title, ''Extracts of Gonzalo Ferdinando de
Oviedo his Summarie and G^nerall Historie of the Indies," appears in Purchas his
Pilgrimes, Part 3, pp. 971-1000, London, 1625. The passage here cited may be found
in Purchas, p. 989. The original Spanish of the same passage is quoted in Lefroy,
op. cit.f VoL L, p. 677.
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20 THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA.
being twelue leagues in lengthy and sixe in breadth, and about thirtie
in circuity lying in the three and thirtieth degree of the North side.
While I remayned here, I saw a strife and combat betweene these fly-
ing-fishes, and the fishes named giltheads, and the fowles called sea
mewes, and cormorants, which surely seemed unto one a thing of as
great pleasure and solace as could be deuised."
On this passage. General Lefroy comments as follows:* <<The terms
of this narrative imply a stay of some slight duration, which is to be
inferred also from the approximation with which the dimensions of
the group are fixed; and it is very unlikely that none of the party
landed. • ♦ • It is probable that the purpose he was prevented
from fulfilling was that of landing hogs, not that of communicating
with the shore.'' It seems to me, on the contrary, a more likely infer-
ence from the language of Oviedo, that he was altogether prevented
from landing. It would not require a sojourn on land to witness a fight
between flying-fishes and cormorants — the only incident which he refers
to in connectiou with his visit to the islands. Certainly every circum-
stance ii^dicates that Oviedo's estimate of the size of the archipelago
must be taken as merely a rough guess, and no inference can be drawn
from the slight excess of that estimate over the present actual dimen-
sions.
The chief evidence relied upon by General Lefroy to support the
belief of a subsidence within historic times is the testimony of Henry
May, an English sailor in a French vessel, who was shipwrecked on the
islands in December, 1593, and remained there until April, 1594.t The
statements in May's narrative bearing upon the subject in question are
as follows: "We made account at the first that we were cast away
hard by the shore, being hie clifEs, but we found ourselues seuen
leagues off, but with our boat and a raft, which we had made and towed
at our boats steme, we were saued some 26 of us. ♦ ♦ ♦ We rowed
all the day until an hour or two before night yer we could come on
land, towing the raft with the boat. ♦ ♦ ♦ This island is diuided
all into broken islands; and the greatest part I was upon, which might
be some four or five miles long, and two miles and a halfe ouer, being
all woods, as cedar and other timber, but cedar is the chiefest."
General Lefroy adds to this narrative the following comments : | " There
♦ Op. dtf Vol. I., p. 3.
tHakluyt's Colleotion of the early Voyages, TraTels, and Discoveries, of the
English Nation. New edition, with additions. 5 vols. London, 1809-^12. Vol. IV.,
pp. 55, 56. May's nairative is quoted in Lefiroy, op. dt, VoL I., pp. 7-9.
tpp. oit., pp. 9, 10.
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THE GEOLOGY OP BERMUDA. 21
is nothing more remarkable in this narrative than the statement that they
made acconnt at the first that they were cast away hard by the shore,
being high cliffs, whereas they found themselves seven leagues off. It
is a positive proof that the north-west reefs, only a few points of which
are now above water at the lowest spring tide, were then some feet
above it. The expression high cliffs must be interpreted by the circum-
stance of seamen in a small bo^t approaching a dangerous shore, with
a heavy swell on, rendering it dangerous and difficult to land. But if
they were only 10 feet high, the amoant of subsidence in less than three
centuries, shown by their present submergence, is a most significant
geological fact ; and Henry May has rendered an invaluable service by
mentioning the circumstance. The map in Purchas, published 1625,
confirms it. It shows three distinct islets, that have now disappeared,
along the line of the northern reefs. The Forth Bock of Bermuda, 14
feet high, and some smaller rocks near it, are all that remain to attest
the accuracy of these early descriptions.'' The statements of May ap-
pear to me rather to warrant exactly the contrary inference. If the
northern reef formed then a line of cliff nearly or quite continuous, I am
unable to understand how he could have supposed himself hard by the
shore when really several leagues fh)m it. But, on the supposition that
the Vessel struck near some islet or group of islets like North Bock, the
account becomes perfectly intelligible. The rocky islet could easily have
been mistaken in the storm for a line of cliff, and the mistake would
speedily become obvious on starting to row to the supposed shore. The
7 leagues of distance is, of course, the exaggerated estimate of men who
were rowing a heavy-laden boat, with a raft in tow, on a stormy sea.
That there may have been several islets scattered along the line of
the north reef, which have now succumbed to the action of the waves,
is on all ac<50unts exceedingly probable. May's statement that the
island is divided into broken islands, and his estimate of the dimensions
of the island on which he found himself, and which he supx>osed to be
the principal one of the group, though the description is not sufficiently
definite to afford any very reliable conclusions, certainly favor the belief
that the land was then not appreciably higher than at present. An
elevation which would convert the north reef into a continuous line of
cliff, would very seriously modify the broken character of the southern
side of the atoll, connecting most of the islets by continuous dry land.
The last notice supposed to indicate a subsidence within historic
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22 THE GEOLOGY OP BERMUDA.
times is from John Smith's History of Virginia,* In an enumeration
of the birds found in Bermuda occurs the expression: "Very many
crows, which since this plantation are killed, the rest fled or seldom
seen, except in the most uninhabited places, from whence they are
observed to take their flight about sunset, directing their course
towards the north-west, which makes many conjecture there are some
more islands not far off that way." t The statement is too indefinite to
justify any very i>ositive conclusions. If we accept it as indicating the
existence of some dry land in the position of the north reef, it may per-
haps be sufficiently accounted for by the supposition already suggested:
namely, that there may have been a number of small islets which have
since been degraded to the waterJevel by the erosion of the waves*
Certainly the statement does not justify a belief in the recent subsidence
of the islands, in opposition to the evidence now to be presented.
The earliest descriptions of Bermuda which are sufficiently accurate
and detailed to admit of intelligent comparison with the present condi-
tion of the islands, date from the time of the shipwreck of Sir Thomas
Gates and Sir George Somers in 1609. The following extracts from
these descriptions will show that at that time the size and form of the
islands and the depth of water within the reef were essentially the same
as at present. The statement of the depth of the water seems to me
perfectly conclusive against the theory of any considerable subsidence
within the last three centuries.
The first of these extracts is from the narrative of William Strachy.f
^* The Bermudas bee broken Hands, fine hundred of them in manner of
an Archipelagus (at least if you may call them all Hands that lie, how
little soeuer into the sea, and by themselues) of small compasse, some
larger yet then other, as time and the Sea hath wonne from them, and
eaten his passage through, and all now lying in the figure of a Crois-
sant, within the circuit of sixe or seuen leagues at the most, albeit at
first it is said of them that they were thirteene or fourteene leagues^
and more in longitude as I have heard. For no greater distance is it
* The General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles. By Capt.
John Smith. London, 1624. The work is reprinted in A General Collection of
Voyages and Travels in all parts of the World. By John Pinkerton. London,,
1808-^14. Vol. Xra., pp. 1-253.
t Pinkerton, op. oit, Vol. XIII., p. 173.
t A tme repertory of the Wracke, and redemption of Sir Thomas Gates Knight;
upon, and {h>m the Ilands of the Bermudas: • * • written by William Strachy,.
Esquire. The narraUve is contained in Pnrchas, Part 4, pp. 1734-'58. Copious ex-
tracts are given in Lefroy, op, dU, Vol. I., pp. 22-54.
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THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA, 23
from the Northwest point to Gates his Bay, as by this Map your Lady-
ship may see, in which Sir George Summers, who coasted in his boat
aboul^ them all, tooke great care to expresse the same exactly and full,
and made his draught perfect for all good occasions, and the benefit of
such, who either in distresse might be brought upon them, or make
saile this way. It should seeme by the testimony of Gonzalus Ferdinan-
dus Oviedus, in his Booke intituled. The Summary or Abridgement of
his generall History of the West Indies, written to the Emperor Charles
the Fift, that they haue been indeexl of greater compasse (and I easily
beleeue it) than they are now, who thus saith [here follows the extract
from Oviedo, as above given, except that, by a mistake of copyist or
printer, the breadth of the group is given as sixteen leagues, instead
of six]. True it is, the maine Hand, or greatest of them now, may be
some sixteene miles in length East North-East, and West South-West
the longest part of it, standing in thirtie two degrees and twentie min-
utes, in which is a great Bay on the North side, in the North-west end,
and many broken Hands in that Sounder Bay, and a little round Hand
at the South-west end."*
The second extract is from the narrative of another member of the
expedition.t ^^This Hand, I meane the maine Hand, with all the broken
Hands adiacent, are made in the forme of a halfe Moone,but a little more
rounder, and divided into many broken Hands, and there are many good
harbors in it, but we could find but one especiall place to goe in, or
rather to goe out from it, which was not altogether free from some
Danger, there there is three Fathoms water at the entrance thereof but
within, six, seauen, or eight Fathoms at the least, where you may safely
He Land-locked, from the daunger of all Winds and Weathers, and
moore to the trees.'t
To me these descriptions appear to justify a very positive conclusion
that there has been no considerable subsidence since 1609; and, of
course, all geological probabilities are against so rapid a subsidence a&
•Purchas, op. oit.. Part 4, p. 1738.
t A disoovery of the Barmudas, otherwise called the He of DivelB, by 8ir Thomas^
Gates, Sir G^rge Sommers, and Captayne Newport, with Diaers others. SU. Joordan.
A reprint of this narrative bears the title: A plaine Description of the Barmudas, now
caUed Sommer Hands. With the manner of their Disooaerie Anno 1609, by the ship-
wraok and admirable deliaerance of Sir Thomas Gates, and Sir George Sommers. Lon-
don, 1613. Hakluyt, op. oil.. Vol. Y., pp. 551-8. Tracts and other papers relating
prindpaUy to the Origin, Settlement, and Progress of the Colonies in North America^
CJoUeoted by Peter Force. Vol. III., No. 3. Lefroy, op. <^t.f Vol. I., pp. 14-21.
I Hakluyt, op. oit., Vol. V., p. 567. Force, op. oit, Vol. UI., No. 3, pp. 13, 14.
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24 THE GEOLOGY OP BEBMUDA.
would be reqaired to convert the north side of the atoll from a high
cliff to a sunken reef in the interval between May's shipwreck in 1593
and Somers' in 1609, or to diminish considerably the area of the archi-
pelago in the century succeeding Oviedo's voyage in 1515. A conclu-
sion so improbable is certainly not to be adopted on evidence so indefl-
nite or ambiguous as has been gathered from the narratives of Oviedo
and May. The belief that the level of the islands in the time of John
Smith was higher than at present is utterly out of the question. The
opinion advocated in this paper finds additional confirmation in the
Map by Bichard Norwood, in 1663.* That map is an accurate delinea-
tion of the islands in their present condition, and renders it certain
that within the last two hundred years no considerable subsidence has
taken place.
EBOSION.
One of the most interesting incidental subjects of study for a geolo-
gist in Bermuda is the immense erosion which has taken place. The
softness of most of the drift-rock, and the solubility of calcium carbon-
ate in rain-water, combine to produce an exceedingly rapid erosion,
even though the powerful agency of frost is wanting. Many of the
most picturesque features of Bermudian scenery are due to this ero-
sion. The shore cliffs in many localities are carved into the most pic-
turesque pinnacles, in whose endless variety of form the eye may find
I>erpetual delight. Another result of erosion is the formation of innu-
merable caves, ranging in size from exquisite miniature grottoes to
•extetsive caverns. One of these beautiful miniature caves I observed
-at Paynter's Vale. It had been laid open by the removal of the stone
in quarrying. Its horizontal diameter was about 5 feet, its height in
the middle about 2 feet. Pygmy stalagmites rose from the floor, and
pygmy stalactites depended from the roof. In the peripheral parts of
the little cavern the stalactites and stalagmites united in many casea
to form little columns. Many of the larger caves are of exceeding
beauty ; but it is unnecessary to give any detailed description of them,
•as the phenomena are of course those which occur in all limestone cav-
<erns. A curious feature which the traveler meeta here and there in
Bermuda is a deep hollow with walls nearly vertical, or in places
«ven overhanging. One may be walking over a nearly level plain, and
suddenly find himself on the edge of a precipice looking down into a
* The ouriooB history of Norwood's Map is given in Lefroy, op. ciU, VoL I., preface.
A copy of the map itself faces p. 645 of VoL II.
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liuLi Au 25 U- 5^ ^aluiuai Mu.<ieum
JPLATE VI
Koeks on the buutli aboru uf Bermuda.
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THE GEOLOGY OF BEBMUDA« 25
deep and wide golf. These hollows are simply caves whose roo& have
been eroded by the mechanical and chemical action of water^ until, too
weak to support themselves, they have caved in« On the walls of
these unroofed caves beautiful stalactites may be seen half enveloped
with velvety mosses and feathery ferns — a strangely beautiftil combi-
nation of the adornments of the underworld with those of the world
of daylight. In other cases the process of erosion has continued still
further, so that the sides of the cave, as well as the roof, have been
entirely removed, and nothing is left to mark the site of the former
cave but a floor of crystalline stalagmite. Near Walsingham on the
Main Island, and near Mullet Bay on St. Oeorges, I observed consid-
erable areas where the coarsely crystalline caldte forming the sur-
fece rock is unquestionably a stalagmite floor — the only memorial of a
former cave.
THE ^^BED EABTH."
. The so-called ^^ red earth" bears striking testimony to the amount of
erosion which the islands have undergone. The usual superficial soil
of the islands is a clayey earth, sometimes of a deep brick-red color,
sometimes showing various shades intermediate between this deep red
and the white or cream-color of the underlying rock. The material is
occasionally somewhat firmly consolidated, but usually quite soft and
earthy. It varies much in depth, forming deep pockets in some plaoes,
while in other places the white rocks are bare. It often occurs in
cracks and cavities in the rocks. Where any considerable thickness of
the drift-rock is exx>osed in a section, as at the extensive quarries on
Ireland Island, one or more layers of the same '^red earth ^ may gener-
ally be observed extending nearly horizontally at intervals through the
rock. Various unsatis&ctory explanations of the origin and nature of
this "red earth" have been given. Jones formerly believed it to be
^'composed of decayed vegetable matter '^j* and this is indeed the
common opinion of the inhabitants of Bermuda. Kelson conjectured
that it was largely derived from the excrements of bats and birds, t
The true explanation of its origin is undoubtedly that given by Thomson,
as follows: "The coral-sand, like the mass of skeletons of surface ani-
mals accumulated at the bottom of the ocean, does not consist of car-
bonate of lime alone. It contains about 1 per cent, of other inorganic
* On the Geological Features of the Bermudas: in Proceedings and Transactions of
the Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science, Vol. I., Part IV., Art. II., 1867, p. 21.
t Dana, Corals and Coral Islands, p. 391. The citation is from a paper on the Baha*
mas, in Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 1853.
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26 THE GEOLOGY OP BERMUDA.
sabstances, chiefly peroxide of iron and alnmina, silica, and some earthy
phosphates. Kow these substances are to a very small degree soluble
in water charged with carbonic acid ; consequently, after the gradual
removal of the lime, a certain sediment, u certain ash, as it were, is left
behind. One per cent, seems a very small proportion, but we must
remember that it represents one ton in every hundred tons of material
removed by the action of water and of the atmosphere ; and the evi-
dences of denudation on a large scale are everywhere so marked, that^
even were some x>ortion of this 1 per cent, residue further altered and
washed away, enough might still be left to account fully for the whole
of the red earth."* Assuming the " red earth'' to be the insoluble resi-
due left by the solution of the major part of the calcium carbonate of
the coral rocks, it should be observed that its materials doubtless have
the same twofold origin which has been recognized in the case of the
somewhat analogous red clays of the deeper parts of the ocean bottom, t
They are doubtless in part derived from the minute quantity of non-
calcareous mineral matter existing in the corals, shells, and other cal-
careous skeletons of marine animals and plants; in part from the
decomx>osition of volcanic minerals, which are continually being trans-
ported in various ways to all oceanic islands. Analyses of samples of
the *^ red earth'' are quoted by Thomson j: from a " Report from Professor.
Abel, F. E. S., to H. E. General Lefroy, 0. B., F. E. S., on the Character
and Composition of Samples of Soil from Bermudas."
PHENOMENA RESULTING FBOM UNEQUAL HARDENING OF THE LIME-
STONE.
A number of interesting phenomena result from the unequal hardening
of the sand-rock where vegetable stems or roots or other accidents have
determined the location of channels for the percolating waters. On the
weathered surface of clifi's and banks of the drifb-rock may often be ob-
served hard bodies somewhat projecting, consisting of a more firmly con-
solidated sand-rock, having the form of slender cylinders irregularly
branching, the main trunks being generally nearly vertical. These stems
may generally be seen to be tubular, and in the slender cavity may gener-
ally be found more or less of woody fiber. These bodies have much the
form and asi>ect of the " branched bodies" observed by Darwin at King
George's Sound on the south-west coast of Australia, and at the Cape of
"Thomson, op. eU., VoL L, pp. 294, 295.
t Thomson, op. oit. Vol. L, pp. 215-218 j VoL IL, pp. 255, 256.
t Op. dfc, Vol. L, pp. 325, 326.
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THE GEOLOGY OP BERMUDA. 27
Qood Hope*, thoagh differing from them in some re8i)ectB, particularly
in the very general presence of woody fiber in the center. Darwin states
that the "branched bodies" at King George's Sound have " the central
parts filled either with Mable calcareous matter, or with a substalag-
mitic variety; this central part is also frequently penetrated by linear
crevices, sometimes, though rarely, containing a trace of woody matter.'^
In the similar bodies found at the Gape of Good Hope, he says, the
^< centers are often filled with black carbonaceous matter." Darwin'a
theory of the origin of these bodies is that they were " formed by fine
calcareous matter being washed into the casts or cavities left by the
decay of branches and rootsof thickets buried under drifted sand.''t The
more distinctly tubular character of the Bermudian specimens, and the
very common presence of a core of woody matter, seem to x>oint to &
slightly different mode of formation ; and I believe the true explanation
of the origin of the Bermudian "branched bodies" is that given by Jones*
He believes that they have been formed by percolating waters, which
would naturally foUow in their descent the channels formed by under-
ground stems and roots, cementing the grains of sand into tubes of
harder rock inclosing the stems and roots.} Both theories assume the
burial of the vegetation beneath drifted sand. But, while Darwin con-
siders the bodies in question as casts formed after the decomposition of
the stems and roots, Jones considers them as having been formed by
the cementing of the sand around stems and roots as yet undecomposed.
Closely analogous to these " branched bodies" is the sort of stalagmitic
net- work formed in some localities around the roots and stems of smaller
plants.
Essentially analogous, also, are probably the so-called "palmetto
stumps." These have been described by l^elson,§ Jones,|| and Thomson.tJ
They appear generally as shaUow, cup-shaped or saucer-shaped cavities,
a few inches in diameter, the rim somewhat elevated above the general
surface of the ground, the bottom evenly rounded and pitted with small
depressions. The surface of these cups is quite hard ; and the rock
* Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands and parts of South America visited
during the Voyage of H. M. 8. Beagle. Second edition. London, 1876. pp. 161-165.
Journal of Researches into the Natnral History and Geology of the Coontries visited
during the Voyage of H. M. S. Beagle roand the Worid. New edition. New Tork»
1875. p. 450.
t Geological Observations, p. 163.
I Geological Featnres of the Bermudas, p. 84.
$Op.oi«., pp. 115,116.
I Geological Featuies ef the Bermudas, p. 21.
fOp. oU., Vol. I., pp. 306-311.
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28 THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA.
1)eneath for some inches in depth, though less hard than the saperflcial
«rust, is more firmly consolidated than the sorrounding rock. The ob-
jects accordingly appear, when the sorrounding rock is removed by
weathering or otherwise, as irregular cylinders. It has often been
isrudely supposed that these cylinders are petrifiEu^tions or casts of the
trunks of the palmetto; but this is certainly erroneous. I believe, how-
•ever, that this error is but a misconception of the truth. The base of
the palmetto stem is convex, with numerous small roots radiating from
its sur£eu^ Its form is the counterpart of the shallow cup, pitted with
little depressions, which is the characteristic feature of the bodies in
•question. The true explanation of the formation of these bodies appears
to be simply this: the rain-water trickles down around the convex base
of the palmetto stem, and thence follows the little radiating roots. As
in the other cases already discussed, the course of the waters is marked
by a more perfect cementing of the grains of calcareous sand, giving
the rock in those parts a sub-stalagmitic character. When the tree
Anally dies, and drops out of its socket, there is left a saucer-shaped
cavity, lined by a sub-stalagmitic crust, and an irregular cylinder of
•somewhat hardened rock beneath it Sir Wyville Thomson combats
the idea of the organic origin of these bodies, and calls attention to the
frequent irregularity of their form. He tells us that a i>erfect series of
^pradations may be traced from the regular circular form (<^the most
characteristic, and probably by &r the most common")* to forms so
irregular that their organic origin is entirely out of the question. Now
in maintaining that the common and typical sort of these bodies are
produced by the rain-waters following the course determined for them
by the stem of the palmetto, I by no means deny that by accidents of
-B, totally different sort special channels for the percolating waters may
be determined, and << calcareous concretions" produced of all sorts of
irregular forms. Moreover, it would be the most natural thing in the
world that some of the concretions whose form is determined by other
•conditions should considerably resemble some of the least regular and
perfect of those formed in the way I have explained. Admitting that
all the "concretions," regular and irregular, are the result of the un-
equal hardening of the stone by the cementing action of water, the regu-
lar saucer-shaped cavities already described are so frequent and so
characteristic that it is worth while to inquire what is the special con-
dition which has hardened the rock in precisely that form. That ques-
* ThomsoD, op. dU, Vol. I., p. 306.
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THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA. 2^
tioD, I l>elieve9 is satisfactorily answered in the explanation I have given«.
Sir Wy ville Thomson's explanation I transcribe entire, lest I should do
injostice in criticizing a passage which I do not quite understand. ^^In
the caves in the limestone, owing to a thread of water having found ita
way in a particular direction through the porous stone of the roof^ a
drop falls age after age on one spot on the cave-floor accurately directed
by the stalactite which it is all the time creating. The water contains
a certain proportion of carbonate of lime, which is deposited as stalag-
mite as the water evaporates, and thus a ring-like crust is produced at
a little distance from the spot where the drop falls. When a ring is once
formed, it limits the spread of the drop, and determines the position of
the wall bounding the little pool made by the drop. The floor of the
cave gradually rises by the accumulation of sand and travertine, and
with it rise the walls and floor of the cup by the deposit of successive
layers of stalagmite; and the stalagmite produced by the drop perco-
lating into the limestone of the floor hardens it still further, but in thia
peculiar symmetrical way."* On this explanation I will only remark
that stalagmites deeply and broadly concave on the top, and cave-floors
rising by accumulation of sand and travertine (the material having the
structure of drift sand-rock) so as to keep nearly on a level with the grow-
ing bosses of stalagmite, are phenomena never observed, to my knowl-
edge, in Bermuda or elsewhere.
NON-OALGAREOUS ROOKS AIO) MINERAIiS.
While the only indigenous rocks in Bermuda are the various varie-
ties of limestone^ the <^red earth," and the peat or muck of the bogs^
grains and nodules of various minerals, mostly volcanic in origin, occur
mingled with the coral sands, and blocks of various rocks are liable to
be occasionally brought in the roots of drifted trees. These accidental
arrivals are common to all oceanic islands.
John Murray, F. E. S. E., in a letter to General Sir J. H. Lefroy (a
copy of which has been furnished me by the kindness of J. Matthew
Jones, F. L. S.), names the tbllowing minerals as occurring in samples
of Bermuda sands examined by himself: menaccanite, magnetite, au-
gite, olivine, hornblende, sanidin and other feldspars, mica, and per-
haps quartz. Mr. Murray notes the fact that the ^^red earth," on treat-
ment with acids, leaves a residue much resembling the ^^ titaniferous
sands" found at various localities along the shore. He suggests that
the volcanic minerals of the ^< titaniferous sands" may have been in
• Op. dt, Vol. I., pp. 308,309.
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30 THE GEOLOGY OP BERMUDA,
great measure washed out by rains from the "red earth." The follow-
ing interesting passage is quoted from the letter above mentioned : ^* I
think it most probable. that in the far past there would be a great quan-
tify of this sand on the shores of the then Bermuda. This, however,
as the island sank, and the coral grew, would become less and less
in proportion to the coral sand. Some of it would, one may be sure,
always be carried up by the wind along with the coral sand, and these
grains would accumulate in the ^red earth,' which one must regard as
the residue after the removal of the calcareous matter. In this way,
much of this volcanic sand may have belonged to the original Bermuda.
Much of it, I cannot but think, has been carried to the island by pum-
ice stone. Volcanic and other dust carried by the winds will doubtless
have contributed to the mineral particles we now And in the rock of
Bermuda.'' The considerable abundance of menaccanite, magnetite,
augite, olivine, and other volcanic minerals in the sands at various lo-
calities may be due to the fact that the material has been repeatedly
worked over — ^now blown up in sand-dunes, now washed down to the
shores by the rains. Thus the comparatively insoluble grains would
be concentrated and reconcentrated by the removal of the more soluble
calcium carbonate. Whether these volcanic grains are in part indigen-
ous, as Mr. Murray supposes, or have all been tran8x>orted to the island
in the form of pumice or otherwise, we might reasonably expect that
they would now occur here and there in considerable abundance as the
result of this process of concentration.
l^elson reports the occurrence of "small pieces of oxide of iron, of
very questionable origin; menaccanite, found near the ferry between
St. George's Island and Bermuda or Main Island; arragonite; and a
minute quantity of manganese in the red earth." * Among the nodules
of oxide of iron I have recognized both hematite and limonite. J. Mat-
thew Jones has noticed the occasional occurrence of pieces of trap,
doubtless brought among the roots of drifted trees.t George W. Hawes,
Ph. D., late of the United States National Museum, has noticed the
occurrence of pebbles of a variety of kinds of rocks. In a letter to me, a
few weeks before his death, he wrote concerning them as follows: "One
is a beautiful aagite porphyry with large crystals finely formed of augite,
and most of them are eruptive rocks; but I have two that are plainly
fiilicious, apparently metamorphic rocks. I have found two quartz (flint)
pebbles, small in size, and one I took out of the inside of a sponge."
" op, oit,f p. 105. t Geological Feataree of the Bermudas, p. 22.
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THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA. 31
FOSSILS.
Fossils of recognizable character are found chiefly in the compara-
tively scanty deposits of beach-rock. The drift-rock, however, contains
in abundance shells of several species of land snails, the most common
being Zoniies bermudensis and the x>erhaps specifically distinct variety
nelsoniij Helix microdonta^ and Helix circumfirmata. Among these it is
noteworthy that Zonites bermudensis var. nelsonii no longer exists in a
living state. The other three forms are still abundant residents of the
islands. Shells of Livonapica are also abundant in the drift-rock, hav-
ing doubtless been carried up from the water by "soldier" or hermit
crabs. I have also observed bones of birds and fragments of the shells
of crabs. The remains of marine shells and corals in the drift-rock are
usually so finely comminuted as to be unrecognizable.
The beach -rock in several localities contains marine shells in great
abundance and variety. Nelson* appears to be not far out of the way in
the statement that "almost every shell now known in the surrounding
8ea may be found in the rock."* I made no endeavor to make a com-
plete collection of the fossils of the beach-rock. I append, however,
a list of the shells which have been recognized among the specimens of
rock which I collected to illustrate the geology of the islands. The list
may be of some interest as indicating in general the most common spe-
cies of fossils :
MytiluB exustusy Linn.,
Pectuncvlus ,
BarbaUa domingensiSy Lam.,
Lueina pennsylvanicay Linn.,
Chama mcuserophylloy Ghem.,
Chama lingua-feliSj Eeeve,
Bulla media, Linn.,
FissureUa barbadensiSj GmeL,
Fissurella graeca^ Latn.,
Livonapica, Linn.,
Nerita pelorontaj Linn.,
Truncatella ,
Vermetus lumbricalisj Linn.,
Tectarius muricatusy Linn.,
Cerithium versicolor^ C. B. Ad.,
Cyphoma gibbosa, Linn.,
• Op. di., p. 114.
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32 THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA.
Cypraea ,
Trivia rotunda^ Kien.,
OolumbeUa mercatoria^ Linn.,
Oolunibella oribrariaj Lam.,
OliveUa oryza^ Lam.,
Nasa candeij d'Orb., var. antiUarum.
For the preparation of the above list I am indebted to Henry L,
Osbom, A. B., formerly assistant in Natoral History in Wesleyan Uni-
versity. Besides the shells of mollnsks^ those of Balanas also occur.
Fragments of coral admitting of specific identification appear to be
rare, the fragile skeletons of the coral animals having generally been
pretty thoronghly comminnted.
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P^KT II.
THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA.
BY
Gmaral Sir JOHV HEHBT LEFBOT, F. B. S.
( OOVIEBNOB OF BlEMUDA, 1872-1877. )
ATHBNJBUli GLUB^ LONDON.
BuU. Nat. Mas. No. 25 3 33
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THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA.
From the limited area of the Bennudas, which does not exceed 20
square miles; from their evenness of surface, which nowhere rises
more than 260 feet above the sea; and from the uniformity of the soil,
which is ahnost entirely derived from the disintegration of calcareous
or coralline sand, the botanist would naturally expect a native vegeta-
tion of very little range or variety, and if he remembers their position on
the eastern margin of the Florida Gulf Stream he will ftirther expect a
predominance of West Indian species among those that may exist. Both
these inferences would be correct, but there are some other feu^tors which
have materially modified the result This green oasis in the desert of
Atlantic waters, so late discovered by man,* was for countless ages before
that epoch, as it still is a resting place for birds in their migrations from
the American continent. Man himself when he came found a soil of
virgin fertility and a singularly genial climate, giving welcome alike to
strangers from the north and from the south. Thus for nearly three
centuries seeds and plants from the most distant parts of the world have
been introduced by him, or have followed in his foot-steps and made
themselves at home, until it is in many cases difficult to decide whether
design or natural causes independent of human agency or mere accident
have produced the assemblage we find.
For about eighty years Indian corn (Zea mays) and tobacco, both of
them exhausting crops, were the staple products of Bermuda, varied
chiefly by sweet potatoes {IpamcBa BatataH)^ and it is not improbable
that the opinion which prevailed in the last century of a deterioration of
the soil may have had some foundation, although the cause assigned,
^the cutting down of pine and spreading cedar trees," can have had
little to do with it The cedar tree itself is the enemy of cultivation, and
nothing valuable grows under its shade. Its roots run to astonishing
•About 1511. 35
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36 THE BOTANY OP BERMUDA.
distances, and, as every one knows who has tried to improve plantations
in the neighborhood of cedar trees, they monopolize all the good soil
they can reach.
^^It is universally agreed," says Dr. Bobertson, "that the nature of
this (St. George's) and the other Bermuda Islands has undergone a
surprising change for the worse since they were first discovered, the
air being much more inclement, and the soil much more barren than
formerly; this is ascribed to the cutting down of those fine spreading
cedar trees for which the islands were famous, and which sheltered
them from the blasts of the north wind at the same time that it pro-
tected the undergrowth of the delicate plants and herbs. In short,
the Summer Islands are now far from being desirable spots; and their
natural productions are but just sufScient for the support of the inhab-
itants, who, chiefly for that reason, perhs^s, are temperate and lively to
a proverb. • • • The Bermuda Islands, however, might still pro-
duce some valuable commodities were they properly cultivated; • • •
their oranges are still valuable; their soil is also said to be exceUent
for the cultivation of vines."*
As the historian had never visited the islands, his opinion is only
cited for the strong testimony he bears to the general opinion a century
ago that they were barren. There is, in fact, but very little good soil
among them ; the element silica in particular, which enters so largely
into the composition of most fertile soils, being very wanting; potash
and soda present in very small quantities, and iron^ in the form of oxide
or peroxide, much in excess in the soils which are otherwise the best.
The small number of deciduous trees, and the prevalence of the oedar
(Juniperus Bermudiana)^ which contributes little to the soil, are also a
source of poverty.
•Robertson's America, 1777, VI., p. 286.
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THE BOTANY OP BERMUDA.
37
The following table, extracted from an agricaltaral report drawn up
by the writer in 1873, and based on analyses by Mr. F. A. Manning and
others, gives a concise view of the mineral elements of the Bermuda
soils:
Table I. — Belative proportions of the component pari$ of Bermuda aoiUf omitting toater.
White BoiL
Bed soils.
Manning.
1
Mr. Manning.
1
6
525
a
of
6
No. 8.
No. 4.
Na6.
1
!
1
1
1
1
1
Water fnot incladed)
316
1ft 131
18.7
42. 57 la 231
6.030
23.20
Orranio snbtttanoo
8.816' ^7AA
13.280 lfl.2fli)i
16.710
10.077
Lime
52.47
51.400
5.50
8.724
0.431 1.250 2.386
Lime carbonate of
4.31
2.50
Lime, snlphate of
Maj^nwft -- -
1.686
0.756
8.50
6.018 6.550 0.009
0.199
0.217
Ma'^neaia. carbonate of
3.82
A,lumina
20.44
48.70
6.17316.155 6. iao
24.850
21. 910
6. ioS 6.474
Sand and insoluble clay
0.050
0.047
46.' 74*
43.67
47.380
40.670
Silica ".
Oxide of iron and alnmina ^ r t r t t -
0.520
aiia
Oxide of iron
Oxide of protoxide
trace
13.20
Oxide of aeaani or neroxide -
6. 047' 14. 580
0.362
'6.'836
0.066
0.087
6*646
30.880
0.169
0.060
*6*i76
0. 046 12. 840
Potash
0.064
. 0.243
0.088
0. n7n
0.140
0.007
'6*742
0.118
Soda
0.088
Carbonic acid
42. 866 42. fiMl
6.66
2.666
trace
0.140
a676
Snlpbnric acid
0.206
0.040
Silicic acid
0.159
Phospborio acid
0.007
0.020
0.124
0.011
2.08
0.681
Chlonne
mined ,
L06
20.058 70.945
19. 07580. 931
36.01264.03a
102.01 |00.90
100.0
100.00
100.0
100.0
loao
Notwithstanding) however, this want of natural fertility due to the
geological origin of the group, and to a cause, perhaps, remotely con-
nected with the stormy character of the region, the abundance of rain
and the genial temi)erature make up for many disadvatages. There
appear to be few West India plants or fruits which could not be grown
in the islands with a proper selection of localities. It is otherwise,
however, as Dr. Bein has remarked* with many fruits belonging to
northern temperate regions; many American species which on the con-
tinent descend to much lower latitude reftise to flourish or die out in Ber-
muda, not so much, probably, from the heat of the summer as from the
* Strawbeiriesy grapes, figs, peaches, ripening in March and April, grow in Bermnda,
but not the ordinary kernel and stone fruits.— Bein.
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58 THE BOTANY OP BERMUDA.
unstained high tomperatore of the winter, which is sach that the tem-
peratare of the soil six inches below the surface was never found lower
than 520.66.
Frost is nearly, but not quite, unknown. There are but two well
authenticated cases on record. On the 24th December, 1840, while
irost was visible ^^ in low situations, water in tubs was frozen to the thick-
ness of half a crown."* On the 21st February, 1878, a thermometer
•on grass registered 28^,2. There is a tradition of snow, about 1811 or
1812;t a few flakes, indeed, fell at St. George's on the 4th March, 1874.
On 20th February, 1872, the ground was in some places white with hail,
which did not disappear for some hours. These facts ar6 sufficient to
^how that the temperature of the air is subject to much greater ex-
tremes than are experienced at sea level within the tropics, although
the vegetation partakes so largely of a tropical character.
Low temperatures occur most frequently in the month of March.
During the years 1872-'77 a thermometer on grass registered below
40O F., as follows :
In December 2 times, lowest 35^.2 in 1876.
In January 4 times, lowest 34o.O in 1874.
In February 3 times, lowest 35^.0 in 1877.
In March 8 times, lowest 35^.0 in 1877.
Notwithstanding many years of observation, the data for determining
the mean temperature of the air are imperfect. Observations have only
been made at 9 or 9^ a. m., and at 3 or 3^ p. m., and the diurnal low for
the several months is unknown. While the record was kept by the royal
•engineers, however, a monthly term day of hourly observation was ob-
served, and from the days so recorded some approximation to the horary
•corrections might probably be derived, but I prefer to give the actual
observations at those hours, subject to future reduction. To these are
•added in the subjoined table the mean temperature of the soil at 6
inches and 12 inches depth, which will have fbture value, the Interna-
tional Meteorological Congress held at Bome in April, 1879, having re-
solved to include for the future the temperature of the surface of the
«arth among the meteorological elements to be observed.
*Mr. J. L. Hordis, in Jones' ''Natnralist in Bermuda.''
tMr. John Harvey Darre]! is the authority for this statement.
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THE BOTANY OF BEEMUDA, 39
Table U.-^CkmdiUoM qf iemperaiure and raimfaU affecting vegetaUm in Bermuda.*
Tempenlnieof
Temperatareof
thesoiL
1
9».nL
8p.llL
6
inohet.
12
inohet.
JuiiiBiy. ...■••«
o
M.0
68.7
«a8
67.4
72.0
76.8
8L8
82.5
80.2
75.5
60.8
65.4
65.6
65.1
65.5
60.8
73.5
7a 8
82.0
64.2
8L0
7a 7
71.1
66.4
62.0
61.1
61.5
64.8
60.0
74.6
78.8
70.1
77.1
73.4
67.2
62.0
62.5
61.4
61.5
64.0
60.5
78.0
77.0
70.2
76.0
73,7
6ai
63.2
In.
&8
rolmiMT
4.1
iS^!^. ...:::::;:;:;:::;::;::::::::::::::;::;;:::;:;:::;:::
8.6
Auril
8.S
mK?:;;:::::::::::::::::::::::;;;::::::::::;:::;;::::::;:::::::
4.1
•Tune ....•...••.....•.
a.s
Jllly
4.0
Auftnat
8.0
Sepiember
4.8
Odiober
6.7
Norember
6.7
December
4.0
71.0
73.4
60.3 1 60.4
51.4
*The mean temperatures are given by observations extending (with some taeunm) from Angnal;
1855, to March, 1877. The temperature of the soil at 6 inches is the mean between observations at
a. m. and 5 p. m., apparently the hoars of extreme daily range. The temperature at 12 inches is thai
at a. m. ; the daily range at this depth is under 0^.5, and is about the mean at 9 a. m.
The earth temperatures are probably very near the true mean temper-
atures of the air. The rainfall is not the same all over the island. It
is decidedly greater in the broader and more wooded region towards the
center than at either extremity, and is least about the light-house, where
the island is narrow and comparatively denuded of wood. There are
grounds for supposing, also, that the mean temperature at the east end,
probably under the influence of the cold northeast winds of winter, is
lower than in the central regions ; but these are niceties not afTecting
the present question.
Under the conditions of climate thus briefly described the cocoanut
and sugar-cane grow, but not to perfection. The writer had no success
with pine-apples, although they were formerly grown in Bermuda. The
orange, lemon, lime, fig, mango, banana, pawpaw, avocado pear, pome-
granate, loquat, litchi, and the anona family come to perfection. Straw-
berries and excellent celery, with all ordinary vegetables of the table,
thrive in the winter. Apples, pears, plums, cherries, almonds, apricots,
nectarines are a complete failure. The raspberry and blackberry die
out, and neither rhubarb nor asparagus can be grown to any satisfac-
tion. The peach, although not now actually produced, all the trees in
the island being infested by the peach fly, was very abundant twenty
years ago, and therefore differs from other stone fruits, in being suitable
to the climate.
The reader of the following list will notice frequent references to ^^tbe
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40 THE BOTANY OP BEKMUDA.
Walsingham tracf This remarkable region is a narrow ridge, about
two miles long and from a quarter to half a mile wide, which separates
Oastle Harbor from Harrington Sound, at the east end of the islands,
and does not altogether comprise above 200 acres, including Tucker's
Town. It contains nearly the whole of the indigenous vegetation of
the group. A few characteristic species, such as Bandia cunileataj
Pavonia spinifexj Myginda RJuwama^ are only found at the other end,
and a few are diffused here and there pretty generally. Such are
Eugenia dxillaris^ Forestiera poruloaa, and Dodoncea viscosa. But, on the
whole, this small tract is the Mecca of the botanist in Bermuda, and his
pilgrimages will be many before he exhausts it. For this we must, of
course, seek a geological cause. This narrow ridge of land, honey-
combed by caverns, fretted with the dissolving rains of ages, and rent
by fissures, is, in the writer's opinion, the last surviving contemporary
of former Bermudas that have disappeared, whose surface-rocks form
the reefs that fill Castle Harbor and both the sounds, and form the
northern barriers against the fury of the Atlantic. The evidence in
support of this opipion would be out of place in this section. It will be
evident that if such be the case, we should expect to find here, as we
do find it, the greatest accumulation of those species which, not being
capable of self-origination anywhere, can only have reached this very
isolated spot by the slow operation of natural causes long continued.
The surface of the contemporary Bermuda is not of high geological
antiquity, as fallows necessarily from its .Solian origin and its contin-
uous subsidence, but what it has of antiquity is to all appearance found
here.
The following is a list of 25 species exclusively or almost exclusively
to be looked for in the Walsingham tract. They are nearly all West
Indian; few of them American in the sense of belonging to regions of
corresponding latitude on the continent.
jSGschynomene, sp W. I.
Ampelopsis qainquefolia A.
Aspleninm orennlatam
Aspleuiam myriophyUum
Callioarpa ferruginea W.I.
Chiooocoa raoemosa W.I.
DodonsBa viBcosa W. I.
Elffiodendron zylocarpum W. I.
Eugenia axiUaris W.I.
Forestiera porulosa W. I.
Qnilandina Bonducella W. I.
Ipomo&a pnrpiirea W.I.
Jasminnm gracile W. I.
Jatropha Cnroas W. I.
Passiflora ciliata W. L
Peperomia obtnsifolia W. I.
Psilotnm triqaetram W. I.
PByohotiia nndata , W. I.
Pteris heterophylla W. L
Sabal Adanfionii A.
Sicyos angnlatus A.
SponiaLamarckiana W. L
Statice Limoninm^yar. Caroliniana . A.
Trinmfetta semitriloba W. L
Xanthoxylam Clava-HerculiB W. I.
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THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA.
41
The species in the general list which the writer considers to be
native— that is to say, introduced by natural causes irrespective of
human agency, and probably earlier than the settlement of the islands
in 1612 — are 150 in number, distinguished by the letter A in the alpha-
betical index. For the convenience of the botanical reader they are
here enumerated.
List A. — Species regarded as native.
AoroBtiohiim anrenm W.I.,A.
Adiantnm oaneatum S. A.
iEschynomene, sp W. I., A.
Ampelopsis qainqaefoUa A.
Arandinaria tecta A.
Asclepias Corassavica W. I.
Ascymm Crux Andreso A.
Aspidium capense S.A.
Aspidinm Thelypteris A.
Aspleniam crennlatam W. I.
ABpleDinm dentatnm W. I. , A.
Asplenlum myriophyllum W. I. , A.
Aspleninm Trichomanes A.
Atriplex oristata 8. U.S.
Avicennia nitida W.I.
Baccharis heterophyUa*
Boehmeria cylindiioa W. I. , A.
Borrichia arboroscens W. I., S. U. 8.
Cakile maritima W.I.
Cakile maritima, var. t eqaalis. W. I.
Callicarpa fermginea W. I.
Cauavalia obtnaifoUa W, I.
Cardiospermum Halicacabum ..'W. I.,A.
Cardiospermum Halicacabum,
var microcarpnm W.I.
Cel tis Missisipiensis A.
Cenchras echinatus W. I.,A.
Cenchms triboloides W. I.,A.
Centrosema Yirginiannm W. I., A.
Ceratopbyllnm demersum W. I., A.
Chara fodtida W. I., A.
Cbiococca racemosa W. I., A.
Coccoloba nvifera W.I.,A.
Conocarpus erectas W. I., A.
ConYolvnlus Jamaicensis W. I.
Dicbondra CaroUnensis A.
DioboDdra repens W.I.,A«
Desmodinm virgatum W. I.
DodoDsea viscosa ^ W. I.,A.
Eclipta erecta W.L.A.
Elsodendron zy locarpam W. I.
Elffiodendron melanooarpum .... A.
W.
Eleocbaris plantaginea
Eqnisetum palostre
Eugenia axiUaris
Forestiera poralosa
Guilandina Bonducella
Heliotropium Curassavicum.... W.
Herpestis Monniera W.
Hydrocotyle Asiatica
Hydrocotyle ropanda
Hydrocotyle umbellata
IpomcBa Jamaicensis
IpomoBaNIl
Ipomoea Pes-caprae W.
IpomoBa purpurea
Ipomoea sagittata
JuDCUs maritimus
JuDOUstenuis W.
Jungermannia 8p
Janiperus Bermudiana
Kosteletzkya Virginioa
Laguncularia racemosa W,
Lemna minor W.
Lemna trisulca W.I.,N,
Lippia mioromera
Lippia nodiflora W,
Lippia lanceolata
Litbospermnm disticbum
Montia fontana
Morindaroioo W.
Myginda Rbacoma W.
Myrioa cerifera
Kama Jamaicensis W.
Nepeta Cataria
Nepbrodium amplnm W. I.
Nepbrodium patens
Nepbrodium tetragonum
Nepbrodium villosum W. I.
Nepbrolepis exaltata W.
(Enotbera biennis
(Enotbera bumifusa
(Enotbera rosea
(Enotbera sinuata
I., A.
A.
W.I.
W.I.
W.I.
I., A.
I., A.
W.I.
A.
W.I.
W.I.
W.I.
I., A.
W.I.
A.
A.
I., A.
W.I.
A.
I., A.
I.. A.
U.8.
W.I.
I., A.
W.I.
W.I.
E.
L,A.
I., A.
A.
I., A.
A.
,S.A.
A.
S.A.
,8. A.
I., A.
A.
A.
W.I.
A.
* There are five West Indian and three American species, but none of tbem tbe same
as tbe Bermuda species.
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42
THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA.
Opuntia TanA
Opuntia vulgaris
Osmnnda cinnamomea
Osmnnda regalia
Panicam breyifolimu
Panicum capillare
Panioum lineare
Panicam moUe
Panicam yirgatnm
Paspalam disticham W.
Paspalom filiforme
Paspalam setaceam
Pavonia spinifex
Phryma leptostaohya
Pluchea odorata
Pluchea purpurascens W.
Polypodium plnmula
Polyi)ogon Monspeliensis
Portulaca oleracea W.
Psilotnm triqaetram W.
Pteris aqailina W.
Pteris heterophylla
Rbachicallis rapestris
Rhizophora mangle W.
Rhus Toxicodendron
Rhynchospora florida
Rhynchospora fasca
Rhynchospora pura syn
Rhynchospora speciosa
Rhynchospora stellata
Rioinns communis W.
Ruppia maritima W.
Sabal Palmetto
Salicomia fruticosa
W.I.
A.
A.
A.
W.I.
A.
A.
W.I.
A.
I., A.
W.I.
W.I.
W.I.
A.
W.I.
I., A.
W.I.
A.
I., A.
L,A.
I.. A.
W.I.
W.I.
L,A.
A.
W.I.
W.I.
I., A.
I., A.
A.
A.
SccDvola Plumieri W.L.A.
Scirpus plantagineus W.I.
Scirpns validos W.I.
Senebiera pinnatifida W.I.,A.
Sesu vium Portulacastrum W. I. , A.
Sicyos angnlatus A.
Sida carpinifolia W. I.
Sisyrinchium Bermudiana
Solanum nigrum W.I.,A.
Solanum nigrum, var.nodiflorum. W. I.
Solanum torvum W.I.
Sophora tomentosa W.L,A.
Sphagna m palustre
Spermacoce tenuior W. I., A.
Spiranthes brevilabris W. I.
Sponia Lamarckiana W. I.
Sponia elongatus W.I.
Sporobolus Indicus W.I.,A.
Sporobolns pungens S.A.
Sporobolus Virginicus W. I. » A.
Stachy tarpheta Jamaicensis .... W. I. » A.
Statice Limonium, var. Caroli-
niana A.
Stenotaphrum Americanum .... W.I., A.
Snriana maritima W. I.
Tournefortia gnaphalodes W. I., A.
Triumfetta Lappula W.I.
Triumfetta semitriloba W. I.
Typha augustifolia W. I.,A.
Waltheria Americana W. I., A.
Woodwardia Virginica A.
Xanthoxylum aromaticum W. I.
Yucca aloifolia W.I.
Zostera marina
The distiQCtion between this class and the next is arbitrary, and the
classification has been governed by an estimate of probabilities in each
case. Kature had a long reign in Bermuda. Man and the animals
introduced by man have had a comparatively short period for modify-
ing its flora. It seems safer to suppose that plants like Chiilandina
Bandticella or Sicyos angulatuSj met with but once in a wild place and
a wild state, are truly native, than to infer from their rarity that they
have been introduced or have recently followed the footsteps of man.
The species then regarded as exotic, although completely naturalized,
and for the most part generally diffused, that is to say, in the words of
Sir Joseph Hooker, ^^ species which have followed in the track of man
or animals introduced by him, and have thus become quasi-indigenous,
or naturalized,'^* are 166 in number, distinguished by the letter B. The
** Sir Joseph Hooker. Lecture on Insular Floras, delivered before the British Asso-
ciation for the Advancement of Science, at Nottingham, 1866.
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THE BOTANY OP BERMUDA. 43
importation of seeds for agricultural and horticultural purposes for two
centories and a half accounts for a great namber of chance specieSy ee-
I>ecially the importation of hay from America.
The species which may also be said to be naturalized, but were orig-
inally introduced, designedly for cultivation or ornament, whose pres-
ence is, therefore, due to direct human agency, more or less traceable^
and which cannot in any sense be regarded as native, 414 in number^
are distinguished by the letter C.
Lastly, there remains a large and fluctuating class of plants, of hor-
ticultural but not botanical interest, which are found here and there
under cultivation, but have no proper place in the local flora. They
are inserted in the catalogue to complete the view of the vegeta-
tion of Bermuda, as related to climate, and as it presents itself to the
visitor. These names, 215 in number, are printed in Italics. Many of
them date no further back than the writer's term of residence at Gov-
ernment House, where one of his first acts was to import a professed
gardener, Mr. Michael Middleton, and a skilled laborer, George Payne,
from Kew. They arrived in November, 1871, and from that time to the
end of 1876, few months passed without the introduction and trial of
new plants. Under a friendly rivalry, many more were at the same
time brought u^ from the West Indies to Clarence House, by sue<5essive
naval commanders-in-chief, especially by Admiral Sir Cooper Key, who
followed the governor's example in erecting a conservatory. The
present governor, Sir Bobert LafEan, has long been knowq for a taste
for horticulture. The garden proper at Mount Langton is, unfortu-
nately, of very limited extent, and of a light, poor soil, possessing only
the advantage of abundant water. The grounds are extensive, but
made up of hills and slopes, thinly clothed with soil, much exposed to
northerly winds, and offering very few spots favorable for planting. It
adds not a little to practical difficulties that cartage is rendered tedi-
ous and laborious by the distribution of the premises. All this not-
withstanding, much was done in the years 1871-'76 to extend the flora
of the island, and a considerable amount of horticultural experience
gained, which should not be thrown away. The social circumstances
of Bermuda are peculiar. The resident gentry aire too few in number
to keep up a corps of professional gardeners; the colored native labor-
ers are rarely intelligent enough for the trade, do not appear to have
much natural taste for flowers, although somewhat given to depreda-
tions in gardens, and have had very little opportunity of learning. It
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44 THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA.
Tvoald be difficalt to find anywhere snch neglect of ornamental planting
as is observable round the cottages of Bermnda. A sort of aversion to
manual labor^ which survives among the whites wherever slavery has
prevailed, and no doubt also something enervating in the climate,
make amateur gardening less active and busy, especially among the
ladies of the island, than the great advantages of the climate would
lead one to exx>ect. There are but few florists, and an inexhaustible
source of pleasure has still to be better appreciated. The record of
horticultural successes and failures at Mount Langton, and the pre-
sentation in one list of all the species, whether ornamental or useful,
cultivated or capable of cultivation, must stimulate horticulture, and
may possibly open a new industry. The director of the American Mu-
seum of Natural History, Central Park, New York, had it in contem-
plation, in 1876, to establish a tropical nursery in Bermuda, and there
is no reason, in days when Covent Garden market is supplied with
flowers fix)m the south of France, why New York should not be supplied
from the Insulas iBstivarum.
The writer lost no opportunity of ascertaining the names, if any, by
which plants are currently known. They are comparatively few in
number, and it is not easy to determine whether, for example, ^^ Snuff
planf* for Buddleia neemda is, like " Wire weed" for Sida carpinifoliaj
universal, or of limited circulation. For the particulars given of the
dates of introduction of many now common species, the writer is chiefly
indebted to the late Mr. W. B, Perot, of Par-la- ville, and to the Hon.
John Harvey Darrell.
Francis Andr^ Michaux, who touched at Bermuda in 1806, is the only
botanist of eminence who has as yet done so. The following account of
bis visit occurs in ^< Annates du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle," for 1807.
Having set sail from Bordeaux on February 5, 1806, for Charleston, he
intended to explore the Southern States of America. On March 23, the
vessel was captured by H. M. S. Leander, and sent to Halifebx, Michaux
being the only passenger who was allowed the privilege of going on board
the Leander, where he seems to have received every attention from Gap-
tain Wetheby, her commander. Arriving at the Bermudas on April 7,
they remained there eight days, and Michaux was allowed to go ashore.
He gives a fair account of the general appearance of the islands, but
his flora is very meager, only comprising the following species: Juni-
ferus Bermudiana; Verbasoum Thapsus; AnagaUis arvensis; Leontodon
Taraxacum; PUmtago major; Urtioa urens; Oentiana nana; Oxalis
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THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA. 45
acetoseUa. The ^^sage brush'' is mentioned, but not identified; also a
species of Verberui and a Medicago. He appears to ha^e regretted bis
inability to p^x>cure ripe berries of the cedar, owing to his visit being
during the flowering season, as it was his desire to have introduced the
tree into the island of Corsica and the southern departments of France
which border on the Mediterranean.
The earliest general list of Plants was compiled by Mr. A. W. Lance^
naval school-master on board H. M. S. Illustrious, in 1845. It contains
127 8i>ecies, but is unpublished. The MS. presented by Governor Eeid
is in the Public Library, Hamilton. Grisebach occasionally refers to
his herbarium. Dr. Bein, who resided in ^Bermuda, about 1853, in the
capacity of tutor, printed, 1873, a list comprising LVI orders and 128
species, exclusive of Algad.* In the same year, Mr. J. Matthew Jones
published a paper on the vegetation of the Bermudas, in the Proceed-
ings and Transactions of the Nova Scotia Institute of Natural Science.
Grisebach notes about 18 West Indian plants as natives of Bermu-
das in his flora of the British West Indian Islands, 1864, but had evi-
dently very imperfect information before him.
Mr. H. B. Moseley, naturalist and botanical collector of H. M. S. Chal-
lenger, had the good fortune to visit the islands at a favorable time of
year (in parts of April, May, and June, 1873), and collected plants with
indefatigable diligence, but, of course, missed those which flower in
autumn. Lastly, the write?, with a very slender knowledge of botany,
made it an object and pursuit, during a residence of nearly six years, to
make himself acquainted with the flora of the island, and found in Sir
Joseph Hooker, Dr. Asa Gray, General Munro, Professor Sargent, Pro-
fessor Oliver, and Professor Thiselton Dyer, friends ever ready to
identify any specimen sent to them. From all these sources, aided by
a too brief visit from Professor Ernst, of Garacaa, in 1876, has the sub-
joined enumeration been compiled, and it is presented in tolerable con-
fidence that there are not many native plants left unenumerated. There
are, doubtless, plants in old gardens which have escaped notice; noth-
ing but a house to house visitation can exhaust the possibilities of fresh
discovery in this direction. The Bermudians of the last generation,
and long before it, were eminently a sea-faring people, leaving at home
their wives, and families, and slaves, and constantly returning with
some rarity which had attracted their notice. Thus Ipomcea tuberosay
* Rein, Ueb«r die Vegetations- VerhaltniBse der Bennnda Insehi. <Senckenbeigi8che
natorfonohende Oesellsohaft. Frankforti 1872-^73.
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46 THE BOTANY OP BEBMUDA.
Brunfehia Americana^ PJuLoelia cangestay Dolichos Lahldb were all added
to the liBty as the result of accidental observation in old gardens at St.
Cteorgtfs.
Any scientific value the following list may possess, beyond its record
of facts of observation, such as localities, times of flowering, &c., is due
to the obliging supervision of Sir Joseph Hooker, under whose eye the
classes have been rearranged, the references checked, and the nomen-
clature corrected. The writer is responsible for the distribution of the
species as native, naturalized, or introduced, distinguished by the let-
ters A, B, and C, in the index. The Linnsean orders and the etymology
of names are given where they appear likely to be of assistance to-
wards the identification of plants. Synonyms are only given where the
names appear in Grisebach's flora, or in some accredited list of Bermuda
plants.
J. H. LBFEOY.
Deobmbeb 31, 1879.
BOTANY OF THE BERMUDAS.
I.— Eanitnculaoejb.
Clematis FlammuUiy IJnn. Sweet Clematis.
Introduced originally from Southern Europe. It grows luxuriantly
over a verandah in Beid Street, Hamilton, flowering in autumn.
Clematis Japonioaj Thursb., var Jaohmanni.
Introduced in 1874 and flowered annually about July, but not fireely.
Banunoulus murioatus^ Linn. Buttercup.
Naturalized from Europe, and generaL
Ranunculus parviflorusy Linn.
Common about Hamilton.
DdpMnium consolida. Larkspur.
Oardai varieties are common.
II.— MAaNOLIAOB^.
Magnolia grandiJUyra^ Linn. Magnolia.
A tree of large size at Peniston's, introduced from the Southern
United States. It flowers in June. If. glauoa Linn, and 3f. purpurea
Curt, were introduced at Mount Langton in 1875, and flowered feebly,
but died out The climate or soil appeared not to suit them.
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THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA, 47
Liriode»dran Tulipiferaj Lmn. Tulip tree or White Poplar of the South-
ern United States.
A healthy tree at Par-la-ville; flowers in June.
III.— Anonace^.
AnoiM muricatay Linn., (A. tripetalaj Ait.). Sour sop.
Introduced from the West Indies ; met with in many old gardens.
A. squamosaj linn. Sweet sop ; Sugar apple.
Met with at Camden's, near Hamilton, but not common in the island.
Native of South America.
A. Cherimoliaj Mill. Gherimoya.
A rare fruit in Bermuda, first raised from seed in 1853. Native of
South America.
A. reticulata Linn. Custard apple, Sugar apple.
Met with in many old gardens. A native of South America.
None of the Anonas are in any abundance, not, however, for want of
suitable soil or a suitable climate. They are easily grown. The neglect
of the CQltivation of fruit is traceable to social causes, and to the want
of a sufBciently large market.
rv. — Nympheaobjb.
NympfuBa ccBruleay Savign. and N. dentata^ Sch. and Thonn.
Roots were procured from England in 1874 and survived two or three
years, but made no growth and never flowered. They were tried in
ditches with feebly running water and in tanks.
v.— Sabbageniaoejb.
Sarraoenia purpurea^ Linn. Pitcher plant.
Was introduced at Mount Langton and flowered, but died off. The
climate apj[>arently too hot, although it is found from Florida northward.
VI.— Papavbeaoejb.
Argemane Mexioa/iuiy linn. Queen thistle; Prickly poppy.
Very common — a yeUow dye is sometimes made from the flowers.
From the wide diffusion of this plant it may be native ; name from ar-
gema, a disease of the eye for which the juice is supposed to be medic-
inal.
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48 THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA.
Palaver somniferumj Linn. Opium poppy.
Met with 08 a weed — introdaced.
VIT.— FUMABIAOEiB.
Fumaria offlcinaliSj Linn. Common Fumitory.
A weed, abundant in cultivated ground.
Vni. — CBUOIFEBwS.
Ncuiturtium officinale^ E. Br. Water-cress.
Abundant in the water channels of Pembroke marsh; grows also
well on the wet soiL Plants raised from seed procured from the great
market grounds of Hertfordshire in 1874 had no marked advantage
over the indigenous species.
Nasturtium Armoraciay Fries. Horseradish.
Cultivated occasionally in gardens.
For the so-called Nasturtium of Gardens, see Tropodolum.
8i9t/mbrium officinalej , Scop. Hedge mustaiurd.
A common weed by road-sides — easily recognized by its tall racemes
and small yellow flowers. Probably introduced from Great Britain.
Senehiera didyma^ Pers. Wart cress 5 Swine grass.
A coarse weed with prostrate stem, and deeply pinnatifid leaves,
common. Introduced from Southern States.
Brassica olera^beaj Linn.
Several varieties, as JB. capitataj hort. (cabbage) and JB. hotrytiSj Mill,
(cauliflower), are cultivated. The latter has been attempted upon a
somewhat large scale for the Few York market, but was unsuccessful
commercially, for want of more frequent and rapid communication.
Brasftica Sinapistrumj Boiss. Charlock.
A weed in cultivated grounds.
Brassioa nigra, Koch. Garden mustard. Cultivated.
Lepidium Yirginioum, Linn. Pepper grass; Pepperwort.
Common ; called by Dr. Bein L. ruderalCy Linn. Kame from fepM a
scale, in reference to the form of the fruit. Introduced from Virginia.
X. saHvumj Linn. Garden cress, gardens.
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the;botant or bebmuda. 49
Cap»ella Bursa-paetoris Moh. Shepherd's pnrse.
A weed in gardens. Probably introdaoed from Great Britain, bat of
ver>' general diffusion.
Iberiis vlolacea Ait. Candy tnft.
Quite naturalized by road-sides, chiefly in St. Oeorges Island, to
which its delicate and abundant flowers are a pleasing ornament.
Cahile maritima, Scop., var. wqualis Sea-rocketf L. Her., Scurvy grass.
Very common along the shores, and occasionally cooked for food.
Rapkanus mtivuSj Linn. Badish, cultivated.
Malcolmia maritima^ B. Br.
Probably introduced from Europe.
Oiambe cordata Willd. t
From Cambridge, Mass., 1874.
Matthiola incafuiy B. Br. Wild stock.
To be found, but not abundantly, among the rocks along the south-
ern shore, in Warwick Parish. Probably escaped from gardens.
Cheiranthus cheiri^ Linn. Wall Flower.
Met with in gardens.
LK.— Gappabidacbjb.
Cleome speciosa, H. B., Candelabra plant.
Native of Mexico, common in West Indies. Litroduced and almost
a weed, seeding itself abundantly at Mount Langton. Two varieties^
parple and white. It grows to a height of 3 feet or more.
C. pungensj Willd. The white variety.
Capparis iorulosa^ Sw. var. of C. Jamaicensis^ Jacq., Black willow.
To be found at Par-la- ville, where it may be recognised by its glossy
leaves, rusty beneath, branches and inflorescence covered with scales; a
shrubby tree about 10 feet high; name from the Arabic Zadar. The caper
plant, C. spmosaj Linn., so abundant at Malta, would probably also
thrive in similar situations in Bermuda, but is not known.
Bteriphoma dUpticaj Spreng.
Beceived ftx)m Trinidad 1874, and flowered.
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 25 4
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50 THE BOTANY OP BEBBHJDiL
X.— MOBINGEiB.
Maringa pterygospermay Osertn. Horseradish tree.
Easily known by its large and graceftd decomposite-pinnaHseot leaves,
and small white flowers. Originally of the Old World, bat introdaoed
from Turks Islands; may be seen at Somerville and elsewhere. This
tree produces the fEwnoos Ben oil, extensively used by watch-makers.
XI. — Besedaoks.
Reseda od&rata, Linn.f Mignonette.
Cultivated in gardens.
XII.— GiSTAOEJS. Bock rose family.
Cistus lauri/oliuSy Linn.
0. salvi/oliuSf Linn.
C. MonspeliensiSf Linn.
Were introduced from Cambridge, Mass., in 1874, and were living in
1877, but did not appear to flouridi.
XHL— YlOLACS^.
Viola odorata Linn. Sweet violet.
A large variety is established at Mount Langton, and flowers spar
ingly; but the violet can scarcely be said to be known in Bermuda.
F. tricolor Linn. Pansy; Hearths-ease.
Grown in gardens.
XIV.— BlXINSiB.
Bixa Orellana Linn.
Grew readily at Mount Langton, but is not generally met with. In-
troduced fix>m West Indies.
FlacourHa Bamontchi Herit., W. Govemor^s Plum.
To be found in a few gardens only. A native of Madagascar and the
East Indies.
F. prunifoUa H. B.
Introduced at Mount Langton from Botanical Garden, Trinidad, 1872,
but it did not appear to thrive, and had not flowered in 1877.
XV.— PlTTOSPOBKB.
PittoHporum coriaceum Ait.
A tree of considerable size at Bishop's lodge; no other specimen
known. Probably introduced from Madeira.
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THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA. 51
P. undulatumj Vent, Laurel.
Native of New South Wales, and probably, therefore, of recent intro-
duction. Its cymes of fragrant, graceful white flowers may be seen at
the Rectory, Pagets Parish, and elsewhere in March-April; readily pro-
pagated by cuttings.
XVL— Cabyophyllaobjb.
Arenaria BerpyUifoliay Linn. Thyme leaved sandwort*
A small annual weed; common in waste places; probably from
Europe.
Stellaria media^ Sm. Stickwort Ghickweed.
Common chickweed in gardens.
8. nemorumj Linn.
This species will be found in tangled creeping masses along the crags
southwest of the Church cave. From the star-shaped flower.
Cer ostium visoomniy Linn. Mouse ear; chick Weed.
A weed from Europe.
POBTULAOAOB^.
Foriulaca oleraccoy Linn. Small-leaved Purslane, Turtle grass.
A very common yellow flowering weed in gardens ;«sometimes used
as a pot herb. Probably native, beipg generally diffiised in the West
Indies and Southern States.
Sesuvium Portulaeasirwn H. B. Sea Purslane.
Found along the sea shore in moist places, and in Hamilton Parish
marsh; may be distinguished by the absence of petals, the numerous
stamens of deep rose color, and the delicate pink lining to the sepals,
which are externally a bright green; otherwise much like Purslane in
habit. Flowers in September.
MofUiafantana, Linn. Water Chickweed.
Common in ponds and ditches.
XVII.— Hypebioaobje.
Ascyrum Crux-AndreoSj Linn. St. Andrews' cross, St. John's wort {A.
hyperiooideSy Linn Sw.)
This pretty plant is abundant in Pembroke marsh, and not uncom-
mon on hillsides in moist places, easily known by its delicate foliage,
cross-shaped yellow flowers, and perforated leaves.
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52 THE BOTAinr of bebmuda.
XVIDL— Gttttipbbjb.
Mammea Americanaj Idnn. Mammea.
The Mammee fruit is ripe in September, but the trees are oonflaed tm
a few old gardens— €. ^., at Cavendish, Devonshire Parish; originallj
from the West Indies. (Lucuma Ma-mmoaa in Beid's list.)
Calaphyllum CaHaba Jacq., Galba.
From the West Indies ; a slow growing, useless tree, somewhat orna-
mental for its glossy leaves, and therefore planted in fences ; flowers in
A n gu 8t-8eptember.
XIX.— Tbbnstbcbmiacsjb.
CamelUa Japonica^ Linn.
The camellia is scarcely known in Bermuda. Plants imj[>orted from
Halifax nurseries have, however, flowered. The heat appears too great.
XX.— MALVACfBJB.
8ida carpinifoliaj lAnn. Wire weed.
Probably native or from the Canaries; very early mentioned in Laws,
1069; still a very abundant and troublesome weed.
Pavonia spinifSc^ Cav., Burr bush.
Found only in Southampton Parish, and not very common. Easily
known by its curiously spiked fruit, or seed vessel; shrub 4 or 5 feet
high, probably naturalized from the West Indies at no remote period,
after Don Jos^ Padon.
Kosteletzhya Virgimcay Pres. Mallow.
The very pretty rose-colored flowers of this plant appear in October,
but are confined to the upper end of Pembroke marshes.
AbutiUyn striatum^ Dicks. Mallow.
Common in gardens ; introduced from Baltimore about 1852.
A, pulchellum. Sweet or White Abutilon.
In gardens, not common.
Hibiscus HJiaceuSy Linn. Mahoe.
Known to have been raised about fifty years ago from seed washed
on shore ; one large handsome tree at Somerville, in Smith's Parish ;
smaller ones elsewhere ; quite naturalized.
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THE BOTANT OF BEBMUDA. 53
JJ. RosorSineimSj Linn.
Common in gardens.
J7. grandifhru8j Michx.
Introduced from Trinidad 1874, already well diffased^ its splendid
crimson flowers, produced in great abundance; are frequently 6 inches
across. The seed could never be found ripe.
jflT. mutabiUsj Linn., Changeable rose.
Common; flowers in October.
JJ. Cooperij hort.
Ornamental variety with rose-colored margins round the leaves;
introduced 1874, and found to grow readily at Mount Langton.
jBT. Bancro/HanuSy Macf.
Variety with thick fleshy, glossy, crenate leaves, which flowers rarely.
At the public buildings and elsewhere.
jBT. populnetis, Linn.
In the Cove at Clarence Hill, and elsewhere.
ff. esculenttiSj linn. Okra.
Is cultivated in gardens, and by some persons relishecT as a vegetable,
of whom the writer is not one. AbeVmoschus esoulentm W. A.
Oosaypium herbaceunij Linn. Cotton plant.
Originally from the East Indies. Cotton of this species was both
grown and spun in Bermuda, in the last century, as it still is in India
and Southern Europe. Old plants are to be met with, nearly small
trees. The down is not now put to any economic use, and is super-
seded, for economic purposes, in the United States, by G. aUmmj Wight,
emd O. nigrum, Hamilt.
Thespesia popuhiea Correa.
In a garden at St. Georges, where it is known as Gamboge tree by
some original misapplication of the name.
AUhcea rosea^ Cav. Hollyhock.
Met with in gardens occasionally, of poor varieties.
Bomhax ceiba, Linn. id. Silk cotton tree.
There are several of these trees at Mount Langton, planted by Gov-
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54 THE BOTANt OF BEBMUDA.
emor Beid; flower has not been obsierved on any. Young trees are
met with elsewhere. {Eriodendron at^fractuosumy DO.) native of West
Indies; introduced by Sir W. Beid, about 1845.
XXI.— Stbbouliaoejse.
Sterculia OarthaginensiSy Oav.
To be found in the old garden at Spanish Point (Mr. Shaw Wood's),
where are several other rare trees, native of Continental America. It
may be recognized by its unusually large palmate leaves.
WaUheria Americana^ Linn.
Native, found in Pembroke marsh and on the hillside. From A. F.
Walther, a botanist of Leipsic.
Ouazuma tomentosa^ H. B. Bastard Oedar of West Indies.
There is a healthy tree in the officer's garden, St. Georges.
XXII.— Tn-iAOEA
Triumfetta altJuBoides^ Lam.
T. semitrilobay Idnn., Burr or Boor bush.
A very common plant in the Walsingham tract; native, becomes a
largish bush.
T. Lappula, Linn.
After Triumfetti, a botanist.
XXIII.— LiNAOEJS.
Linum usitatissimumy Linn. Wild flag.
Plants are to be found naturalized in Pembroke marsh. It is men-
tioned as early as 1632, but does not appear to have ever been much
cultivated. Probably from a Celtic word Llin, signifying thread, run-
ning through many languages.
XXIY.— Obbaniaobji.
Oxalis comucj Thunb. Sorrel.
0. microphyUOj Poir.
With small, yellow flowers.
0. comiculataj Idnn., var. Btrietay Sav. Yellow wood-sonel.
With largish, yellow flowers. #
0. violaeeay Linn. Purple wood-sorrel.
Also American.
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THE BOTANY OF , BERMUDA. 56
XXV.— Malpighiacb^.
MeUpighia aetosa Speug. French cfaerryf
Prot Oliver remarks: ^^This may be what Orisebach calls M.punici-
folia^ Linn. A large, bushy tree, by the officer's library, north of the
Hospital Prospect, and at Mr. Zuills, Smith's parish. Introduced in the
last century. It flowers in June.
XXVI.— ZygophyllEwE.
Oaaiacum officinale^ Linn. Lignum vitse.
To be found in gardens. From Guaiac, the native name in Guiana.
Melianthus majors Linn. Honey Flower.
Luxuriant in the garden at Mount Langton. Originally fix)m the
Cape of Good Hope.
Pelargonium sp. Double geranium.
The climate and soil of Bermuda seem to suit the double varieties of
Pelargonium remarkably well; these beautiful flowers are therefore
very abundant, and of many shades, but chiefly scarlets. Of cultivated
hybrids which are continually varjring, the number and variety is con-
siderable ; but it is rare to see a geranium which would attract notice at
the humblest flower show in England or America. This is more the
consequence of want of skill in cultivation than the fault of the climate,
but the plants straggle and run to wood in a vexatious way.
Pelargonium . Stork's bill; Sweet-scented geranium.
Is completely naturalized, but not to be found far from the neighbor-
hood of houses and gardens. Its bright pink flowers and sweet-scented
leaves are among the pleasures of the islands.
Oeranium dissectumy Linn. Wild Crane's bill.
Qaite naturalized on David's Island, originally British.
G. pusiUum^ Linn.
A smaller wild geranium. Also British.
Impatiens balsaminaj Linn. Balsams; Snapweed.
An annual, cultivated in gardens, originally from the East Indies.
XXIX.— EXJTAOBJB.
QuoHsia amara^ Linn. Quassia.
Introduced at Mount Langton from the West Indies in 1874, and
grew well, but had not flowered in 1877.
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56 THE BOTiiNY OF BERMUDA.
The name immortalizes Qaaesi, a oegro slave of Surinam, who made
known the medicinal properties of one of the e^>ecie8.
Ailantkus glandulosa^ Desf.
Originally from China. Introduced by Governor Elliott. The finest
trees are at the public buildings, Hamilton.
Xanthoxylum Clava-RereuliSy Linn.
A single tree of about 10 inches diameter on a hill east of Paynter's
vale. Easily known by the large pellucid points in the leaflets and
their strongly aromatic taste. Although this tree was the object of
numberless visits at all seasons, the writer could never find fruit or
flower; nevertheless there are a few seedlings to be found among the
Sage and Sponia bushes around.
According to one tradition this tree, now 30J inches in girth, was planted
about a century ago by a Mr. Paynter, and has not increased in size
within memory; it does not however look an old tree. The writer in-
clines to believe that it is a last survivor of the native *' yellow wood''
frequently mentioned in the first accounts of the island.* Every en-
deavor to transplant young plants failed, owing to the impossibility of
extricating their long tap root unbroken from the crevices of the rocks.
Citrus Limonum^ Eisso.
The common wild lemon, berry ovoid, tubercled or rugulose; very
acid; leafstalks with scarcely any trace of a winged margin. (C spii^
osissifnay Eein.)
Var. called Pumpnosed lemon.
Var. with smooth skin of small size, IJ to IJ inches in diameter and
nearly globular. C. limetta, Risso.
Var. with smooth skin, of larger size, ovoid, called the Lisbon lemon.
*'' The timber of the ooantiy consisteth of three sorts ; the one is the cedar ; yery ^e
timber to worke upon, of color redde, and verie sweete ; the other sorts wee haye no name
for, for there is none in the company hath seen the like in other conntries before wee
came : some did thinke it to be lignum vita bat it is not soe, it is a yerie fine wood, of
oolour yellow, and it bears a leaf like nnto a walnut tree, and the rine or barke is
is mnch like a walnnt tree, and the barke if one taste of it will bite one's tongue as If it
were Ginney Pepper. That wood also is very sweet."
This description applies closely to Xanthoxylum. Professor Oliver, writing from.
Kew in October, 1872, having only leaves before him, remarked: "The leaves,
strongly translucently dotted, without flowers, must belong to a species of Xanthoxff'
Uunf and agree fairly with aflowerless Dominica specimen, which has been queried as
X. aromaticum but the species must remain doubtful until we have flower and fruit,
which we shall be particularly obliged for." The visitor, therefore, who shall be so
fortunate as to find the tree in flower, will help to solve a problem of unusual botan-
ical interest.
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THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA. 57
Citms Bigaradiaj Loist. Bitter orange.
Berry large, orange- colored, smooth, bitter, and acid; a beantiM
finit in appearance ; the flower is also very large and highly perftuned;
leaves large, dark, and glossy. A handsome tree.
Citrus vulgaris^ Bisso. Seville orange.
Citrus Aurantiumy Linn. Sweet orange.
Occasionally weighs over 1 pound, and is of excellent flavor. The
best were in 1876 grown at Spanish Point.
Ciirv>s nohiliSj Lour. Mandarine orange.
Mandarine oranges of large size, and the finest quality, were pro-
duced by one tree at Mount Langton, but the fruit is not much met
with.
Citrus nobiUSj Lour. tar. minor, Tangerine oranges.
Also rare in the Islands.
Citrus decumanus, Linn. Shaddock.
Grown at Somerville and elsewhere.
Citrus racemosusj Bis et Poit. Grape fruit.
So called from being produced in bunches. The trees may be dis-
tinguished by the very large, heart-shaped wings on the leaf-stalks.
Citrus bu^folia^ Poir. (0. Paradisic Macf.) Forbidden fruit.
A variety of the Shaddock, and rarely met with.
Citrus Medicaj Linn. Citron.
Barely met with.
Ohycosmis pentaphylla var. citri/olia^ Lindl.
In some gardens.
Oranges, formerly very abundant in Bermuda, and of excellent qual-
ity, have of late years comparatively died out. The quantity grown is
nothing like equal to the local demand, and such extravagant prices as
3 shillings or even 4 shillings a dozen are sometimes asked for fine ones.
This unfortunate result is due to a disease to which the trees are sub-
ject, to general horticultural neglect, and to the preoccupation of the
good soil by more remunerative crops. The trees suffer extremely from a
white coccus, with knobs or prominences on the exterior shell, which
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68 THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA.
sometimes covers the entire surface of the shoots and large portions of
the leaves. The writer often had them brushed off small trees; and the
twigs and leaves well syringed, to their great advantage, but a few
weeks brought them back, and no systematic attempt is made to keep
down this plague, which is equally injurious to several other trees; for
example, the Eugenia, the Avocada Pear — even the Oycas and the
Yucca. The creature, in fact, seems capable of deriving nourishment
from the leaves or tender bark of uearly every description of plant.
The insect form is entirely obliterated in the old females, which become
mere shells full of eggs. The writer once fbund a negro engaged in
laying bare the roots of some orange trees on Trunk Island, and learned
that his object was to apply in some way whale oil to them. In general,
however, the trees are suffered to run wild, little care is taken to prune
them, or to cut out dead wood, or to free branches which intersect, ex-
coriate, and choke each other, and few young trees are planted. On
all these accounts Bermuda can never rival Florida, where the orange
is now grown on the largest scale of farming, with all the resources
of horticultural skill ; but the fruit might be much more abundant than
it is for the benefit of the inhabitants.
The Bermuda Company sent out orange, lemon, and citron seeds
in 161G.* In 1621 the governor was able to refresh a shipwrecke<l
party with the fruit,t and from 1634 we find examples of rents paid in
oranges and lemons.} Sir W. Beid, among his many beneficial meas-
ures, procured great quantities of young plants for distribution from
Madeira about 1846, and bore strong testimony to the excellent quality
of the fruit of the island growth.
TriphaHa tri/oliata^ DC,
To be found as a low creeping bush in some gardens. Introduced.
Murraya exotioay linn. Martinique Laurel.
A very ornamental shrub, not uncommon in gardeas. Introduced
from West Indies.
Cookia punctata^ V^ti,. Wampee.
In a few gardens. Introduced by Governor Elliot.
XXXI.— MSLIAOEiB.
Melia Azedarach^ Linn. Pride of India; in the United States, Pride of
China.
A short-lived tree, worthless as timber, but valuable for shade and
•I., p. 117. tl., p. 158. tl., p. 405.
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THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA. 59
for the beauty of its flowers. Introduced from Oharleston, South Car-
olina, about 1782. The Melia loses its leaves for a few weeks in winter.
Flower begins to appear in Febmar;^'. It has astonishing powers of
vitality in transplantation, and is popularly supposed to afford a cooler
shade than any other tree. Originally from Asia Minor.
Sirletenia mahagoniy Linn. Mahogany.
There is one conspicuous and well-known tree at the Flatts ; but a
few young trees are met with. Introduced from the West Indies.
OhUroxylon Swieteniaj Linn. Satinwood.
Some young trees introduced from the West Indies at Mount Langton.
XXXIL— ILIOINE-B.
Ilex Cassincy Walt. Holly; Box; South Sea Tea.
This plant is now pretty common, especially near the Flatts, and in
Smith and Hamilton Parishes, where it was introduced from Virginia
by a Mr. Peniston in the last century. The bright red berries are much
sought after for Christmas decorations. (J. vomitoriay Ait.)
/. aquifolinm Marsh. English Holly.
Was to be found in the garden of Mr. Ayland, St. (leorgtfs, apparently
flourishing. Ilex is a word of disputed etymology.
XXXI IL— Gel ASTRACE^.
Elccodendran xylooarpumy DC. Olive wood Bark (U. arientale in Lane's
list.)
A very interesting native tree, repeatedly alluded to in old laws,
where, however, it is confused with Gonocarpus, q. v. The astringent
properties of the bark marked it out for the purposes of the tanner,
and it was necessary as early as 1650 to restrain persons fix)m nnlaw-
fally cutting it. It is now found only in the Walsingham tract, and
bnt little of it left there. Flowers in March and April. Name from
elmuy an olive, dendron^ a tree, Gr.; to which, however it has very little
resemblance.
Myginda Rhucoma, Sw.
A native shrub, bearing a small eatable berry, found only in South-
ampton Parish, of West Indian origin, but found also in Florida. The
fruit is ripe in January ; probably, therefore, flowers in the autumn.
Name from Mygind, a botanist.
I^uonymus Japonicay Linn.
A shrub found in gardens pretty commonly.
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60 THE BOTANY OF BEBMX7DA.
XXXIY.— Bhahnejb.
Cohibrina Aiiatica^ Brongn.
Foand growing on St. David's Island by Dr. Greenwood^ B. A.
Phylica odorata, Cass.
Identified in 1873; no note of its place of growth.
XXXV.— Ampelidb^.
Vitis vini/eraj Linn. Grape-vine.
*'Vyne8 and vyne cuttinges" were furnished to the first settlers in
Bermuda in 1616. Probably white grapes from Spain; at least such are
the oldest vines extant, and from the general resemblance which the
climate of Bermuda bears to that of Madeira^ which is especially close
from November to May, the founders of the colony doubtless anticipated
a similar success in their cultivation; in this, as in so many other ex-
pectations, they were disappointed. Very fine grapes have been grown
in Bermuda, but not in great abundance, and the climate is too near
that of the West Indies, where the vine does not succeed, to be con-
sidered favorable to it. The soil is also generally too poor.
The vine loses its leaves in November, and begins to recover them
in February. The interval of rest has not been observed with much
accuracy, but does not appear to exceed 120 days. It is given by
DeCandolle as 157 days At Medeira.*
The writer imported and distributed a great number of the best English
hot-house varieties, especially Black Hamburgs and Muscats of various
denominations, and they bore in Mount Langton Garden, when only
3 years old, fruit which as to flavor left nothing to be wished; the.best
bearing vine, however, was one transplanted out of an old garden where
it grew in a marsh. It was layered in marshy ground, where the water
habitually stood, in a ditch close alongside the trellis, at 6 to 12 inches
only below the level of the soil, having a mean temperature of about
210 C. (70O Fahr.). Under these singular circumstances it produced
very fine and highly-flavored fruit, akin to Black Hambro', but redder
ill color. The bunches, however, rarely reached 1 pound, but single
berries wore often an inch in diameter.
These vines were skillfully pruned, the bunches thinned, and the
berries also thinned, by an English gardener. In general, vines in Ber-
muda are left entirely to nature. It is customary to let them ruu over
a horizontal trellis for shade, but they are scarcely ever touched with
' G^ographie Botaoiqiie, lHr-5, I., p. 47.
, Google
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61
the knife, and never manured — a neglect which ftiUy accoonto for the
poor quality of the firnit.
An interesting example of the diffusion of plants was afforded by the
foundering of the ship Minnie Breslauer, on January 6^ 1873, on the
south shore. She had a cargo of white Lisbon grapes, many of which
were washed on shore and germinated at high-water mark. Numbers
of plants were, from curiosity, taken up and transplanted, some of which
bore fruit in 1876.
The vine flowers in February; bears in July.
The following comparison of the approximate mean temperature of
the vine-growing ;region of Madeira (below 2,000 feet) with that of Ber-
muda (below 200 feet) makes the essential difference of the two climates
very apparent
Month
January..
Febroai^ .
Harcb...
April
May
Jane
Madeira.
«1.«
«3.7t
«4. Ot
69. 8* to «7. It
50. 7* to 68. 4t
60.2*to6&2t
Bennnda.
68.8$
68.01
68. 8i
66. 6|
70. 4t
76.01
Month.
i^y
Aogost
September .
October —
November.
December..
Madeira.
64. 4* to 70. 1»
66.5*to7L0t
66. 8* to 70. Ot
68.0*to68.7t
SO. 6* to 65. Ot
62. 6t
Bermuda.
80. 8t
8L7t
79.^
78.71
68.61
64. 8t
* DeCandoUe, O^sr. botaniqne, I, p. 887. Theae are the approximate temperatures at the upper
limit of 676". or 2,000 i'eet.
tTemperataret toward the eea-level or at the lower limit, from Dr. M. C. Grabbam, on the Climate
and Beeooioee of Madeira, 1870.
X By interpolation.
AmpehpHs quinquefolia, Michx. Virginian creeper; SarsapariUa.
This plant is to be found wild about the caves of Walsingham.
Ampelopsu iridentata^ Thun.
Introduced in 1875 and doing well at Mount Langton.
Oissus discolor^ Blum.
This beautiful creeper flourishes with great luxuriance at Mount
LangtoD, under glass, losing its leaves regularly in the winter. A
specimeD was also found in a garden at Saint George's, unprotected, but
it barely lived through the winters.
XXXVI,— Sapindaobjb.
Cardioftpermum Ealicambum^ Linn. Small shot.
This pretty little creeper is common in the Walsingham tract, and
rarely met with elsewhere; native. Common to Afirica and America.
Ciipanla fulvaj Mart.
A single tree is to be found at Spanish Point, where it flowers very
freely iu July ; native of the West Indies. Introduced.
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62 THE BOTANY OP BBEMUDA.
Blighia sapida^ Keen.
A tree of the West rndies; originally from Weet Africa. In the gar-
den at Par-la- ville; flowers in July. Fmit ripe in November.
Sapindus Saponaria, Linn. Soapberry.
In a few gardens; flowers in November.
S. longifoliusj Vahl.
At Monnt Laugton ; a small tree which had not flowered down to 1876.
Dodonwa visco$ay Linn. Broom; Dogwood.
Pretty generally diftased; abundant at tlie east end of Harrington
Sound; may be known by its highly colored, winged seed-vessds;
flowers in March. Identifled by Orisebach and Dr. Bein as D. anffUiti'
folioj Lam. Possibly both specimens are found; named after Dodocus,
a botanist.
Ifqphelium Litchiy Lour. Lee-chee or Litchi.
Introduced by Governor Elliott about 1853.
A tree at Mount Langton bore abundantly in 1871; flowers about
February. Fruit in August {Dimocarpus Litchi^ Lour.)
Koelreuferia puniculata.
A native of China. Introduced. The locality in which it was found
has not been noted.
FaviCy sp.
A tree in the grounds of Mrs. Ewing, Hamilton, digitate leaves, which
has never flowered; appears to be Pavia humilii of the Horse-chestnut
£ftmily.
XXXYIL— Tbrsbinthaobjb.
Bhun Toxicodendron^ Linn. Poison ivy.
Native, and among the plants mentioned by the earliest travelers
(1623). Common in good soil, and viewed with much dread by the
iuhubitants. Di£ferent constitutions are susceptible in very different
degrees to the poisonous emanations of this plant; many persons can
handle it and smell the flowers, which are veiy fragrant*, with impunity;
others have painftil blisters produced on the faee and hands by going
near it, and, as is sometimes asserted, without being conscious of its
presence.
Eku8 exdMy Thunb.
Introduced from Cambridge, Mass., 1876.
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THE BOTANY OF BEttMUDA. 63
Rkusjufjlandifoliaj Willd. Walnut-leaved Bhus.
A native of Nepal. Introduced at Mount Langton from the West
Indies, 1875, and well established.
SohtHus moUe, Linn. Spanish pepper.
A native of Peru; raised from seed received from Gibraltar, and well
established.
Mangifera Indioaj Linn. Mango.
The mango is a fruit in Bermuda. A tree at Mount Langton bears
abundantly. Introduced by Ctovemor Elliot. Flowers February to
April ; fruit, August and September.
XXXVIII. — liEGXmiNOSJB.
Ulex EuropmuSy Linn. Grorse or furze.
Bnised in quantity from seed, about 1874, at Mount Langton, where
it established itself and flowered freely for a year or two, but did not
make continuous healthy growth. The climate is probably too hot for
it so near the sea level. Its first introduction is due to Mr. J. M.
Jones.
Medicago iMpuUna^ Linn. Black Medick clover.
A common weed in pastures everywhere. Cattle only eat it when
tiiey are forced by hunger. It is mentioned by Michaux in 1808.
M. maculataj Willd.
if. muricatay All. With.
A common running weed, which covers large circular patches of
ground, recognized by its prickly, coiled seed-vessels.
Jf. denticulatay Willd.
Indigofera tinctorial Linn. Indigo.
Introduced for commercial purposes early in the seventeenth century,
and now naturalized. It is mentioned as indico in 1623. Thel*e is no
evidence that it was ever cultivated to profit.
Spartium junceum. Spanish Broom.
Baised from seed at Mount Langton, and flowered, but never estab-
lished itself.
Aschynomenej sp.
A species not determined j is to be found at Paynter's Vale. It re-
sembles a small mimosa.
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64 THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA.
Dcamodium virgattm^ Desv. {Hed/yBarum virgaium^ Hamilt) An herba-
oeoa8 plant ; to be foond along tbe South Shore road in DevonBhire
Parish.
D. gyranSj Linn.
Was grown at Mount Langton.
Arachis hypog<Ba^ Linn. Peanut or Barthnut
Cultivated in a few gardens. Introduced from America.
Cajanm IndicuSj Spreng. Pigeon pea.
Not uncommon, and occasionally eaten by the colored natiyes. In-
troduced from the West Indies.
Ciftism Laburnum^ Linn. Laburnum.
Plants were raised from seed in 1872, but did not thrive.
Melilotus officinalis^ Willd. Meiilot.
Very common in cultivated grounds ; of little value. Cows will Mt
it, but the patches are left untouched if there is other food.
Melilotus albaj Lam.
M. parcijloraj Desf.
Trifoliiim pratensCj Linn. Bed clover.
One of a great variety of fodder plants; tried extensively on low
ground at Mount Langton, 1875-^76, where it answered better than amy
other, and might be cultivated to advantage in parts of Pembroke
marRh.
T. repem. Linn. White clover.
Similarly tried; did not appear to answer so well as red clover.
Robinia PseudacouAa^ Linn. Common acacia; locust.
'Introduced from the United States; there are well grown trees at the
public buildings, Hamilton. (R, dvhia^ Fonc.)
Hedysarum Otwbrychis. Saintfoin.
Said to be occasionally grown; but the writer never met with it.
From Malta.
Wistaria frutescens, Poir. Wistaria.
A native of the Southern United States. Introduced at Mount Lang-
ton, 1874, where it flowered in April, 1877, but the plants did not make
healthy growth; the soil wa«, perhaps, too light and calcareous.
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THE BOTANY OP BERMUDA. 65
Eardenbergia digitatay Lindl.
Baised from West Aastralian seed and established at Mount Lang-
ton; it flowers in April and May.
Vicia aativaj Linn. Yitch or tare.
A weed in pastures.
Lathyrua odoratusj Linn. Sweet i>ea.
Cultivated in gardens.
Pisum aaUvumj Linn. Common pea.
Cultivated in gardens, but to no great extent. An American variety
called the Bird-eye pea, sown in June and July, is grown generally for
fodder.
Phaseolus vulgaris j Linn. Kidney bean; French bean.
One of the most valuable products of the vegetable garden, and much
grown.
Pkaseolus sp.
A species not identified.
Ceratonia Uliquay Linn. Locust
This tree is not uncommon, but, no attention having been paid to the .
subject, nearly all the individuals appear to be male trees, especially in
and about Hamilton ; the fruit is consequently uncommon. Female trees
may be found in Hamilton parish; flowers in June. Probably intro-
duced in the present century.
Clitaria Tematea^ Linn. Blue pea.
Latroduced at Mount Langton from the West Indies, 1873, but a na-
tive of India; single and double flowering, and naturalized, seeding
abundantly.
0. BrasilianOj Arrab. Purple flowering pea.
Introduced at the same time; both plants are naturalized.
Cenirosema Virginianuniy Benth. Spurred Butterfly pea.
In Dr. Rein's list
Vigna luteoUiy Benth.
Introduced from the West Indies, at Mount Langton, and naturalized ;
seeding abundantly.
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 25 5
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66 THE BOTANY OP BERMUDA.
Dolichos Lablab^ Linn.
A beautiful variety with purple veins is to be found in some gardens
at Saint George's ; perhaps 2>. purpurem.
Another at Mount Langton.
Canavalia obttisi/oliaj DC. Bay bean.
Kative, and to be found mixed with Ipomea pes caprce along the south
shore; flowers in December, It is mentioned as early as 1623.
Psoralea glandulosa^ Linn.
Sent from Cambridge in 1874. Doing well in 1877.
BaUamocarpan brevifoliuniy Chois.
A packet of seeds of this valuable plant was received firom Kew in
April, 1875. They germinated, but the young plants were all in succes-
sion attacked by some insect and none of them survived.
Adenocarpus ieLonensis^ DC.
Introduced from Cambridge, Mass., 1874, and living 1877.
Argyrolobium androscemifolium.
The same remark.
Anthyllis BarbaJaviSy Linn.
The same remark.
TamarindtM Iivdicay Linn. Tamarind.
To judge from the size of the oldest trees, the Tamarind must have
been introduced a century ago. One of the finest trees in the Islands is
a Tamarind at Point Shares, which is 9 feet 6 inches in girth. One at
Brightwood is said to be 14 feet in girth. No use is made of the fruit.
This is but one of many examples of the neglect of minor industries by
the natives of Bermuda. Preserves are imported, notwithstanding the
abundance of native fruits suitable for making them.
Seeds of the great leguminous climber of the West Indies, Entada
scandenSy Benth., are often washed ashore in Bermuda, but the plant is
not known to have ever grown.
Cceaalpinia pulcherrimay Sw. Barbadoes' Pride.
Barbadoes flower-fence, at the rectory, Southampton Parish, and
elsewhere; naturalized in the West Indies; originally from the East
Indies. {Poinciana ptdcherrimay Linn.) Flowers in August.
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THE BOTANY OF BEBMUDA. 67
Poindana regia^ Boj. Poiuciana.
There are many trees about Hamilton. Two or three that were raised
from the seed of 1870, in Mount Langton, first flowered in 1878. The leaf-
lets are smaller and much more numerous than in the preceding spedes.
Originally from Madagascar.
Ccesalpinia elata, Sw.
Was raised from seed brought from Turk's Island, in 1872, by Mr.
Wingood, and flowered the third year; flowered in June. Originally
from India.
Ccesalpinia QilliesH^ Wall.
Introduced from Cambridge, Mass., in 1874. Had not flowered in
1877. Originally from South America.
Colutea arborescensj Linn. Bladder senna.
Baised from seed sent from Kew, 1872, and flowered in Hamilton.
Eryihrina veluUna^ Willd. Locust.
Several old and very large trees exist ; the largest, now fallen, is at
Mr. B. Tyne's, Devonshire Parish; the largest sound tree at Mr. Somers
Tucker's, Smith's Parish. It is 12 feet round 6 feet from the ground,
the huge roots allowing no nearer measurement. This tree does not in
the least agree with the early description of the ^^ yellow wood."
But the wood has a strong tinge of yellow, and is employed on that
account for inlaying. There is reason to think that it was formerly
known to the inhabitants, as it is still to the soldiers, as the <' yellow
wood;" for in a map of Ireland Island, in the British Museum, dated
1694, a <^ yellow tree" is inserted as a landmark near the present site
of the captain superintendent's house (N. side of his cove). The origi-
nal or true yellow wood, however, is never mentioned by Norwood or
late writers, as it probably would have been if known to them; and I
infer that the yellow tree of 1694 was a "locust." The flowers are
orange red, and appear in April. (Add. MSS. 5,415, G. 14.)
Eryihrina^ sp.
A large specimen at Mount Langton, passing as Erythrina indicay
Lam. The seeds are, however, scarlet, whereas those of J^. indica are
black. It di£Fers but little from the last, but the flowers are dark scar-
let, the leaflets further asunder and more acute, petioles longer. It
flowers from February to April, the first flowers preceding the leaves,
which are very umbrageous.
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68 THE BOTANY OP BERMUDA.
Hrythrina speciomj Andr. Sword plant.
The Bais immortelle of the French West Indies, called by Dr. Bein
Catalpa corallodendrony L. Seeds scarlet The most common species
in Bermada. The wood is yellow, and it might be supposed to have
been the "yellow wood'' of 1694 but for the fact that it was first intro-
duced by a gentleman still living, Mr. B. B. Darrell, about fifty years
ago.
Erythrina cristcegallij Linn.
Only one specimen known, which is in a garden, formerly Mr. Ken-
nedy's, Hamilton.
Erythrina caffray Thunb.
Cafrahram was raised from Cape seed, but had not flowered in 1877.
E. CordUodetulron and J^. herhacea were imported, but had not flow-
ered in 1876.
Sophora tomentosa^ Linn.
Native, and to be found sparingly along the southern shore and on
Smith's Island; common in the tropics. The name is from the Arabic
8. ChinensiSy Todd.
Some plants received from the botanical gardens, Cambridge, Mass.,
did not thrive.
Myrospermum pemiferum^ D. C.
Introduced by Governor Beid, about 1846. A fine flowering tree at
Mount Langton; others elsewhere.
Ouilandina BanduceUa^ Linn. Nicker tree.
Native, but found only once in the Walsingham tract, in April, 1874,
when it was in flower.
nthecolobium SamaUy Benth.
Plan ts received from Barbadoes grew at Mount Langton. ( Cailiandra
Samatij Or.)
Cassia Fiatulay Linn.
A fine tree on War Department property, above naval wells; intro-
duced from the West Indies.
0. bacillariSj Linn.
At Mount Langton; easily recognized by having only 4 leaflets.
0. bicapsulariSy Linn. Christmas bush.
A climbing variety common in fences.
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C. glaucttj Lam. West Indian Ash.
At Somervjlle and Par-la-yille.
C. lignstrina, Linn.
Common in gardens ; distinguishable by the very pointed leading leaf-
lets, like Privet, whence the name.
C. occtdentoUiSy Linn.
An annual weed in some gardens, esx>ecially at St. Georges.
C. carymbosaj Lam.
Introduced at Meant Langton from the United States, and flowered,
but, being in a poor soil, is not likely to survive long.
The only species of Cassia quite naturalized is of a climbing habit,
locally called the Christmas bush, having but 6 fertile stamens; here
queried as C. bicapsularisy linn.
Broumea grandicepSj Jacq.
Introduced from the West Indies at Mount Langton, 1876, and left
thriving in 1877, but had not flowered.
Oasparea parrectay Kth. Napoleon's plume; often called BoMkima.
To be found in gardens; a quick, growing, very ornamental shrub;
flowers in May or June.
Bauhinia parviflorOy YahL
A tree at the Model Farm, Smith's Parish; flowers in June.
Bauhinia Vahliiy Wight.
A beautiful white flowering variety, introduced from the Botanical
Oardens, Trinidad, 1874; flowers freely at Mount Langton in June, and
ripened seed.
Desmanthus virgaiuSy Willd. (Desmodium virgatumy Desv.)
Native ; a shrubby plant to be found along the South road sides, in
Devonshire Parish.
Mimosa pudica^ Linn. Sensitive plant.
Raised from seed, and naturalized at Mount Langton.
Leuccena glaiusa^ Benth. Wild mimosa.
This pest is by no means so generally distributed in Bermuda as its
extraordinary prolific qualities would have secured if its introduction
had been at any remote date. It is given without remark by Dr. Bein,
and is probably of recent introduction ; but as the inhabitants cannot
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70 THE BOTANY OP BERMUDA.
bo aroused to any adequate sense of the duty of extirpatiug it, there
cauDot be a doubt of the serious nuisance it must soon become. It is a
plant which is capable of deriving nourishment from the poorest soil,
and sends its long-tap root to a distance of many feet. It flowers and
ripens seed nearly all the year around. Every seed seems to germinate.
The writer has pulled out 300 seedlings from a space of one square
yard. The ground at length becomes so full of them as to destroy all
other vegetation.
Acacia macracanthOj Humb. Bonpl.
Self-sprung from some West Indian soil at Mount Langton in 1874. It
was suitably transplanted, and became a flourishing youn^ tree, easily
recognized by its fine foUag^ and very minute leaflets.
A. ArahicOj Willd. Onm Arabic; Yellow mimosa
A yellow flowering acacia, not uncommonn in gardens.
A. cygnorum^ Meissn.
Was raised from seed received from West Australia, and flowered
for a year or two at Mount Langton, but proved unable to stand the
high winds.
A. Lebbek^ WiUd. Black ebony
Very fine ta^es are to be seen at Peniston's, Smith's Parish, the
largest 66 inches round, but it is not uncommon elsewhere. Flowers in
July. It loses its leaves in winter. Originally from the east; probably
introduced from the West Indies in the last century. (AUnzzia LMekj
Benth.)
Inga vera^ Willd.
Tried at Mount Langton, from the West Indies. The plant languished
for three or four years, but never made healthy growth.
XXXIX.— EOSAOE^.
Chrysobalanus pellocarpusy Mey. Pork-fat apple.
In Mrs. Eeed's and Mr. H. Trimingham's gardens. Flowers in July.
Bears a purple fruit the size of a plum, the taste of which is very well
described by its local or West Indian name.
Photinia arbutifolia^ Lindl.
This Californian shrub was sent from Cambridge, Mass., in 1874, and
was doing pretty well in 1877.
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THE BOTANY OP BERMUDA. 71
Prunus domestioay Linn. Plum.
Trees from Baltimore (Washington and Wilson's purple) were planted
at Mount Langton in 1872, but did not bear fruit.
P. Armeniacaj Linn. Apricot.
The same result followed with apricots, and both are apparently un-
suited to the climate of Bermuda, but specimens of the latter have been
produced by Hoii. E. Harvey, in Paget Parish.
P. occidentali^j Sw. West Indian plum.
P. sphwrocarpaj Sw.
Si>ecimens from Trinidad planted at Mount Langton in 1872 came to
nothing.
Amygdalus Persica^ Linn. Peach.
Formerly a very abundant fruit, but of late introduction ; the trees are
8till numerous, but have been for about 20 years so infested by the
American fly that the fruit may be considered extinct; a specimen not
spoiled by the disease is nearly unknown.
The first peach trees that bore in Bermuda are said to have been
raised in St. David's Island by a retired officer, Lieutenant Lang,
from ^ladeira seeds. There had been American trees raised previously,
but they bore no fruit — a result which followed the imi>ortation of a
number of trees from Baltimore by the writer.
A. nectarina. Nectarine.
The same remark as to the apricot above.
A. communis^ Linn. Sweet almond.
The same remark again.
A. amaray Hort. Bitter almond.
llie same.
These trees were, however, unfortunately planted in bad soil at Mount
Langton.
Fragaria Virgintana^ Duchesne. Strawberry.
"Wild strawberries have been found in Paget Parish, probably escaped
from gardens. The fruit is but little grown, and generally from plants
procured from Newfoundland, which begin to bear about New Year's
day; at Mount Langton once as early as the end of November (1872),
and as late as June (1874). The plants require renewal every second
year. A much larger variety has been successfully raised at Clarence
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72 THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA.
Hill, from New York plants. There is nothing to prevent the fruit be-
ing abundant
Bubus idcBUSj Linn. Baspberry.
It is clearly established that Bermuda is beyond the southern limit
of tUs native American plant. It was perseveringly tried by Governor
Lefh)y and Hon. Bugenius Harvey, 1872-76^ and fhiit actually produced
by the latter, but the plants could not be kept alive.
Spirma ptunifoUa^ Sieb.
8. salicifolia^ Linn.
Both species are to be found in gardens.
Oeum radiutwn^j Michx.
A common yellow-flowering weed in fields.
R(}8a CaroUnaj Linn.
Tried with the like result.
K, lamgatal, Michx. Wild rose.
Naturalized in Pembroke marsh and in the Walsingham tract.
B. lutecL^ Brot, var. Punioend. Austrian briar.
Introduced from Cambridge, Mass, 1874, and very healthy 1877.
B, rubiginosa^ Linn. Sweet briar.
Is found in gardens.
B. 8pina8i8sifna, Linn.
B. DanuMcinaj Linn.
The varieties cultivated in gardens are numerous, and embrace most
of the common favorites ; the flower is abundant, but from want of hor-
ticultural skill is rarely seen in high perfection. Many of the best spe-
cies were from England and America introduced at Mount Langtou,
1872-'76. The moss rose {B. cenUfoliOj Linn.) does not succeed in Ber-
muda. White roses are in great profusion; as many as 2,000 blooms
have been used in the Easter decoration of Trinity Church alone.
Cratcegus pyracantha^ Pers. Hawthorn.
At Camden and Mount Langton; but of a great number of species
tried to l>e raised from seed in 1872, none succeeded in establishing
themselves.
Pyrus Malus^ Linn. Apple.
A few appleR are grown in Bermuda, of an indifferent quality, and rather
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as a cariosity than for use. A tree in Mr. Jackson's garden, Hamilton, is
the most regular bearer; flowers February and March. A number of
trees were planted at Mount Langton in 1872 and flowered, but never
produced fruit.
PyruB communis. Pear.
Pears have been produced, especially by Hon. Eugenius Harvey, 1876,
but the tree does not succeed. Of 18 trees from Baltimore, planted at
Mount Langton, 1872-^76, not one bore fruit or made healthy growth.
They were of 7 varieties.
Cydonia vulgaris^ Pers. Quince.
ToleraUy common, in moist ground, and bears pretty welL The tree
degenerates to a straggling bush, and flowers irregularly in April and
May.
Erkbotrya Japoniooj landL Photinia. Japan medlar.
Introduced from Malta by Sir W. Beid, about 1850, and now very
common. It flowers about September; the fruit is ripe in January, and
in good soil and sheltered situations is excellent.
XL.— SaxifbagBwS.
Hydrangea hartensUy Sm.
The Hydrangea is almost unknown in Bermuda, although bo common
in Madeira. Imported plants rarely flower well, and soon die off, prob-
ably for want of moisture at the roots.
XLI.— Philadelphejs.
Deutzia scdbraj Thunb. .
Grown in gardens.
XLII. — Gbassxtlace^.
BryaphyUum calycinum^ Salisb. Lip plant.
One of the commonest weeds. First introduced into Bermuda as a
curiosity by a Captain Stowe, in 1813, but now naturalized everywhere.
From hryo^ I grow; phyllon^ a leaf j Gr.
EcJieveria gihbiflora^ DO., var. metaUica.
Introduced at Mount Langton, 1872, from Kew, and becoming com-
mon.
KalanchoCj sp.
The same note.
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74 THE BOTANY OP BERMUDA,
Sedum ncre^ Linn. Stone crop.
Introduced at Mount Langton; this class of garden plants is, how-
ever, scarcely known in Bermuda.
XLin.— EmzoPHOBSwfi.
Rhizophara Mangle^ Linn. Mangrove.
Abundant in salt marshes everywhere; flowers in February. From
rhkoHj a root; fero, I bear; Or.
XLIV.— OOMBBETAOEJB.
Terminalia Catappa^ Linn. Demerara almond.
Some fine trees at Mount Langton; flowers in June; named from the
terminal leaves.
Laguncularia raoemasay 0»rt.
Native along the shore {Conocarpus racemosuSy Linn.). Common to
Southern United States and West Indies.
Canocarpua ereduSy Linn. Sea mulberry; often called bark; button-tree;
or alder.
Native, and universal along the shores in suitable places. Common
to the Southern United States and to the West Indies; flowers in July.
From JcanMy a cone; Jcarpo$y a fruit; 6r.
XLV.— Mybtaobje.
Jambosa vtUgariSj DC. {Eugenia JamboSy Linn.) Bose apple.
To be found in a few gardens only. Flowers about March. Fruit
ripe in June.
JSugenia aadllariSy Poir., ib. loc. Stopper.
Native. Common in the Walsingham tract, and occasionally met
with elsewhere, e. ^., at Point Shares. It flowers in September. This
plant is peculiarly infested by the white coccus, and rarely has a healthy
appearance. It is hard to find flower or berries.
E. unifloray Linn., ib, loe. (E. Micheliiy Lam.) Surinam cherry.
Naturalized, and common in gardens; both flower and fruit may be
found in nearly every month of the year, but flowers chiefly February
to May. In good soil the trees bear a very agreeable fruit, but it varies
much in quality. Trees newly introduced from Trinidad, of a thorny
variety, were much superior to those of local origin.
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E. MalaecensiSy Linn., id. {lambosa MalaccefuiSy DO.)
At Pax-la- ville, bore for the first time in 1878.
Pimenta vulgaris j W. A., id. Pimento; allspice.
At Long Honse, Hamilton.
P. dcriSy W. A., id. Pimento ; allspice.
At Monnt Langton, and elsewhere.
The species are easily distinguished^ the former having 4, the latter
5 lobes to the calyx; flowers in Jnne.
Psidium Ouaiava^ Bad. (P. pomif^vrum^ P. fyriforme^ Linn.) Ooaya.
Probably native, as it springs spontaneously, and is to be met with
quite wild. It bears capriciously. The firuit is rarely abundant; flowers
May, June, on to September. Fruit about December.
P. Cattleianumj Sabin., loc. Guava-berry ; Governor plum.
In a garden near Paget church.
P. cardatumy Sims., loe. Myrtle guava.
At Somerville, in Smith's Parish.
Punica Oranatumj Linn. Pomegranate.
Was grown in Bermanda as early as 1621, and probably found there,
the introduction of early navigators. It is quite naturalized and often
used in fences. Double flowering trees of great beauty are common.
Eucalyptus ghbulusj Sabil., id. Blue gum.
A number of trees were raised from seed in 1873, and one specimen
in Pembroke Marsh attained a height of 12 feet, but required support
against the winds, which precluded all hope of their being established.
E. resini/erOj Smith. Bed gum.
A specimen of this species resisted the wind, and appears capable of
thriving.
E. caria^ay A. Cum.
A specimen of this species made very poor growth, but continued to
live.
XLVI.— LYTHEAEIE-ffi.
Lagerstrcsniia Indica^ Linn. ''Queen of the Shrubs." Grape myrtle of
the U. S.
This very beautiful shrub was introbuced from Garaccas by Gapt. J.
G. Austen, B. N., and is not uncommon. The largest tree is at Mount
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76 THE BOTANY OP BERMUDA.
LangtoD; flowers from May to September. Originally a native of
China. There is said to be a whit^ Lagerstroemia on the island, but
the writer never saw it.
XLVII.— Onagbabjbjb.
(Enothera roseay Ait.
Common on roadsides in War¥rick Parish, and near Pembroke chnrch*
<E. longiflaray Jacq., id.
To be found along the south shores. Both these are West Indian. ^
(E. humifusaj Nutt
Found near Tucker's Town; a North American specimen.
(E. sinuataj Linn.
Found on the shores near Shelly Bay; also North American.
<E. Mennia^ Linn.
Isnardia repens^ DC.
In marshes.
Oaura coodnea^ Nutt, Ph.
Fuchsia ooodnea^ Linn. id. Fuchsia.
This plant is but little cultivated in Bermuda, and by no means as
commcm as might be expected. The finer modem varieties are nn-.
known.
XLVIII.— Passifloreje.
Carioa Papaya^ Linn. Papaw.
Common, but nr^t cultivated to any great extent, although it grows
quickly and in poor soiL The leaves are popularly believed to have
extraordinary curative effects, applied externally in rheumatic cases,
and also to make meat tender. There are at least two varieties, origi-
nally from South America.
Fassiflora laurifoliaj Linn. Water lemon.
P. maliformis, Linn. Water lemon.
P. quadrangularis^ Linn. Orenadilla. Water lemon.
These are met with in gardens, but the fruit is not abundant.
P. dliataf Ait. Wild Passion flower.
The wild Passion flower, with d-lobed, subserrate leaves, like P. edulis;
glands at the top of the stalk ; common about Walsingham and Paynter's
Yale; flowers in August. The fruits are locally called apricots.
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P. cceruleaf Linn.
Wild Passion flower, with 54obed leaves, not serrated; the glands
more distant from the leaf; appears to flower more rarely. There is said
to be another very small wild species, undetermined,
P. edulist Linn.
A white-flowering species at Mount Langton, introduced from Madeira;
bears an oval and quite uneatable berry of very strong taste, nearly as
large as an egg.
P. prlncepSy Todd.
This lovely crimson species flowered with great luxuriance under glass
at Mount Langton; introduced from England 1874.
Tacsonia mollisiimay H. B., and T. Van Voxemiij Funk, were tried un-
successfully at Mount Langton.
XLIX.— CUOTJBBITACEJS.
8icyo8 angulatua, Linn. Wild Bryone.
An American species of chance introduction ; found about the Church
Cave, Paynter^s Vale.
Cucumis sativusj Linn. Cucumber.
0. Melo^ Linn. Melon.
Cuourbita fno8chataj Linn., Musk melon, Citrullus vulgaris or Oueur-
bita CitrulluSy Linn., Water melon, are cultivated in many varieties and
plentiful in the early autumn months ; also Cucurbita PepOj Linn., Pump-
kin; 0. Melapepoj Linn., Squash; 0. maxima^ Gk>urd.
L.— Begk>niaoejb.
Begonia fucksiaidesy Hook.
Common in gardens.
B. hydrocotylifoliaj Grah.
B. Bexy Pritz.
B. vimifoliaj Willd.
Are all to be found in gardens pretty commonly.
LL— Caotejs.
Meloeacius communiSj DC. Turk's cap.
Common in gardens; probably brought from the Turk's Islands in the
seventeenth century, when they were much frequented by Bermuda salt-
rakers. From melOy melon and cactus.
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78 THE BOTANY OF BEBMUDA.
Cereus triangularis^ Haw. Kight-flowering cereas.
C. grandifiarus^ Haw.
Both common in gardens. From ceretis^ a torch.
Opuntia Tuna, MQl. Prickly pear.
Native, being mentioned as early as 1610. To be found everywhere.
From OpttSy a city in Greece, where it aboonded.
0. tomentosay Salm. Tall prickly pear.
One aged specimen at Mount Langton is about 16 feet high, and 30
inches round the stem.
0. vulgaris J Haw.
0. Pes-Corvij Le Conte.
0. Ficus Indicay Mill.
0. coccinelli/eraj Mill.
Introduced with a view to the cultivation of the cochineal insect, for
which, however, the climate is too wet.
The following species were introduced at Mount Langton from the
Botanical Gardens, Cambridge, Mass., in 1875, and promised to establish
themselves: Opuntia deiectaySBlm.'j O.JlavicanSjliemair'y O.integr^foliOj
0. longifoliay 0. megacanthay Salm.; 0. tomento$aj Salm.
Pereskia a^culeataj Mill. id. Barbadoes gooseberry.
Tolerably common in gardens, but not so much so as the agreeable
acid of the fruit deserves. It bears very abundantly.
P. Bleo, DC.
A red-flowering variety, in some gardens ; originally from Mesdco.
LII.— FlOOIDKB.
Mesembrianthemumy Linn.
Of a large number of species for which the writer was indebted to
Professor Sargent, of Cambridge, Mass., in 1874, the following were liv-
ing and thriving in 1877 :
if. acinaciformumy DC.
candenSy Haw.
depressumy Haw.
eduUy Linn.
M. heteropetaluniy Haw.
mtUtiflorufny Haw.
unoatuMy Salm.
vaginatumy Lam.
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THE BOTANY OP BERMUDA. 79
The following were living^ but appeared too tender for the dimate
M. canlescensy Mill.
emarginatumj Linn.
muricatumy Haw.
violaceum, D. 0.
M. rhombaideumj Salm.
subinoanumj Haw.
iennifoliumf Linn.
unoinatumy Linn.
There is thos good reason to snppose that this ornamental class of
snccnlent plants at present hardly known in Bermuda might be easily
naturalized.
LIII.— Umbellifebjb.
Hydrocotyle umbeUata^ Linn. Pennywort.
In Devonshire marsh ; American and West Indian species.
H. asiaticaj Linn. Thick-leaved pennywort
H. repanday Pers.
The name is £rom.hudorj watery cotilSy a vessel, Gr., from the cup-shape
of the leaf.
Smyrnium olusdtrumy Linn. Alexanders.
Naturalized at St George's. From smyrnay myrrh, Gr.
Pastinaca sativdy Linn. Parsnip.
Cultivated since the seventeenth century.
Daucm Carotaj Linn. Carrot
Cultivated.
Angelica Archangelicay Cham, and Schl. Angelica.
Cultivated.
Coriandrum sativum Linn. Coriandum.
Probably introduced by Portuguese immigrants from Madeira. It is
quite naturalized in some fields at Point Shares, and became a weed,
which may be known by its offensive smell. From thariSy a bug, Gr.
AnthHsGus vulgaris. Bough chervil; iron weed.
A common weed. The name is used by Pliny.
Chosrophyllum sativumj Lam. Garden chervil.
Found in gardens.
Anethum graveolenSj Linn. May- weed.
Naturalized and common, especially on St George's Island.
lorilis nodmay Gsertn. Cancalis.
A weed, introduced from Europe.
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80 THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA.
PimpineUa lateri/oliaj link. Burnet saxifhige.
A weed.
Ferula communis, Linn. (Fcmiculum vulgarej Gaertn.) Fennel.
In gardens; ^^ sweet fennel"; probably the Fasniculum dtUoe of botan-
ists ; is mentioned among seeds sent ont in 1616.
F. glauca.
An ornamental species. Introdnced from Cambridge Botanical Obt-
dens^ 1874.
Apium lepiophyllumy F. M. FooPs parsley.
Kataralized, and found commonly in waste places.
Apium graveolefiSj Linn. Celery.
Cultivated at Mount Langton, and of excellent quality. The tempera
tnre of the soil at 12 inches' depth ranged from 58^ to 70^ during the
season of its growth.
Petroselinum sativum^ Hoffm. Parsley.
Cultivated, and occasionally exported to New York. (Apium Petro-
selinumy Linn.)
LIV.— Abaliacb-».
Hedera helixj Linn. Common ivy.
Hardly naturalized, and grown with some difficulty, but not uncom-
mon, and prized for decorative purposes.
Aralia guilfoylia^ Hort.
Received Irom Cambridge, Mass., 1874, and living 1877.
LV.— COENAOE-B.
Comus strictat Lam. Stiff cornel or Dogwood.
A plant received from the United States appeared to thrive in a
shrubbery at Mount Langton.
LVI.— Capbifoliaoe^.
Capri/olium Italicum^ B. S. Honeysuckle, cultivated.
0. seinpervirensy Michx. Trumpet honeysuckle.
In gardens, but not luxuriant.
Lonicera xylosteum, Linn. Fly honeysuckle.
Given by J. M. Jones.
Viburnum 2\*wt«, Linn. Laurestinus.
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THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA. 81
There is an abundance of this plant at Mount Langton^ where it was
probably introduced at no distant date, and it grows in very poor soU^
but it is scarcely met with elsewhere. There is no tradition as to itp
introduction. It is in flower in nearly every month.
Sambuem nigra^ Linn. Common elder.
A few plants are met with on the islands; for example, on a cross
road in Hamilton Parish.
Benthamiafragifera^ Lindl.
At Mount Langton, where it did not appear to flourish, and did not
flower. Originally from the East Indies.
LYII.— BUBIAOBiB.
Gardenia Jhridaj Linn. Oape jasmine.
In a few gardens.
O, Fartunii.
Introduced at Mount Langton, 1875, and likely to establish itfldfl
O. nitidaj Hook.
The same remark.
Bandia aculeata^ Linn. Box briar.
An interesting example of local naturalization. This plant, from the
West Indies, overspreads the hilLsf in the parish of Warwick and part of
Paget, and is unknown in the eastern parishes. Flowers' in September.
(jB. latifolia in Lane's list.)
Hoffmannia splendenSj Benth., or Higginsia ^lendensj Hort
Originally from Mexico! Introduced at Mount Langton, ftom Bar-
badoes, 1876, and readily establifilied itself where screened from high
wind.
BondeUUa odarata^ Jacq.
Introduced ftom the Botanical Gardens, Trinidad, 1872, and estab-
lished at Mount Langton. Flowers in July.
Chiococca racemosa^ Jacq. Snowberry ; Blolly.
Native, and common in the Walsingham tracts. Extremely flragrant
and ornamental both in flower and fruit; deserves cultivation. It is a
native of the West Indies, and flowers October to December.
Ixora ooocineaj Linn.
Is frequently met with in gardens.
.Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 26 6
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82 THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA.
J. Javanicaj DC. J. amhoyine^ DO. J. a4mminataj Boxb.
All origiually from the East Indies. Were introduced at Mount
Langton in 1874.
Coffea AraMcay Linn. Coffee.
Quite natursJizedy but confined to shady, moist recesses among the
caves at Walsingham. It is not mentioned by any early writers. The
berries give^ coffee of good quality, but, except for curiosity, no use is
made of them, and the quantity is very inconsiderable. Flowers in May
and Jane. *
Psyohotria undata^ Jacq.
Kative; a shrub found in the Walsingham tract, where its bright,
glossy, dark, wavy, green leaves, tapering at the base, attract atten-
tion ; flowers (inconspicuous) in April and May.
Morinda Royocy Linn.
Native ; a West Indian plant» found in the Walsingham tract.
Spermaooce tenuiory Linn. Button- weed.
Native } a West Indian plant, found in the Walsingham tract; found
also in Florida. From qiemta, a seed; aiMj a point. Or. The seeds have
two points.
Borreria U^viSj Gr
Native; found also in Florida.
Oalium rubmmy Endl.
Larger and less common species than the next ; floweiied June IS, 1873.
6. imt/lorwm, Michx. Bedstraw; <^Heal*soon.''
A very common weed; flowers in June and July.
Vaillantia hispida, linn.
F. murdliSy Linn. (BhachioaUis mpestriSf DO.)
Native, along the sea-shores.
LYIIL— Yalebianbjb.
Centranthus maorosiph&ny Bots.
A weed from Europe, in Dr. Bein's list Name ftom hmtranj a spur;
anthosy flower, Or.
^edia oUtoriay YahL Lamb Lettuce.
An annual weed; found on David's Island.
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THE BOTANY OP BERMUDA. 83
LIX.— COMPOSITJB.
Ageratum (xmifzoideSj linn.
A weed.
Ageratum Mexioa/numy Sweet
A weed.
Hupatorium fcmiculaeeumfWUld. {ArUmiiia tmuifoUOj Adans.)
A weedf of American orifpn.
Eupatarium canffzaides^ Yahl.
EMnia repenSj Haw.
Bidens leuoa/nthus^ Willd.
A common weed ; named from two teeth on thQ seed.
Cynara cardunctUuSj Linn. Oardoon. Artichoke.
Cultivated in gardens. The real artichoke, 0. 80oljfmu9j Linn., the
writer did not meet with.
Cicharium IntybuSy Linn. Succory or chicory.
A weed from Europe, generally diffused, but not put to any use as in
Europe.
Taraxacum BeviS-leoniSj Desf. {Leantodon.) Dandelion.
A common weed ; named from the cut leaves.
Lactuca sativaj Linn. Lettuce.
Gultivated in gardens.
Sanehus oleraoeusj Linn. Sow thistle.
A weed.
8. asperj Vill.
Crepis lyrata^ Froel. (Youngia lyrata^ Oass.)
A small weed.
HcUpta erectay Linn.
A tall-growing, many-branched weed, with smooth stem and tumid
j(Mnt8, seorate leaves; abundant by waiter-courses in Pembroke Marsh.
(E. aXbay Hassk.)
Borrichia arhorescenSjiyO. Samphire; Sea ox-eye.
Native ; common to the West Indies and Florida. A yellow-flowering^
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84 TH£ BOTANY OF BERMUDA.
inajitime shrab, with fleshy leaves, some glossy and of a bright green,
6ome hoary and gray* They do not mark different varieties, being often
ound on the same plant. Flowers in April and May. (B.frutescens^
in Lane's list.)
Saccharis hetarophyllaj H. B. Dogbnsh.
Native ; abundant in Pembroke Marsh, where it flowers a little before
<Jhri8tmas. The $ flowers are a few days later than the 8 . (B. halt-
tnifolia in Lane's list.) A name given by the Oreeks to an aromatic
plant dedicated to Bacchus.
SoUdago virgaia^ Michx. Golden-rod.
A coarse weed, very common, flowering in autumn. An American
species.
S. 8€mperviren8y Linn.
S. Mexicanaj H. B.
These species, in the Southern States, affect swamps and salt marshes,
but in Bermuda are met with on high ground ; for example, on the
battery hill, Mount Langton. Name from solidarey to unite, Lat., firom
supposed healing properties.
Erigeron OanademiSj Linn. Fleabane.
Common to the American States and the West Indies.
U. linifoliu8j Willd. {Oanyza ambiguaj DO.)
H. Philadelphious^ Linn.
JE. qtierci/oliSy Lam.
«
U. bonariermSy Linn. (Oonyza atbida^ Willd.)
U., sp. not identified.
Stenactis anneca^ Gass. {Erigeron a/nnuum^ Linn.)
Aster trifolium, Linn.
Artemisia tenuifolia^ Willd. Wild wormwood; Cape weed; Gk)det^s weed;
French fennel.
A weed in cultivated ground. Brought to Bermuda from Gape Fran-
cois, in San Domingo, in packages of gin flasks, about the end of the
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THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA. 85
last century, by M. Theodore Gk>det, who residied on Gk)det/s Island^
near Salt Kettle. (J. H. D.) 'Sow common.
Senecio vulgaris^ Linn. Oroundsel.
A weed.
8. miJcanoides^ Otto. Italian ivy of gardeners.
A climbing species quite naturalized in some gardens.
Dahlia superfluay Ait.
Dahlias of poor quality are occasionally found in gardens. Originally
from Mexico.
Zinnia elegansj Jacq.
Cultivated in gardens.
Fyrethrum Parthenium. Common feverfew.
Same remark.
Cineraria mariHmaj Linn. Sea ragwort
Gultivated in gardens.
Helia/nthus tuberosuSy Linn. Jerusalem artichoke.
This plant is said to be cultivated in gardens, bat is not common; tried
in Pembroke Marsh ; it grew with great laznrianee, bat the tubers were
hardly larger than marbles.
H. annuusy Linn. Sun-flower.
Is grown in some gardens.
Centaurea gymnocarpaj Maris and Not.
A weed.
Oazania spendena^ H. EL
Cultivated in gardens.
Pluchea odorata^ Cass.
Native; found also in Pembroke Marsh, but not very abundant.
Grows to a tall bush.
P. purpurascenSj DC
An annual; found in Shelly Bay Swamp and by Warwick Pond.
Flowers in June and September. Both are West Indian; the latter is
also found in Florida.
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80 THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA.
JPolymnia Uvedaliay Linn.
A coarse yellow-flowering weed; not common; found at Mrs. Swing's.
jParthenium EysteraphoniSj Linn.
A very common annual weed by roadsides.
Ambrosia artemiHafoUoj Linn.
A. heterophylla^ Muhl.
Weeds in cultivated ground or by roadsides.
JCanthium eehinahimy Murr. Oocklebur.
A weed in cultivated ground; common to every part of the United
States.
LX.— OOODENIAOSJB.
Scwvola Plumierij Linn.
l^ative; common along the south shores; easily known by its white
Hower, apparently split on one side. Common also in the West Indies
SLiid the Southern States.
LXI.— LOBELIACEJS.
Ziobelia cardindlis^ Linn.
A garden flower.
LXII.— ESIOAOEiB.
Azalea viscosaf Linn., Ph.
Plants imported from HalifiEuc, N. S.| flowered very well at Mount
Langton for several successive years, but were kept in a conservatory.
JRhododendron sp. Linn.
The same remark applies to the scarlet rhododendron, which, how-
ever, did not flower so freely as the azalea.
LXHI.— PLUMBAaiNEJB.
Statioe Oarolinianaj Wallt Sea lavender.
Found by the margin of pools in the Walsingham tract, throwing up
tall spikes of small blue flowers in September. .
JPlumbago CapensiSj Thunb. Plumbago.
Not uncommon in gardens. It was introduced ftom Eew about 1832.
P. coooineay Boiss., and P. rosea^ Linn.
Were introduced at Mount Langton, and living, but not established,
in 1877.
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THE BOTANY OF BEBMUDA. 87
LXIY.— Pbimulaosjb.
AnagoMis arvensiSy Linn. Bed pimpemeL
A weed in cultivated gronnd.
Primula Sinensis^ Hochst
A garden flower.
LXY.— Mybsinb^.
Ardisia acwmvMita^ Willd.
A. hwmUis^ YahL
Introduced from the West Indies in 1873 and established at Mount
Langton.
LXVL— Sapotbjb.
ChrysophyUwm OainitOj Linn. Star apple.
From the West Indies; in a few gardens.
Sapota AchraSy Mill. Sapodilla.
From the West Indies; rather more common tiian the last; flowers
about May; fruit July and August.
LXYU.— ESENAOEiB.
Diospyros Virginiana^ Linn. Persimmon.
Introduced at Somerville some years ago and quite established. It
grew also readily at Mount Langton, and becomes a nuisance by send-
ing up suckers from the roots.
D, maholay Boxb.
Was imported from the West Indies, but did not thrive.
LXyni.— Jasmines.
Jasminum grcuAXe^ Andr. Wild jasmine.
A remarkable example of rapid naturalization. This pretty climber
was introduced at Paynter's Vale by Archdeacon Spenser, about 1840.
It has now completely overrun the Walsingham tract to such a degree
as to make the rocks in many places nearly impassable; flowers in June.
J. offieinaley Linn., W. Common white climbing jasmine with pinnate
leaves.
J. Samhacj Ait., W. White jasmine with cordate leaves.
J. fruticanSy Linn. Common yellow jasmine.
All naturalized; the last flowers nearly all the year round.
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88 THE BOTANY OF BERliUDA.
LXIX. — Olbaoks.
Olea Europway linn. Olive.
"We haue oliues grow with us, but no great store.'' Such is the evidence
of nearly the first writer on Bermuda, in 1612. It appears sufficient to
prove that the tree was then naturalized, probably from seeds sown by
the crews of Spanish vessels visiting the islands or wrecked on them in
the sixteenth century. It is mentioned by Smith, 1624, and in 1661 the
Bermuda Company ordered them to be planted on every shore; some of
those trees are still standing. The fruit is very scanty and not put to
any use.
Forestiera porulosay Poir.
A bushy tree found in the Walsingham tract; there are specimens
south of the road leading to the Causeway. It flowers in December,
and the fhiit may be found in March. Flowers, which are minute, are
polygamous, in short, axillary, amentaceous racemes.
Ligustrum vuLgare^ Linn. Privet.
From an old stock found among the roots of a Ficm dastica at Mount
Langton. A great number of plants were raised by cuttings and set
out in fences as a rival to the oleander, but the plant did not come to
any value. Flowers in February.
LXX.— APOCYNBiB.
AUamanda Schottiij PohL
Only grown under glass at Mount Langton in 1876, but appears quite
suited to bear the open air in sheltered situations.
Thevetia nerii/oliaj Juss. French trumpet flower. {Oebera thevetiay
Linn.)
Naturalized, and not uncommon.
Vinca rosea^ Linn. Bed periwinkle.
Naturalized from West Indies. Common in gardens. F. raseaj var.
alba is met with less frequently.
FVumieria rubray Linn. Frangipani.
Trees of large size are found in many old gardens, and are very orna-
mental. They lose their leaves in winter, and flower before the new
leaf in May. Originally from tropical America.
Nerium Oleander y Linn.. Oleander; formerly called South Sea rose.
This beautiful plant, which from May to September is the greatest or-
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THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA. 89
I) amen t of Bermuda, is said to have been introduced from Cbarleston,
S. C, by a Mr. Lightbourn, of Paget Parish, about 1790. In the early
years of the present century it was regarded as a rare exotic; now uni-
versally used for fencing purposes and as a screen from the sea winds.
Beaumontia {frandifloraj Wall.
Sent from Barbadoes by General Munro, in 1874, and flowered fr-eely
in a conservatory in 1878.
Stephanotis floribunday Pet., Thon.
Grows and flowers freely in good soil, but is not often met with. The
secret of the best flowering plant at Mount Hill was a neighboring pig*
stye.
LXXI.— ASOLBPIADEJB.
AsclepiaB Ourassamcay Linn. Wild ipecacuanha; in West Indies Bed
head or Blood flower.
Naturs^zed and common.
A . nivea^ Linn.
Appeared spontaneously from some West India soil at Mount Lang-
ton and established itself.
Hoya oamosay Br. Wax plant.
Found in gardens; originally from tropical Asia.
Stapelia maculosa. Carrion flower.
Originally from the Gape; not uncommon as a pot plant.
LXXII.— OENTIAmSiB.
Erythrasa Oentauriuniy Pers. .
A native of Britain. In Lane's list as a plant introduced.
LXXUI.— HYDBOLBAOBiB.
JSFama JamaioensiSy Linn.
Native; an annual weed with white or blue flower; by roadsides, but
not common.
Kemophila insigniSy Benth. Nemophila.
A garden flower fix)m Oalifomia; it was not found to do very well at
Mount Langton.
LXXIV.— POLEMONIACB^.
Cohcea scandenSy Cav.
This beautiful climber grew and flowered luxuriantly at Mount Lang-
ton, but never matured the seed.
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"90 THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA.
Strobilanthes langicaudatus.
Beceived from Kew, and flowered well in a slieltered place.
I>iptera(xmthus affiniSj Kees.
This beantiftil climber flowered well against a walL Beoeired flrom
Barbadoes, 1873.
LXXV.-43oinroLTirLAcnLB.
'QuamocUt ooooineaj Moench. Cypress vine.
Introduced from America; quite naturalized, although oonflned to
^ardensi where it is self-sown in great quantity. Flowers in autumn*
'Q. vutgarisj Ohois.
Less common and less prolific than the other.
Batatas eduUi^ Ohds. Sweet potato.
Of very early introduction ; but it is not always easy to distinguish
whether the sweet potato or the common potato is meant in early nar-
xatives. It is certainly mentioned in 1663. Sweet potatoes are largely
^owu. •
Ipotncea tuberosa^ Linn.
Yellow-flowering Ipotncsa in the Public Garden of St. George's; re-
moved fh>m Mr. Swainson's, where it grew with great luzuiiancei run-
ing over several small loquat trees.
I.mijBoth. {Pharlntis NO, OhoiB.)
The common morning glory.
X Leariij Paxt.
Naturalized in gardens.
I. PeS'CapraSy Sweet Seaside vine,
l^ative; common on the sea shores.
I. villosaj B. P.
Found in cultivated ground, probably of chance introduction.
I, JamaioensiSy Don.
X purpureoj Lam.
Native ; the ornament of the well-known " Convolvulus Oave.^ {dm-
^olvuluSj Linn.)
X dmecta^ Pursh. Noyau vine.
Introduced; common. (0(mt7o2tm2t««, Linn.)
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THE BOTAt^Y OP BERMUDA. 91
/. sagittifolia^ Porsh. {Oanvolvultis sagitti/oliusj Michx.)
Naturalized from America, bat only found in a small marsh near
Shelly Bay, where it is very abundant.
J. 8idi/oUa Schrad.
Naturalized from the West Indies at Olar^ice Hill, where it runs from
tree to tree.
Diohondra repenSj Forst.
A common creeping weed among grass.
2>. CaroUneims^ Michx.
A variety of the same.
LXXYI.— BoBAanvBJB.
Cordia SebesUma^ linn. Scarlet cordia.
Introduced from the West Indies; in a few gardens.
Taumefcrtia gnofihalodesj B. Br. Sea lavender.
Native, and common on the south shores; easily recognized by its
thick heads of elongated hoary leafletS| and the scars on the branches,
where preceding ones have fallen off; flowers white.
T. Uiuri/oliay Vent
At Mount Langton.
Heliotropium Curassavieumj Linn. Sea turnsole.
Native; found in salt marshes; may be recognized by the twin spikes
of small flowers being graceftilly curved over in opposite directions.
The name is from heliosj the sun ; trepo^ I turn, Or. ; the flowers being
said always to turn to the sun.
Heliotropium PeruvianwHy Linn. ^^Oherry-pie.''
This fragrant and fovorite plant is by no means common, and would
appear not at home in Bermuda. The luxuriant growth seen in Ma-
deira is never met with there.
Borago officinalis j linn. Borage.
Lithospermtim distichum^ Orteg. GromwelL
A seaside plant; native.
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92 THE BOTANY OP BERMUDA.
LXXVn.— SOLANKB.
Brun/eUia Americana^ Linn.
A shrub fonnd in flower in Mr. B. Outerbridge's garden, St. (George's,
October, 1876. The plant was devoured by white coccus.
Datura suaveolena^ Humb., Bonpl. Moon plant.
A common ornament of gardens; both single and double flowering.
{Brugmansia suaveolens.)
D. TatuUiy Linn.
Native; met with as a weed in cultivated ground in Paget Parish;
flowers pale violet.
D. Stramonium^ Linn. Prickle-bur.
Native and common. It is alluded to in a proclamation of 1679 as
''a badd and stinking weede that beares a prickle-burr, the which when
it is drie it is full of flatt black seeds, which if suffered to grow, may be
very destructive to the inhabitants of these islands, by reason of the
venomous and poysonftdl nature thereof.^
7>. Metelj Linn.
D. fastuoHay Linn.
From Mr. J. M. Jones; unknown to me.
Nicotiana Tabacwny Linn. Tobacco.
The principal export of Bermuda in the seventeenth century. The
legislature again in 1878 gave encouragement to the cultivation of it
The plant springs up spontaneously among the ruins of old outhouses
constantly from seed left perhaps a century or two before. The current
value was 2«. 6d. a lb. in 1620, which had fiallen to 3({. in 1690, when it
ceased to pass as currency. There is reason to believe that the Bermuda
tobacco was never of good quality, and that nothing but disappoint-
ment can attend its re-introduction.
N. glauoOy Graham.
A native of South America; pretty common in gardens. Easily recog-
nized by its yellowish tubular flower, resembling that of the tobacco
plant, and blue green leaves.
PhyrnUs eduliSj Linn. Oai>e gooseberry.
Introduced from Cape Seed, 1874. It bears fruit abundantly and
nearly all the year round, and will probably soon be found in every
garden. (P. Peruvianaj Linn.)
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THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA. 93
Phyaalis angulata^ Linn. Cow cherry; Balloon berry.
Naturalized from United States ] annual ; a weed in coltivated groond.
P. pubesceMy Linn. Horse cherry.
Naturalized annual, distinguishable from the above by the more oval
form and bluish tint of the fhdt; flowers in clusters. {Phi/saUi hintUOj
Dud.)
P. lanoeolatay Michx. In Lane's list.
Naturalized perennial.
CapHcum awnuwn^ Linn. Guinea pepper; Ohillies.
C. fi'uteacensy Linn. Spanish pepper.
Both commonly grown in gardens.
S. torvumj Sw., id.
A weed.
8. a4mleat%s9vmvm^ Jacq. Cockroach berry.
Encouraged in waste places, notwithstanding its reputed veiy poison-
ous qualities, for its beautiftd scarlet fhiit.
8. nigrum^ Linn. Nightshade.
A weed.
8: nodifhrwnj Jacq.
& ttiberosumj Linn. Lish potato.
^< Certain potato roots sent from England" are mentioned in the year
1613; ^'abundance of white, red, and yellow colored potatoes'' are men-
tioned by Smith in 1623. There seems no doubt, therefore, that this
plant, introduced into England from Peru in 1697, found its way to the
Somers Islands at a very early date, although it is not always easy to dis-
tinguish it in the narratives from Batatas edulUy the Spanish or sweet
potato. It is now a principal article of commerce. The exports in 1876
reached 2,260 tons (33,099 barrels).
8. avigerumj Dun. Egg-plant.
Cultivated in gardens.
8. LyayperHoumj linn. LjfcaperHoum eseuletUumj MilL, id. Tomato.
This plant has become a staple of cultivation in Bermuda since the
* emancipation of the slaves. The exports reached 672 tons in 1871, but
fluctuate much with the seasons.
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94 THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA.
Lycium vulgare^ Don.
Found on David's Island; originally from Eorope.
Petunia acuminata^ Graham. White petnnia.
VarietieB single and double are cultiyated. P. ooumMuOa^ Oraham
(white), and P. phcmiceoj Juss. (viplet), are ocMnmon.
Nicathdra physaiaideBy Osertn.
A blue-flowering plant found by Lane near the commisfiioner's house,
Ireland Island. Native of Peru.
Cestrum Parquiy Linn.
Introduced from Oambridge, Mass., 1874, and quite established at
Mount Langton, where it flowered proftisely.
LXJL V ill.— SCBOPHULABINBJB.
Maurandia Barclayimaj Bot, Beg.
M. semperflorenSj Jacq.
Naturalized j and found clothing a great ertent of moist walls at Mount
Langton.
Laphospermum erubeacensj Don.
An ornamental creeper, common in gardens ; a native of Mexico.
VeroTUca agreatiSy Linn. SpeedwelL
V. arvensiSy Linn.
V. peregrinay Linn.
Weeds; probably of American origin, but also European.
Buddleia NernniOy Boxb. Snuff plant
Naturalized, and forming hedges in some places. From a proper
name.
Capraria hiflaray Linn. Tea.
This plant is found near the military police station and along the
road to Prospect. Probably of late introduction from the West Indies.
Herpestis Mannieray HBE.
Found in wet ground about the race-course near Shelly Bay.
LinariaMatineyBest. Toad-flax.
X. vulgariSy MilL
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THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA. 9&
Ru8%elia juneeaj Znccar. Heath.
An exotic from Mexico ; quite naturalized and common in gardens.
Verbascwm ThapsuSy linn. Mnllein. Dock leaves.
A conspicnons weed, naturalized from Britain. The woolly leaves,
are used in Bermuda for cleaning purposes. It is mentioned by A.
Michaux, 1803.
T4XX<X, — Oesnebiaobjb.
Achifnenes sp. t
In gardens.
Oloxifua sp. t
In gardens.
LXXX.— BiGNONIAOEJB.
CrescenHa Oujete^ Linn. Calabash tree.
Of early introduction ; few young trees are to be found, but old onea
are pretty numerous. The shells of the fruit are used for vessels. At
Walsingham is the celebrated <^ calabash tree" rrferred to in one of
Thomas Moore's poems.
TecomapmtaphyUa, DO. White cedar.
There are two varieties, one with entire leaves, the other with 3. 5
leaflets on the same stalk, the flowers being undistinguishable, being
exceedingly ornamental ; the tree is often met with.
T. Staniy Jnss. Trumpet flower.
A standard tree, with leaves impari-pinnate ; leaflets 6-7, bearing
abundant bright yellow flowers with narrow purple stripes.
T. radietmSy Juss. Bed trumpet flower.
Climbing red teooma ; common on houses.
T. Capensis t G. Don.
Orange-flowering climber at Mount Langton.
Bignania capreolatay Linn.
Introduced at Mount Langton from Cambridge, Mass., 1874.
LXXXL— AOANTHAOBiB.
Orapiophyllum versicolor y Hort Caricature plant.
Common in gardens.
Jmsticia Moy Boxb. Large white justida.
At Bishop's Lodge and elsewhere.
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9G THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA.
Justicia luciday Andr.
Common in gardens ; almost a weed.
J. EcboKumt Linn. Blnejosticia.
In gardens; not common.
Cyrtanthera rosea^ id. Hort
In gardens at St. George's and at Mount. Langton^ where it was
brought from Ireland in 1874.
Eranthemum Andersaniij Andr.
E. pulcheUum.
From Trinidad, 1875; they wereplantedontyand appeared to bear the
open air.
Thunbergiay sp. White thnnbergia.
White and yellow ; common in gardens.
Pittania aryrancaray Goem.
Imported 1874. The heat and moisture of Bermuda appeared yery
suitable to this plant, but it was only grown in a oonservatory.
LXXXU.— Vbbbenaobjb.
Verbena multifidaj R. P. White verbena.
Other ordinary garden species are cultivated. The white is the most
common.
Stachytnrpheta Jamaicenais^ YahL Vervain.
Native or naturalized; a common weed, and reputed to possess great
medicinal properties, especially in tlTe treatment of yellow fever, now
very rarely known in Bermuda.
Phryma leptostachya^ Linn.
A weed of American origin.
Lippia nodifloraj Bicb.
i. micromera^ Schauer.
L. reptansy HBK. Godet^s weed.
Ahysia citriodoray Orteg. Sweet verbena.
The sweet verbena is found difScult to propagate, and is by no means
common in Bermuda, although plants of considerable size are met with.
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THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA. 97
Lantana Camara^ Linn. Bed sage.
Naturalized and abundant. It was introduced from Madeira about
1810, and formerly called Madeira Bage = L. aculeata^ Linn.
L. crocea^ Jacq. Prickly sage.
Less common ; flowers more yellow. It was brought from Madeira in
1818.
X. odorata, Linn. Common sage.
Introduced from the Bahamas by Colonel Spoffoth toward the end of
the la8t century, with the idea that it would be good for firing, which it
is not. It is now the pest of Bermuda, overrunning woods and past-
ures, and permitted by the supineness of the inhabitants to render thou-
sands of acres of land valueless.
Ciiharexylon qtuidrangulare^ Linn. Fiddlewood.
Naturalized and common, although said to have been first introduced
by Archdeacon Spenser at Paynter's Vale, about the year 1830.
Buranta Plumierij Linn. Pigeon berry.
Naturalized and common. The native species is unarmed. Some
plants imported from Maderia in 1873 proved to be spiny, and the fiow-
ers somewhat larger and of a deeper blue than the common species.
CaUicarpaferrugineat Sw. Turkey berry.
One of the most ornamental of native plants, from its large masses of
magenta-colored fruit. Found chiefly in the Walsingham tract; flowers
in June.
Volkameria acuUata^ Linn. Prickly myrtle. (Olerodendron aeuleatumy
Gr.)
Naturalized at Spanish Point and on Ireland Island, but not very
often met with.
Clerodendron ca^pitatuni.
Wild around Pembroke workhouse, formerly the rectory; probably
introduced.
Avicennia nitida^ Linn. Black mangrove.
Native; usually accompanies the mangrove proper; there is a grove
of trees on comparatively dry soil at Shelly Bay. The popular name,
black mangrove, is derived from the color of the wood. (A. tamentosa^
Linn., in Lane's list.)
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 26 7
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98 THE BOTANY OP BEBMUDA.
LXXXIII.— Labiatjb.
Oeimum Basilioumy Linn. Basil.
Introduced in 1616, and still cultivated.
Coletis, sp.
Common in gardens. The name comes from Jcoleui^ a sheath. Or •! from
the union of the stamens.
Mentha viridisj Linn. Gku^en mint.
M, rotundifoliay Linn. Wild mint.
By roadsides.
M. arvensiSj Linn. Marsh mint
Common in Pembroke marsh.
Pycnanthemum muticuMj Pers. Horse mint.
Oalamintha Nepeta^ Linn.
Melissa officinalis j Linn. Common balm.
If. CalaminthOy Linn.
Nepeta Odt4may W. Catmint or Catnip.
CoTnmon in Pembroke marsh.
Salvia serotina Linn. Manogynia.
S. coccinea, Linn.
Naturalized, and common about Monnt Langton and elsewheie.
(Probably the 8. oooidentalis of Lane's list.)
8. splendensy Ker. Scarlet salvia.
Grows with great luxuriance in gardens; also a blue variety.
Sideritis Ramanaj Linn.
From Dr. Bein's list.
Scutellaria purpurascensy Swartz»
Lamium amplexicaulcj Linn. Dead nettle.
Common by roadsides in Hamilton.
L. purpureum, Linn.
A weed; also common.
Marrubium vulgarcy Linn. Horehound.
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THE BOTANY OF BEBMUDA. 99
Ij€onurus siberums, LiniL
Natnralized ; occasionally springs up spontaneonedy.
Leanurus Ca/rdiaca^ Linn.
Lavandula ftpioatay Linn. Layender.
Li gardens.
Thymus vulgariSy Linn. Thyme.
Rosmarimcs offleinalUj Linn. Bosemaiy.
LXXXIV.— PLANTAaiNBA
Plantago lanceolatay Linn. Bib-graas.
P. major y Linn.
P. Virginicay Linn.
Roadside weeds.
LXXXV.— Nyotachne^.
Boerhavia erectay Linn. Hogweed.
A weed found in coltivated gronnd at Payntei's Yale; minnte apeta-
lons flowers of pale pink. Probably introduced. Common to the West
Indies and Southern States; flowers in September.
Mirabilis Jalapay Linn. Marvel of Peru.
Jf . dichotomay Linn. Four o^clock.
Both species are naturalized and almost wild; by roadsides.
BougainviUea speetabiliSy Willd.
Sent to Oovemor Lefiroy, from Oibraltar, in 1874, by Oolonel LaflGun,
B. E., afterward governor. This gorgeous plant has established itself
in Bermuda with great rapidity, and is becoming one of its greatest
ornaments. It flowers from November to May.
B. glabra.
At Clarence House; imported from the West Indies by Admiral Key.
LXXXVL— Phytolacobjb.
duriana maritimay Linn. Tassel plant
Native and common along the south shores; flowers in May. Com-
mon all over the West Indies and tropics generally.
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100 THE BOTAKT OF BERMUDA.
LXXXVII.— PoLTaoimjB.
Polygonum acr«, HBE.
An aquatic weed abundant in ditches in Pembroke marsh. Common
in West Indies and Southern States. From poluSj many; gonUj knee;
Gr., in allusion to the joints.
Coccoloba uviferaj Linn. South Sea or Seaside grape.
Common; probably native. It grows to a very large size, especially
on the south shore behind Ardshields, in Paget Parish. (Girth of
largest tree, 6 ft. 4 in.) The fruit is sometimes made into a preserve.
Common in the West Indies. The name is from kokJcoSj fruit; lob€y a
lobe; Gr., being three-lobed.
C. platycladtty Hook.
This plant is common in gardens, and grows to a considerable sizey
with a thick, woody stem. OriginaUy from the Solomon Island. It
flowers in December and January.
Rumex Acetosellaj Linn. Common sorreL
Met with in pastures.
B. obtusifoUuSy Linn. Dock, loc. Bhubarb.
This coarse weed is found in waste places.
Rheum Rhapontiowny Linn. Bhubarb.
Boots procured from the United States in 1872 were a failure, and eo«a
died out.
Antigonon leptopusy Hook. & An. Coral plant.
A native of Mexico, much cultivated in the West Indies for omamenti
Introduced at Mount Langton from Barbadoes.
LXXXYIIL— AMABANTAOEiB. .
Amarantus spinosuSj Linn.
A weed in cultivated ground; common in Southern United States.
From a privative, Gr.; marinOy I wither; aUusion to the lasting char-
acter of the flower.
A. hybridusy Linn.
Also an American species.
Iresine Herbstiiy Hook.
To be found in gardens.
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THE BOTANY OF BEBMUDii. 101
LXXXIX.— Ghbnopodibjb.
GJienopodium anthelminticumy Linn. Goosefoot fEtmily.
A coarse, strong-smelling, perennial weed; probably native; fonnd
among rocks and roadsides. Common in West Indies and United
States. From kSfiy Or., a goose, and pousj foot; in allnsion to the form
of the leaves.
C. ambrosioides, Linn.
An annual weed in cultivated ground; probably from West Indies.
Kative of Mexico.
C albuMy Linn.
An annual weed in cultivated ground; from Southern United States
(not West Indies).
Atriplex cristata, H; B. {Obione oristataj Moquin.) Sea orache.
An erect herbaceous plant common along the north shores, e. g.y near
the ducking stool, where its spikes of minute male flowers are con-
spicuous in August and September. The female flowers, which are
sessile in the axils of the branchlets, very minute, star-shaped, and of a
grayish green color, appear rather later, in small groups of 2-4 flowers.
The plant generally is scurfy, of grayish tint, 6'' up to 2' high. From
a privative, Gr., and tra/ein, to nourish.
Salicorniafruticosa^ Linn. Yar. Marsh Sampphire; Glass wort.
Abundant in salt marshes; stem prostrate or creeping; branches suc-
culent, leafless, cylindrical, erect, jointed, 6 in. to 1^ fb. high ; flowers in
May. 8. ambiguay Michx., in Bein's list. 8. herhaoeay Linn., in Lane's list.
From saly salt ; comu a horn, Lat.
Beta vulgaris^ Linn. Beetroot.
In gardens, and cultivated, but to no great extent, for exportation to
New York.
XG.— Basell^.
BoussingauUia baseUoideSj HBK.
Grew luxuriantly over a veranda at Mount Langton, but was acci-
dentally destroyed. I afterwards found it at a cottage on David's
Island.
XCI.— LAUBINEiB.
Persea gratissimay Gaertn. Avocada or Alligator pear.
Common, and very fine. It is more prized by Bermudians than any
other fruit. A tree at Mount Langton, planted about 1835, is now the
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102 THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA.
finest in the island, and occasionally bears ^^ peers" (loe.) of nearly 2 lbs.
weight. It is much infested by white coccus. Flowers about March.
The fruit is in season from August on to October, and sometimes later.
Per sea Indica^ the venhatico of Madeira, was tried but fuled. The name
Persea is applied by Greek writers to another tree.
Lavrtts nobiliSy Linn. Sweet bay tree.
Found in gardens and old plantations.
L. Oarolinianum t Poir.
A tree of considerable size by the roadside west of Paget Ghoroh.
Flowers in April.
XCII.— Pboteacbjb.
Leucodendron argenteumy Br. Silver tree.
Many young plants were raised from seed received from the Gape of
Good Hope, but none lived beyond a few months.
XOin. — TJbticaobjb.
Pilea serpylU/oliaj Wedd. Lace plant, or Artillery plant.
Common in gardens ; introduced.
Bcehmeria cylindricaj Willd. False nettle.
Native, and abundant in Pembroke marsh ; may be recognized by ft
general resemblance to a large nettle, especially in the flower found in
Florida.
Urtiea dioica^ Linn. Gommon nettle.
U. urensy Linn. Small stinging nettle.
U. pur2>urasoeMy Nutt.
Distinguishable by the bold notches or saw-teeth on the leaves ; all
weeds; probably frt>m Europe. The name is from nrOj I bum, Lat
Parietaria debilis var. Flaridana^ Nutt. Pellitory.
Found on the walls of the Public Garden, St. George's. From pa/ries^
Lat., a waU.
XCrV.— MOBAOEJB.
FicHs Cariea^ Linn. Common fig.
The wild fig is nearly exterminated in Bermuda, although a few trees
may still be found among the rocks, chiefly in the Walsingham tract It
is a small purple variety, with very deep-cleft 7-lobed leaves. Figs
are not among the fruits mentioned by Jourdan or Strachey in 1610.
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THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA. 103
Rev. Lewis Hughes in 1615 rather refers to them as plants which may
be introduced than as if they existed ; on the other hand he speaks of
<< fences of figge and pomegranite trees " in 1621, and they are mentioned
in a proclamation of very early date, probably 1616. In 1623 they were
abundant enough to be dried for food. This abundance continued down
to the present century. It seems probable that they were among the
firuit trees introduced by the first settlers in 1612 or 1616, but they may
have found the tree already naturalized from seed left by earlier visit-
ors. There are several varieties of fig cultivated at St George's, th e only
place where the fruit is tolerably abundant. It did not succeed at Mount
Langton, where many trees of different varieties from the United States
were planted about 1872.
F. elasticaj Boxb. India-rubber tree.
lutroduced from South America by the lady of Sir Hildebrand Turner^
about 1826 ; now common. It grows to a very large size; a tree in Ham-
ilton is 12 feet in girth.
F. aurata^ Miq.
Introduced at Mount Langton 1875, and very*healthy in 1877.
Marus rubruj Linn. Bed mulberry.
There is a large tree, wild, among the rocks at Walsingham, and this is
the species commonly found in gardens; whether M. nigra^ the common
mulberry, is to be found, is uncertain. Themulben^* ib mentioned iu iLe
earliest narratives, but the writers gave this name to the fruit of Cono-
carpus erectuB. The Bermuda Company sent out mulberry seeds in 1616.
M, multicauliSy Perrot. Silkworm mulberry.
Introduced from America by Mr. Daniel Yaughan, about 1841,- fer
feeding silkworms, and planted in many places.
i¥. macrophyllay Hort. Paper mulberry.
Artocarpus ineUaj lAuru Bread fruit.
Introduced at Mount Langton 1874. One or two young trees ap-
peared likely to thrive. Name from artoSj bread; Jcarpos^ firdt. Or.
A. integrifoliay Linn. Jack fruit.
To be found in the garden at Par-la- ville.
Madura auranHaca^ Nutt. Osage orange.
Introduced by Captain Bollo, Forty- second Begiment, about 1851, by
«eed from the Mississippi ; now naturalized, but uncommon.
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104 THE BOTANY OP BERMUDA.
if. Xanthoxylon Endl. Tamarind plum.
To be fotind in the gardens of Mr. H. Trimingham and Mr. Bichaid-
son, Paget Parish. Introduced from the West Indies about 1865. The
fruit is ripe in September.
XCV.— Celtidbjb.
Celtis Missisippiensist Bosc. Nettle tree. Cherry.
Native, but not common. There is a large tree near the Ohurch Gavei
and several about the parsonage, Southampton. Flowers in March. (0.
occid€7it<ili8, Linn.f)
Sponia Lamarclianay Decaisn. No local name discovered.
Native. This i>lant forms the underwood of a large part of the Wal-
singham tract, e8i)ecially near Pay nter's Vale, and grows to a straggling
tree of considerable size, the largest 38 inches round. It is easily rec-
ognized by the roughness of the leaves and shoots. The flowers, which
are apetalous, very minute, and obscure in the axils of the leaves, will be
found in June. It occurs in the Bahamas and West Indies generally.
XCVI.— Platanaceje.
Platantis occidentalism Linn. American plane.
Grows well in Bermuda, and is occasionally found about houses. The
name is from platysj ample. Or., in allusion to the shade.
XCVII.— Myrice^.
Myrica cerifera, Linn. {M. punctata, D. C.) Candleberry myrtle.
Is common in some parts of the island, especially in the grounds of
Mount Langton and in Devonshire marsh; it has a habit of growing im-
mediately under and among the roots of the cedar trees. It flowers in
March. Probably introduced by natural causes. Name from myryh^
Gr. ; of no application to this species.
XCVIIL— Casuaeinb-e.
Casuari7ia equisetifolia, Forst.
Was abundant a few years ago on Ireland Island ; now reduced to one
or two trees in the grounds of the captain superintendent ; generally
taken for tamarisk. Probably introduced from the West Indies, but
originally from the South Seas. Name from a slight supposed resem-
blance of the foliage to the plumage of the cassowary.
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THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA. 105
XCIX.— Salioinbjb.
Salix Babylonicaj Linn. Weeping willow.
Introduced by Lady Hildebrand Turner, about 1830, and now very
common in low grounds.
S, Humholdtianaj Willd. Garaccas willow.
Evidently, from the local name, introduced from Caraccas, and now
frequently seen. It grows very readily and rapidly in moist ground.
C— EUPHOBBIACBiB.
Poinsetiia pulcherrimaj Gra.
Naturalized and common, growing with great facility from cuttings.
Originally from Mexico. This gorgeous plant flowers in November, and
for some weeks becomes one of the principal ornaments of Bermuda.
Name from Poinsette, a Mexican traveler.
PhyllanthuB Nirurij Linn.
An annual weed in gardens ; easily known by the minute flowers along
tlie under side of the branches; grows about 1' high. Found in all
tropical countries.
Jatrapha podagriea^ Hook. Gouty-stalked atropha.
Introduced by Mr. S. S. Ingham, 1S75.
J. multifidaj Linn. Coral plant.
Common in gardens; originally introduced from West Indies. From
iatron^ Gr., a remedy ; fa^o^ I eat.
J. Curc€i8y Linn. Physic nut.
Native ; to be found in the Walsingham tract. Flowers in June. It
is naturalized in all tropical countries.
J, pandurcefoliaj Andr., or ha^tataj Jacq.
This beautiful species, with deep rose flowers, may be found in Mr.
Beid's garden, Hamilton. Flowers in April. A native of Cuba.
J. manihotj Linn. Cassava.
Cultivated as early as 1621, being mentioned by Bev. Lewis Hughes
as ' likely to prove a great blessing of God." Probably then recently
introduced from the West Indies. It is still very generally grown,
custom having connected the making of ^^cassava pies'' and ^'cakes"
with Christmas festivities, but cassava bread does not enter materially
into the diet of any class.
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106 THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA.
Aleurites triloba^ Forst. Otahdte walnut
Goinmou, and naturalized! The local name would point to its having
reached Bermuda from the East Indies^ probably about the time of
its introduction into the West Indies. From oZctar, Gr,, flour, in allu-
sion to its appearance.
Cicca distichay Linn. Otaheite gooseberry.
Naturalized, but not common. There is a large tree at Mount Lang-
ton. Flowers in May and June; loses its leaves for a short time in
winter. {Phyllanthm lon^fifoUus Jacq.)
Bicinus communis, Linn. Castor-oil plant. Palma Christi.
Coihmon, and completely naturalized, if not native. It appears to be
the plant mentioned by Smith as the redweed, in 1623, and was exten-
sively cultivated as the "oyl seed'' about 1632. No use is at present
made of the fruit. Dr. Pusey's identification of this very quick growing
plant with Jonah's gourd, if not quite satisfactory, is at least interest-
ing.
Croion maritimumy Walt.
. Native, and common along the south shore. This plant is American
and not West Indian, extending from Florida along the Oarolinas.
Crotoiij sp.
Several ornamental varieties were introduced at Mount Langton,
1872-'76, viz, C. angustifoliumj Hart.; 0. discolor , Bich.; O.pictumy Hort;
C. tenmum, Mullty.; C. variegatumy Forsk. (previously cultivated); C.
nndulatum, C. oomatuSy VelL These all appear to thrive in the open air,
and will probably become common in gardens hereafter.
Acalypha tricolor , Hort.
Introduced from Barbadoes, 1874; grew well in the open air at Mount
Langton ; originally East Indian.
Hura crepitanSj Tjinn. Sandbox tree.
There is an old tree in the Public Oarden, St. Georges, and it is not
uncommonly met with elsewhere. It grows very readily ; loses its leaves
in winter, recovering them in May ; flowers in August.
Pedilanthus tithymaloides, Poit. Arsenic plant Slipper plant
Common in gardens, notwithstanding its reputed poisonous properties,
its vivid green being pleasing to the eye; West Indian. From pedilon^
Gr., a slipper; anthos, a flower.
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THE BOTANY OP BERMUDA. 107
Euphorbia buxifoliay Lam., or glabrata^ Sw.
Oommon on the rocks along the sea-shores; may be known by the
pointed oval leaves overlapping each other along the stem.
U. maculataj Linn.
An annual weed, growing in flat circolar patches; of purplish tint.
S. prostratay Ait.
An aimnal weed, differing little from E, macuUUa.
B. hyperioifoliay Linn.
A tall, erect, annnal weed, common in cultivated grounds.
E. heteraphyllay Linn. Joseph's coat.
Annual or biennial; grows to a height of 3^ The red patch on some
of the upper bracts makes it a conspicuous plant.
E. Peplusy Linn.
Annual weed, of universal diffusion ; probably originally from Europe.
E. JaquincBfloray Hook.
Introduced from Madeira, 1874, and grows freely*
The negro name TiiMmeUy is applied indiscriminately to all these
Euphorbias.
E, Candelahrumy Trem.
A fine plant at Bishop's Lodge, from which many cuttings have been
taken.
E. i^lendensy Bojer.
Found in many gardens.
Mercurialis annuay W. Mercury, or Mockery.
Introduced fi^m Europe ; a very common weed.
GL— PlPEBAOE^.
Peperomia obtusifoliay Dietr.
Kati ve, and abundant in the Walsingham tract, where its dark, glossy,
succulent leaves and spikes of minute flowers are an ornament to the
rocks wherever there is any shade or moisture. A native of the West
Indies.
on.— CEBATOPHYLLEiE.
Ceratophyllum demersumy Linn. Ditchweed.
Common in Pembroke marsh, and to northern temperate and tropical
zones of all climates.
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108 THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA.
CIIL— Abistolochiaceje.
Aristolochia trilohataj Linn. Birtbwort; Dutchman's pipe.
At Mount Langton and at the Naval Hospital, Ireland Island. Xntro-
dneed from the West Indies. The name has reference to its supposed
virtues in parturition.
CIV. — JUOLANDEJS
Juglana nigra^ Linn. Black walnut.
One or two specimens are extant at Par-la- ville. The name comes
from Jovi8 glansj Lat, the nut of Jove.
CV.— CUPULIFERiE.
Quercits alhat Linn.
Thei-e was a healthy young tree at or near Par-la-ville, Hamilton, in
1875.
The following species, received from the Botanical Gardens, Gam-
bridge, Mass., were planted in the grounds of Moimt Langton in 1872,
but with little promise of permanency: Quercus aquaticaj Walt.; Q,
Cateabceij Michx. ; Q. dnerea^ Michx. ; Q. nigra^ Linn. The plants lingered
until 1877, but made no growth.
GYMNOSPERM^.
CVI.— CONIFEEJS.
Juniperun Bermudiana, Lun. Bermuda cedar. {J. BarbadensiSy Lhm.)
The characteristic native forest tree of the Bermudas, which still
clothes a very large part of the entire area of the islands. 'It owes its
universality and its success in the struggle for existence apparently to
its power of withstanding the gales of wind for which the Bermudas
have always been famous. This power again is due to the little resist-
ance offered by the foliage, to the hardness and toughness of the wood,
and to the remarkable power possessed by the roots of holding on to
the rocks and penetrating their interstices. It can also extract nourish-
r>0Tit from almost pure lime, such as coral sands newly thrown up. Ce-
dar roots are said to exist in situ in places along the outer reefs. They
have certainly been found at 3 to 5 fathoms depth in Elies Harbor
and in Hamilton Harbor. Cedar wood in a condition approaching
lignite was found at a depth of 47 feet below low- water mark in dredg-
ing for a bed for the Bermuda dock. The length of time necessary for
a subsidence of 47 feet indicates a very long prevalence of the same con-
ditions. The cedar formerly attained a very great size ; planks of 32
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THE BOTANY OF BERMITDA. 109
mcbes width are mentioned in the records of the seventeenth century ;
there is still standing in Devonshire church-yard the shell of an old tree
59 inches in diameter, and a portion of a trunk 42 inches wide was found
below the surface of Pebmroke Marsh in 1872. This tree must have
been 6 or 7 feet in diameter. The largest trees now standing and to all
external appearance sound are on Long Bird Island and at Daniel's Head ;
they are about 11 feet in circumference. Owing to the total neglect of
forestry, no attempt ever being made to thin the abundant seedlings
which spring up round every pistillate tree , the thickets are much
too crowded, and a great proportion of the trees become stag-headed
early. Keally valuable cedar timber is becoming scarce as the better
Hoils are more and more brought under cultivation, but there is still a
great deal suitable for cabinet work, for which its beauty and fragrance
recommend it; and birds'-eye pieces are in considerable demand. The
cedar flowers in March, when the stamenate trees put on a golden appear-
ance, which adds much to their beauty.
Thuja pyramidaliSj Tenor.
There was a tree of some years' standing at Mr. Henry Darrell'Si
Hamilton, and several promising young plants at Mount Langton.
Araucaria Bidwelliiy Hook. The Bunya Bunya of Queensland.
Two plants received from Trinidad in 1875 were well established at
Mount Langton in 1877.
A single small Pinus at Mr. Shaw Wood's, Spanish Point, was the
only other Conifer known to the writer until a number of species were
received from Cambridge, Mass., and planted out in November, 1874.
Of these the following were living in Maroh^ 1877^ but the majority had
made little growth :
Biota NepaulensiSj Bndl.
orientalis^ Don.
Oupreisisus funebriSj EndL .
Latcsonianaj Murr.
macrocarpaj Hartw.
torulosa^ Lamb.
Pinus longifoliaj Lamb.
inopftj Ait.
pinea^ Linn.
Sahinianaj Dougl.
SequoUi giganteaj ToTT,
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110 THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA.
Thuja giganteaj Natt. PromisiDg welL
T. plicata^ Lam.
Torreya Calif omicay Torr.
Oryptomeria elegans^ Yeitch. Promising welL
The condusion most be that few of the fir tribe will grow in Ber-
muda. The Bahamas species, Pinu$ BdhamensiSj Oriset., has, how-
ever, not been tried. A number of cones were procured, but they
had all shed their seed.
OVn.— Oyoadbjb.
Cpeas ref>olutay Thunb. Sago palm.
This plant is to be found in nearly all old gardens, and was probably
introduced from the West Indies, although a native of India. 'So use is
made of the starch it produces.
ADDENDA.
The following orders have been accidentally omitted in thdr proper
sequence:
Tamabisoinks. (To follow order XLIL)
Tamarix Oallioaj Linn. Spruce.
Introduced fix>m Europe; now common along the shore roads; is
often planted as a screen.
Tetbaooniaoe^. (To follow order LIL)
Tetragonia expo/Ma^ Ait. New Zealand Spinach.
Cultivated as a vegetable for the table.
Obntianb^. (To follow order LXXL)
Erythroda Oentauriumy Pers.
Introduced. (Lane.)
MONOOOTYLBDONS.
I.— Gannaoe^.
Canna Indica^ Linn. Indian shot.
Naturalized, and common in gardens.
0. coccineaj Ait.
Common in gardens.
€. lutea^ Ait. Yellow canna.
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THE BOTANY OP BERMUDA. Ill
C. cduliSj Ker. Tous-les-mois.
Cultivated to a small extent for the market on St. George's and Da-
vid's islands; formerly more extensively grown.
Maranta arundinacea^ Linn. Arrowroot.
Introdaced toward the end of the last century. The exports, which
reached 90 tons in 1844, now rarely amount to one-fourth of that quan-
tity simply because other crops are found less exhausting to the soil,
and more remunerative. Bermuda arrowroot, however, is still unrivaled
in quality. From 15 to 20 lbs. of the starch are made from 100 lbs. of
the root
II.— ZmZIBERAOEJB.
Zingiber offioinalej Bosc. Oinger.
Was easily raised at Mount Langton from West Indian roots.
Alpinia nuianB^ Bosc. Shell plant ; Oinger.
Naturalized and common in plantations. {BeMaluoia oooidentaUSy
6r.) Native of the West Indies and Oentral America.
Hedyehium speoiosumt Wall.
From Madeira. Flowered at Mount Langton; originally from the
East Indies.
III.— MuSAOEiB.
Mu$a paradisiaoaj Linn. Plantain.
Not much grown in Bermuda. <^ Plantanes" are mentioned as early
as 1621, and were probably among the first vegetable importations from
the West Indies.
M. iopientumj Linn. Banana.
There are four well-marked varieties of banana produced in Bermuda,
where it in extensively cultivated.
(1.) The red banana (If. var. rosacece^ Jacq.), which is scarce. Owing
to the prevalence of high winds, it can only be grown in well-sheltered
places, and is about twice as long as any other species in producing
fruit.
(2.) The <<old Bermuda banana," a tall-growing variety, of very fine
quality ; now rarely met with.
(3.) The ^^thumb banana," which is by far the best, although very small,
fh>m its subacid flavor and dryness of substance.
(4.) The "dwarf banana" (M. Cavendishii, Paxton,) which is the variety
commonly cultivated, and occasionaUy produces bunches of 80 lbs.
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112 TUE BOTANY OF BERMUDA,
weight. These bananas flower and ripen fruit all the year roand; but
there is considerable difference in the time it takes. A plant flowering
in April,with the summer before it, will produce a bunch flt to cut in 90
or 100 days ; a plant flowering in November^ with the winter before it,
will take 150 or 160 days.
It is almost the only fruit always procurable in Bermuda, but the
growth is too much left to chance, little or no horticultural skill being
applied to it.
Strelitzia Regincdj Ait. Crane's bill.
To be found in many gardens.
lY.— Bbomeliagejb.
Ananassa sativaj Mill. Pineapple.
The pineapple was extensively cultivated in Bermuda in the seven-
teenth century, and is frequently referred to the Records. Its complete
disappearance concurs with other indications to suggest that the climate
has undergone a change. The mean temperature of Bermuda is much be-
low that of the Bahamas, where they are so largely grown. Several
plants were set out in Mount Langton Garden in 1875, but came to
nothing, very possibly, however, from not being fresh enough, from in-
sufficient manuring, or for want of skill.
Billbergia farinosay Hort., and B. Hnctoriay Mart.
. Sent from the Botanic Gardens, Cambridge, Mass., 1874. Failed to
establish themselves.
v.— OEOHrDEJE.
Spiranthes brevilabrisj Lindt. (Q. 8. apiculatat)
The only native orchid, now tolerably abundant in Devonshire and
Pembroke marshes, where it flowers in May; the species is not fully
ascertained. Dr. Bein calls it 8. tortilis, but remarks that he only saw
two specimens.
Several common West Indian orchids have been introduced from time
t^ time, and occasionally flower, e. g. Oncidium PapiliOj Lindl., at Caven-
dish ; others at Clarence Hill. The vanilla plant, VanUla planifoliaj
was imported from Trinidad in 1872, but made little growth, and had not
flowered in 1877.
VI.— IBIDE-ZE.
Iris viol^icea^ Sweet. Iris.
J. Virginicay Linn.
8isyrinehium BermudianUj Linn., loe. Bermudiana.
Native, and universal ; classed by Bentham also among native Brit
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THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA. 113
ish plants; the flowers, which begin to appear in April, are as dear to the
Bermadian as the primrose to the Englishman. {8. anceps in Lane's
list; 8. alatuMj Hook.)
YII. — DlOSCOBE^.
Dioscorea lutea^ Mey. Yam.
The yam is grown in Bermuda, and usually produced at fruit and
flower shows, but is rare and does not enter into the ordinary diet of
any class of natives. (7>. sativa^ Linn.)
Vni.— Naiade-ZE.
Ruppia maritimay Linn. A marsh weed.
Zosiera marina, lAnn. Sea- wrack ; Grass- weed.
Found in shallow sea- water, but not properly a sea- weed.
IX.— Pai.]!il«:.
Sahal Palmetto^ Lodd, or Ohamcerops Palmetto^ Michx. Palmetto.
Native, and universal; originally American, not West Indian. The
Palmetto furnished the first settlers with a sweet fruit of which they
published exaggerated praises ; with a vegetable obtained by cutting
out the heart of the young leaves ; with an intoxicating beverage they
called bibey; and with covering for their cabins, and even their churches.
Hence it is very frequently mentioned, and numerous laws were passed
for its preservation. There are trees of 40 to 50 teet high. The leaves
are still extensively used for making plat, which was formerly exported.
We learn from Baynal that it was fashionable in Europe in the last cen-
tury. Fans and many fancy articles are also made from them, but the
present inhabitants are not sufficiently industrious to make Ihem of com-
mercial value. Flowers in June and July.
8. Adansonij Ouer. Small thatch, or Dwarf palmetto.
Also American, and seldom to be found. It was formerly common
and still occurs near Paynter's Yale.
8. Carat and 8. Muoini were planted at Mount Langton with promise
of permanence.
Ovedoxa oleraoeaj Mart. Cabbage palm.
Introduced. Five conspicuous trees, called the sisters, near Hamil-
ton, attract the attention of every visitor ; there are many others.
Astrocaryum OMvevm^ Or, and Wendl. Gru-gru, or Gri-gri.
Introduced; not common. There are two fine specimens at Mount
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 25 8
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114 THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA.
Langton; flowers in June and July, with a strong odor, very disa-
greeable to many persons. Bermuda is probably the most northern
locality of this palm.
C0008 nuciferay Linn. Cocoa nnt
Introduced. The trees are not numerous, and the fruit, although
fully formed, is not brought to perfection. It does not occur on sandy
beaches, and is not mentioned in any early accounts.
Phoenix dactyliferaj Linn. Date palm.
Specimens are not uncommon, but many of them being isolated trees,
either stamenate or pistillate, the fruit is rarely seen. It is, however,
produced, and ripens in St. George's.
Rhapis flabelliformiaj Linn.
This pretty little Japanese palm is common in gardens and very
readily propagated.
In addition to the above the following were introduced at Mount
Langton from the West Indies, and apparently established : Thrinaa
BarbadenaiSy Todd; Thrinax deganSj Hort, Lindl; Areca OateohUj linn.;
Hyophorbe Vershafeliij Wendl. ; LivistonaMauritianOy probably OhinenHSy
Mart.; L. rotundifoliaj Hort., Lindl.
The following were tried but came to nothing : Oaryota Oummingiiy
Lodd.; Martinezia oaryoUBfoliOy H. B.; Phytelephoi fiMu^roearpOj R P.;
Pritohardia Paeificay Seem.
X.— PAia>AiaL&
Carludoviea pdhnatay R P.
Introduced at Mount Langton in 1872 from the West Indies, and es-
tablished.
PandanuB utUiSy Borg. Screw-pine.
At Mount Langton and elsewhere.
Pandanus odaratissimuiy Linn.
Found in the garden of Mr. Saltns. A native of Mauritius.
Pandanui Veitchiiy Lem.
Introduced from England, 1874, and established at Mount Langton.
XI.— Aboidbjb.
Michardia ^thiopioay Kth. Gxiinea yam, or arum.
Common in gardens.
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THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA. 115
Dieffenbachia Seguine, Schott Dumb cane.
Introdaced at Mount Langton from the West Indies in 1874. It quite
established itself.
Anthurium cordifolium^ Kth.
The same remark.
Philodendran lacerum^ Schott
The same remark.
Colocasia esculeniaj Schott. Eddoe.
Goltivated and eaten by the colored natives to a small extent*
Caladium. Bleeding heart.
Many ornamental varieties, such as 0. fnacuUttunij Todd; 0. bioolor^
Yent. ; C, chantiniy Linn. ; 0. argyriteoBy Lank, &c., were cultivated in the
conservatory, Mount Langton, and plants are not uncommon in the
island.
Lemna minor j Linn. Duck weed.
L. trisulcay Linn.
Amorphophallus. Snake plant.
The local name is suggested by the mottled appearance of the tall
stem, like the skin of a snake. Individuals are occasionally brought
up firom the West Indies, but it is a plant of Indian origin.
XII.— Typhaob-e.
Typha angnstifoliay Linn. Catstail.
Native of West Indies, and as T. latifolia var. of Florida.
XIU. — ^LlLIAOE^.
Asparagus offioinaliSj Linn. Asparagus.
The writer imported about 500 roots in 1872. They produced very
Blender shoots, and died out in a year or two.
A. NatalensiSj Hort.
This pretty plant was received from Trinidad in 1876, and did well.
AUium Cepa^ Linn. Onion.
One of the staple products of Bermuda, for which soil and climate
seem alike adapted. They were planted by the first settlers in 1616,
and at that time probably perpetuated by seed allowed to ripen for the
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116 THE BOTANY OP BERMUDA.
]>iii'po8e. At present the seed is imported annaally, chiefly from Ma-
deira. Cultivation of the plant on a large scale only dates from about
1^<45. Seeds of all the best varieties cultivated in Europe were sent
from the Royal Gardens, Kew, in 1873, and widely distributed ; 16 sorts
were tried at Mount Langton. The writer could never ascertain that
any of them commended themselves to the growers as superior to the
sorts they were accnstomed to sow.
Onions in Bermuda are sown in October and November, set out in
^November or December, and pulled for market in April and May. The
export reached the large quantity (for the area of the islands) of 4,180
tons in 1875, which has not since been exceeded.
Aloe vulgaris J Lam.
Locally called, from its flower stalk, bamboo; very common ; proba-
bly native.
A. soccotrinaj Lam. Barbadoes or bitter aloe.
Naturalized and common.
Agave Amerioanay Linn. Grolden aloe.
Not common, but found in many gardens in Paget and Warwick
Parishes.
A. Mexicanaj Lam. Blue aloe.
At Spanish Point; not common.
A. variegata^ Hort.
Common in gardens.
A. striata, Zucc.
Introduced from Kew, 1872.
A. xylanacanthaj Salm.
Introduced from Kew, 1872.
A. Jaquinianay Sch.
Introduced from Cambridge, Mass., 1874.
Yucca serrulataj Haw. Spanish bayonet.
Very common ; its tall white spikes of flowers are highly ornamental
in May and June (7. aUnfoliOj Linn., in Dr. Bein's list). T. Jllamentosaj
Linn., and Y. WMppleij Torry, were among plants received firom the
Botanical Gardens, Cambridge, Mass., in 1874, which survived and
were established at Mount Langton.
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THE BOTANY OP BERMUDA. 117
Oasterica obliqua^ Haw., 0, maoulata Haw., and Haworthia tortuosay
Haw., were introdaced at Moant Langton from England and are likely
to become common in gardens.
Euclearis Amazonioa^ Lindl.
Imported from the West Indies, 1876, and flowered welL'
lAlium oandidumj Linn.
Tall white lily ; very common in gardens.
L. Japcnicumj Thnnb.
White Japan lily ; also common. Both are largely used as Easter
decorations.
Isoharum Baveii t Hook, (Blame, Bumph, i, 29), loe. Black lily.
Brought from the neighborhood of Hebron by Mr. and Mrs. T. S.
Beid in 1876. The roots, two in number, have thrice flowered in Ber-
muda towards the end of March. The spadix is described as of a char-
coal black, the interior of the spathe resembling a dark, rich, velvet ton-
ing to maroon. (B« Oaz. ; 25 March, 1879.)
Naroisms JonquiUay Linn. Jonquil.
Naturalized and common.
Hyacinthtis orientalis. Hyacinth.
Was grown at Mount Langton, but not well.
Omithogalum latifolium^ Linn. Star of Bethlehem, loe* Squill.
Naturalized, and met with about old houses.
Oyrtanthus oatdl/pcefolxa^ Nees.
From Cambridge, Mass., 1874. It flowers well.
Medeola Virginica^ Linn.
A small annual weed found under walls. (If. Oa/roUnea in Lane^s
list)
Euoomis regiaj Ait.
Beceived from Cambridge, Mass., 1874.
Hemerooallis fvH/ea^ Linn., W. Day lily.
In gardens.
OladioluSj sp.
Many varieties are found in gardens. A considerable number of
bulbs received direct from the Cape of Otooi Hope, in 1874, were planted
with indifferent success; the flowers were poor; the plants died out.
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118 THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA.
Sanseviera OuineensiSj Willd. Bowstring hemp.
Naturalized^ and common in gardens.
Plwrmium tenaxj Forst. New Zealand flax.
Introduced from Kew in 1875, and planted in P^nbroke marsh, where,
however, it did not flourish, although the plants were living in 1877.
They were choked by native weeds.
Folianthes tuberosaj Linn. Tuberose.
To be met with in gardens. Originally a native of India.
ScillaBi^A Squill.
A species is naturalized, and springs up spontaneously about old
Louses.
Fourcroya giganteay Vent. Aloe.
Katuralized and common.
FancraUum ovatunij MilL Spider lily; Churchyard lily.
Naturalized, and common in gardens.
Crinum cruentunij Ker. Giant lily, or Bsseqnibo lily*
Naturalized, and common in gardens.
Amai-yllis equestria^ Ait. Barbadoes lily.
Naturalized, and common about houses.
A. 8arnien8iSj Linn. Guernsey lily. {Kerine sarmenHSf-'Retb^
Nerine pulcheUay Herb.
Leuoatam ceativum Linn. Snowflake.
In the garden at Cavendish; flowers regularly.
Zephyranthes AtwmoBcOj Herb.
Z. roaeaj Lindl.
Grown at Mount Langton.
XIY.— Smilaoils.
SmUax aagittcB/oliay Bot. Mag. Sarsaparilla.
Naturalized at Camden and abundant there, but not often found else-
where.
Cordyline angustifoKaj Hort.
From Cambridge, Mass., 1874; doing well 1877.
Dracwna terminaUsy Linn. Purple dracfiena.
D. avstraliSy Forst. Green dracaBua.
Common in gardens.
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THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA. 119
XV.— JUNOB-ffll.
Juneus tenuiSy Willd. Bash.
Common in moist places.
J. maritimuBj Lane. Large marsh msh.
Native; common in jthe wetter portions of the marshes.
XVI.— OOMMELYIVB^.
Tradesoantia disoolary Herit. Spider-root. Oyster-plant.
Common in gardens.
Tinantia Spruoei^ O. B. Clarke.
This plant appeared as a seedling in some partly West India soil at
MoxxntLB,iigton=s Tradeacantia ereotay Jacq.
Commelyna agraria^ Kth. Day-flower. (0. OayennensiSj Bioh.)
Native; and very general in wet places^ to which its bright bine
flower is an omam^it; sometimes called <^ Chicken-grass.''
CycmoUs discolor ^ I/Herit.
Common in gardens and window-boxes.
XVII.— Oypebaobjb.
Cpperus rotundus, Linn. Nut-grass.
Native; according to Moseley there are 10 or 12 speoieB.
C.flexuosuSy Vahl.
NatiVCb
C. altemifoUuSy Linn. Variegated cypems.
Introdnced ; common in gardens. The name comes from Qypris^ a
title of Venus.
Kyllingia monooepkala^ Linn. Sedge.
In Pembroke marsh.
Soirpus validusj Vahl.^ {8. lacmtria id). Club-rush.
Common in Pembroke marsh.
S. plantagineusj Boxb., Sw.
In Pembroke marsh, (MeoohariSy B. Br.)
S. melanocarpusy Or.
Cladium occid^ntcUey Schrald. Prickly sedge.
In Pembroke marsh.
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120 THE BOTANY OP BERMUDA.
Rhynchospora atellataj Gr. White sedge. .
Native ; abundant in Pembroke marsh.
R. pura^ Griseb.
R. Florida^ A. Dietr. ^
From rhynchos, a snout or beak; aporaj a seed, Gr. They are all West
Indian.
XVni.— Gbaminb^.
Bambusa vulgaris^ Wendl. Cane; Bamboo (which latter term is also
applied to the flower stalks of the aloe).
An ornament of lawns and shrubberies, and used for fencing, but
not grown to any extent.
Alopecurvs pratenHSj linn. Fox-tailed grass.
Arundo Danaxj Linn. Gow-cane.
Found in many gardens, and cut as fodder for cattle.
Arundinaria tecta. Muhl.
8. elongatuSf B. Br. ^
8. Virginicusy Kunth.
8.purgan8. Kth. ^
From Dr. Bein's list Probably 8. pungmUj Kth.
8. IndicuSy B. Br.
Polypogon mon^liensiSy Desf.
Found among the rocks, North shore.
Leptochloa mucronatay Kunth.
From Uptosy slender; oAo^-grass, Gr.
Eleusine IndicOy Gaertn.
Ohlaria petrceay Sw.
Oynodon Dactylony Pers. Devil gmss.
In the United States, Bermuda or Scutch grass.
Paspalum distichumy Burm. (P. l%ttoral€)y B. Br.
P. ftlifarmey Fliigg. Wire grass.
P. aetaceuniy Mich.
Paspalum from the Greek name for millet.
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THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA. 121
Stenotaphrum Americanumy Schrk.
8. glabrum^ Trin. Crab grass.
The general herbage of the country,
Digitaria setigera, Both. Finger grass.
Sclerochloa rigida. Panzer. Hard grass.
Probably introduced from Europe.
Pa/nicum molle^ Swartz. Para grass.
Grown in marshy grounds as cattle food, especially at Oamden.
P. maximumj Jacq. Guinea grass.
P. hrevifoKumy Kunth.
P. oapillarej Idnn.
P. linearcy Burm.
P. oplismenus.
Found in the cave near Smith's Parish ohnroh.
P. variegatum.
This ornamental Australian species was introduced at Mount Langton
and lived for 3 years, but never appeared very flourishing.
P. virgatunij Linn.
Oynerium argenteum^ Nees. Pampas grass.
Grown at Mount Langton and Clarence HiU.
Setaria glaucaj Beauv.
From setay a bristle.
Oenohrus echinatusj Linn.
Common on the Paget sand hills; not, as in Jamaicai used for cattle*
C. tribuloideSy Linn.
KenchroB is the Greek name for millet.
Andropogon schaenanthusj Linn. Lemon grass.
From an^j man; pogoriy beard, Gr.
Sorghum saooharatumy Mcench. Guinea com.
Cultivated as food for cattle. The word is Indian.
Saccharum officinaruniy Linn. Sugar cane.
Introduced as early as 1623, but never cultivated to any extent^
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122 THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA.
although it was thought necessary m 1675 to pass a law to prevent the
destruction of cedar for sugar boiling. It is now grown along the mar-
gins of water courses^ chiefly for sale in sticks, and, not being manured
or cultivated properly, possesses but little saccharine quality.
Phalaris CanariensiSj Linn. Canary grass.
Grown for cage-birds.
Zea Mays^ Linn. Indian com.
Maize has been cultivated since the earliest settlement of Bermuda.
It is mentioned in laws of 1622, and is still the only cereal grown for
food. The writer frequently remarked ^^ sports" such, as a bunch of
stamens on the cob, or well-formed grains at the head of the plant, on
the staminate flower.
Avena soHvay Linn. Oat.
^^Orows well for a time, and then dies off before ripening seed. It is
generally sown in ground intended for potatoes, and ploughed or dug
in.'' (J. M. Jones.)
Tritioum vulgarey Linn. Wheat
<^ Grows well in some places, and produces a fair grain. In former
years it was more extensively cultivated, and bread was frequently
made in fEum-houses, but of late years its cultivation has ceased." (Id.)
Hordeum viUgarej linn. Barley.
<< Grows well and ripens, but is seldom cultivated as a crop." (Id.)
OEYPTOGAMIA.
L— Ftlioes.
Adiantum euneatUMy Langs, et Fisch. Maiden-hair.
The only native Adiantum ; universal on rocks where there is shade
and m<H8ture, and abundant. The species being Braeilian, not native
•either to the West Indies or to the United States, its establishment
in Bermuda is a matter of some interest.
The following exotic Adia/ntums were cultivated at Mount Langton,
and some of them planted out in promising localities about Paynter's
Vale, with a view to their introduction: Adiantum Oa/piUui'VeneriSy
Linn.; A. oaudatum^ Linn.; A* ooncinnum^ H. D. EI.; A* cuUratumy J.
Sen.; A. Farleyense^ Moore.; A. intermedium^ Swartz.; A. macrophyl-
lumy Swartz.; A. pedatum^ Linn.; A. uniformed Linn.; A. tenerum^
Swartz.; A, trapeziforme^ Linn. Adiantum pedatum^ Linn., which is a
species of northern latitudes, barely lived in the fernery.
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THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA. 123
Pteris heterophyUay Linn.
Luxuriant and abundant at the Church Oave^ but not often found
elsewhere, and confined, as far as the writer's observation goes, to the
Walsingham tract It is a Brazilian and Oentral American 8i>ecie8,
but occurs in the West Indies also.
P. aquilina^ Linn. Bracken.
General over the islands; especiaUy abundant in P^nbroke marsh.
Perhaps the most universal of all ferns.
In addition to the above, Pteris Umgifolia^ Linn.; P* gmdri-OMritay
Betz, and P. serrvlata^ linnf., were cultivated at Mount Langton, and
the first and last set out in suitable localities.
AcrosUckum aureuMj Linn. Marsh fern.
Abundant in brackish marshes, where it attains a great size. A
fern of wide diffusion, found both in Florida and the West Indies.
( Chrysodivm vulgare^ F6e.)
Woodtcardia Virginioa^ Smith.
Found only in Pembroke marsh, and not very abundant. The young
plants have a general resemblance to Osmunda cinnamomeaj Linn., but
may be distinguished at any stage by the loops in the veins parallel to
the midrib of the pinnaBj which are radial in Osmunda. It is an Ameri-
can and not West Indian species.
Asplenium crenulatumy Fries.
Found chiefly in the Walsingham tract, and not very common. {A.
serratumj Lindl.) A species of the West Indies and Oentral America.
A. TriohomaneSy Linn.
Generally diffused; common to all northern, temperate, and tropical
regions.
A. dentatum^ Linn.
This pretty little fern is generally found at the mouths of caves, both
in the Walsingham tract and elsewhere. It fills a cave on Grace's
Island. It is a native of Florida and the West Indies.
A. myriophyllum^ Presl. (A. cicutariumj Swartz, Sieb., Mart., 360,
Hook., Metten.; A. rhizophyllumj Kuuze, Hook.)
The rarest of Bermuda ferns ; only found about the Church Cave. It
is certainly not what is usually labeled A. eicutarium in coUectiouH.
It is native to the West Indies and Southern United States. Bhizo-
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124 THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA,
phyllum seems misleading; it was labeled Myriophyllum at Oambridge,
Mass., which describes it very well.
The following were also cultivated at Mount Langton : Asplenium avri-
turn, Swartz; A. ciotttartiim,Swartz; A. Fdbianumj Homb.; A.firmumy
F^e; A. Nidm; A, viviparunij Presl.
Aspidium Capensej Willd. Devonshire marsh fern.
This beautiful fern is confined to a few spots of Devonshire marsh,
and is in danger of extermination, not being abundant. The writer
transferred some plants to Pembroke marsh, but they were not estab-
lished. It requires much shade and moisture. Habitat, America from
Cuba to Patagonia, South Africa, and Polynesia.
Nephrodium amplum^ Baker.
Common by roadsides. A Gentraf American and West Indian
species.
JV. patens^ Desm.
Very common by roadsides; a fern which does not require moisture.
Native of Florida, Texas, and Central America; not West Indian.
N. ietragonvmj Hk.
Confined to the Walsingham tract, and not common. It belongs to
Central America, and occurs neither in Florida nor the West Indies.
^. villomniy Presl.
Pretty abundant; one of the ferns found in dry places. It is native
of the West Indies and Central America.
N. Thelypterisy Desv.
Found along the north side of Pembroke marsh, and not elsewhere;
it dies down in winter. It is generally diffused in northern latitudes.
Nephrodium moUe^ Desm., from the West Indies, was planted out in
suitable places.
Nephrolepis exaltata^ Schott.
Common among the rocks of Walsingham and elsewhere. The species
belongs both to the United States and the West Indies.
Polypodium elasticumy Bich.
Found chiefly in the Walsingham tract, and not very common. (P.
cultratumy Willd.) A native of Cuba and Central America.
Osmunda regalis^ Linn.
Grows in abundance in Pembroke marsh; not found in the West
Indies, but otherwise a fern of very wide range.
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THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA. 125
Osmunda cirmamomea, Linn.
Abundant also in Pembroke marsh. Native of the United States and
the West Indies.
Blechnum occidentaley Linn.
Was planted out in suitable places in 1877.
Besides the ferns which have been enumerated above, the writer in-
troduced and cultivated the following species, nearly ^1 of which are
readily grown with a little protection. The temperature of the air in the
fernery by self-registering thermometers ranged from 48^ to 87^ in the
year: Anemia adiantifoliay Sw.j Oheilanthes wicrop^Wa, Swartz; Cyatop-
teria bulbifera, Bemh.; C.fragiliSy Bernh. ; Davallia a<ouleata, Swartz; 2>.
CanariensiSjSmith'f Dicksonia punctilohula^ Hook*; Oymnogramme calo-
melanoSj Kaulf.; 0. sulfurea^ Desv.; O.tartarea^ Desv.; O.iomentosa^
Desv.; HemionitU palmataj Linn.; Lomaria gibba, Labill.; Onoclea sensi-
biliSj Linn, (which, however, did not flourish); Pellcea Brewerij Eaton;
P. Jiastataj Link; P. rotwndi/olia^ Hook.; Polypodium aureum^ Linn.;
P. vulgarej Linn, (brought from Ireland); P. divergens, Hook.; P. Dryop-
teriSj Linn, (which did not flourish); P. marginellumy Sw.; Scolapendrium
vulgare, Sm. (brought frx)m Ireland); Trichomanes orispuntj Linn, (which
could not long be kept alive). This enumeration may have some inter-
est for future horticulturists in Bermuda.
II.— Equisetaoe^.
Uquiaetum palustre^ Linn.t Jointed marsh-weed.
Pembroke marsh. Common in West Indies and United States.
in.— Lyoopodiaoe^.
PsUotum triquetrum^ Sw.
Bare, bnt found about some of the caves in the Walsingham tract.
Selaginella Martensiij Spreng.
Found in gardens.
The following were also introduced from Kew: 8. OHffithHij Spreng.;
S. furcatay Har.; 8. JuBtnatodeSy 8. incequ\foUufnj 8. Martensiij var. and
^toloniferay Swartz; 8. viticulosay 8. Wallichii ; all of which grew well in
a fernery.
IV.— CHAEAOBiB.
€harafoetiday A. Br.
This plant is abundant in wet ditches at Mount Langton.
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126 THE BOTANY OF BEBHUDA.
v.— Hbpatio-zb.
Jungemumniaj sp.
Sphagnum palustre. Bog moss.
VL— FuNai.
The common mnshrooiiy Agariewn oampestrisj LiniLy appears rarely in
Bermuda. They were to be found in 1852 near Pembroke church-
yard. (Mr. Hurdis, in The Naturalist in Bermuda, p. 176.) The writer
has, however, never seen them wild. They were grown at Mount Lang-
ton in an artificial cave from spawn imported from HalifiEhx, and at times
pretty abundant. The fungi of Bermuda, as an order, have not received
attention.
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Index of Bngliih or Local Vamoi.
AbatOon, cweel 52
Alligator pew 101
Allspice 75
Afanond, bitter 71
■weet 71
Aloe U«,118
blue 115
golden 116
Apple 72
Apricot 71
Arrowroot Ill
Arsenic plant 106
Artichoke 88
Arum 114
Aeh, Weetlndian 60
Asparaga> 115
Atropba, goaty-stalked 105
Avocadapear 101
Bastardcedar 54
Balloon berry 03
Balm, common 08
Balsam 55
Bamboo 120
Banana lit
dwarf lU
oldBermnda Ill
Wd Ul
Barbadoes aloe 116
gooseberry 78
lily 118
pride 66
Barley 122
Baafl 06
Baybean 66
Bay tree, sweet 102
Bedetraw 82
Beetroot 101
Bermndaoedar 108
Bermndiana 112
Birthwort 106
Blackberry, American 72
Black mangrove 97
walnnt 108
willow 49
Bladder Senna 07
Bleeding heart 116
Blolly 81
Blnegnm • 75
Bog moss 126
Borage 91
Bowstring hemp 117
Box 59
Page.
Box brier 81
Bracken Uft
Bread froit 10ft
Brier, Austrian 72
sweet 71
Broom .•........•...•..•.••........•••..•.. 62
Bryone, wild 77
Bunya-bunya 109
Burnet saxifh^^ 89
Burr 52,54
Buttercup 4^
Button tree 74
Button weed 82
Cabbage 48
Cabbage palm 113
Calabash tree 95
Camelia 52
Canaiy grass 122
Cancalis 79
Candelabra plant 49
Candleberry myrtle 104
Candytuft 48
Cane 120
Canna, yellow 110
Cape gooeeberty 92
jasmine 81
weed 84
Caricature plant 05
Cardoon 88
Carrion flower 89
Carrot 79
Cassava 106
Castor oil plant 106
Catnip 98
CatstaQ 115
Cauliflower 48
Cedar, Bermnd* 108
Celery 80
Changeable rose 58
Charlock 43
Cherimoya 47
Cherry, French 55
Cherry pie 91
Chickweed 51
water 51
Chiooiy 83
Christmas bush 68
Churchyard lUy 118
Citron 57
Clematis 46
CloTer, black medlck 63
led 64
(127)
Digitized by VjOOQIC
128
INDEX OF ENGLISH OR LOCAL NAMES.
OloTer.irliite 64
Clab-rush 11»
Cooklebur 88
CookroAoh berry 98
Cocoa nnt 82
Colfoe 114
Cond plant 100,105
Cordi*. Marlet 91
Coriandom 79
Corre* 53
Cotton pUot 53
Cowcane 120
Cow cherry 93
Crabfn^M 121
Craiic'8 biD 112
Cucumber 77
Custard apple 47
Cypems, Tariegmted 119
Cypress Tine 90
Dandelion 83
Date palm 114
Day flower 119
Deadnettle 98
Demerara almond 74
DeTilKTass 120
Ditch weed 107
Dogbnsh .'. 84
Dogwood 62
Dracflena, groen 118
pnrple 118
Duck-weed 115
Dumb cane 115
Dutchman's pipe 108
Earth-nut 64
Sbonyblaok 70
Eddoe 115
E^g-plant 98
Lliler, common 81
Esseqnibo Uly 118
Fennel 80
Feverfew .' 86
Fleabane 84
Fiddle-wood 97
Fig, common 102
Finger-grass 121
Flag, wild 54
Flax, New Zealand 118
Fool's parsley 80
Forbidden fhiit 57
Four-o'clock 99
Fox-tailed grass 120
Frangipani 88
French bean 65
cherry 56
fennel 84
trumpet flower 88
Fuchsia 76
Fumitory, oommon 48
Galbs 52
Oarden chervil 79
Garden ereaa 48
Qeranium, double 55
aweet^oented 55
GlantUly U8
Ginger Ill
Glasswort 101
Godet'aweed (96), 84
Ctoldenrod 84
Goosefoot fltfnily 101
Gorse 63
Governor plum SO
Grape ftuit 57
Grapevine 60
Graasweed lit
Gromwell 91
Groundael 85
Gru-gru 113
Gnava 75
berry 75
Guemaeylily 118
Guinea com 121
giaaa 121
pepper 98
yam 114
Hardgiaaa 121
Hawthorn 72
Heal-foon 82
Heart's-ease 50
Heath 95
Hogwood 99
Holly 69
Xngliah 53
Hollyhock 53
Honey flower 53
Honeysuckle (cultivated) 80
fly 06
trumpet 98
Horse oherry 98
Horse-radiah 48
Hyacinth 116
Ipeoacuanha 88
India-rubber tree 108
Indianoom 122
ahot 110
Indigo 63
Iris 112
Iron weed 70
Ivy, common 80
Italian 85
Jaok-fruit 103
Japanmedlar 73
Jasmine •• 87
white 87
yellow 87
Jeruaalem artichoke 85
Jonquil 116
Joseph'aooat 107
Justicia, blue 96
lar:ge,white 95
Laburnum 64
Laoeplant 102
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INDI£X OF ENGLISH OB LOCAL NAMES.
12D
Liiinb lettuce 82
Larkspur 46
Laurel 61
Laurestinna 80
LaveDder 90
Lemon 56
Lemon grara 121
Lettuce 83
Llchl 62
Lignnm-Titje 55
Lily, black 117
day 117
Lip plant 73
Locust tree, red 67
white... 64
ICaboe 52
Mafniolia 46
Mahogany 59
Maidenhair 122
Mallow 52
Manimee apple 52
Mango 63
Mangrove, black 74
Marsh fern, Devonshire 124
mint rja
weed 113
Martinique laurel 58
Marvelof Peru 00
Mnyweed 79
Melllot 64
Melon 77
Mercury 107
Mignonette 50
Mimosa, wild 60
yellow /., 69
Mint, garden 08
horse 08
marsh 08
wild 08
Mockery 107
Moon-plant 02
Momingglory 00
Mullein 05
Mulberry, paper 103
red 103
silkworm 103
Mushvoom 126
Mustard, garden 48
hedge 48
Myrtle, gnava 75
Napoleon's plume 60
Nectarine 71
Nemophila 80
Kettle, common 102
false 102
small, stinging 102
Kettle tree ,.. 104
Kiekertreo 68
Kight-flowering oerens 78
Kightshade 03
Noyaavine 00
Kutgrass 119
Bull. Nat. Mu8. 25 \f
Page.
Oat - 122
Okra 53
Oleander 88
Olive 88
Olive wood bark 50
Onion 115
Orache, sea 101
bitter 57
Orange, Mandarine 57
Seville 57
sweet 57
Tangerine 57
Osageorange 103
Otaheite gooseberry 106
walnut 106
Oyster-plant 110
Palmetto 113
dwarf 113
Paropasgrass 121
Pansy 50
Papaw 76
Parngniss 121
Parsley 80
Paranips 70
Passion flower, wild 76
Pea,blue 65
common 65
purple 66
spurred butterfly 65
sweet 66
Peach 71
Pear 78
Pear,avooada 101
Pellitory 102
Pennywort, thick leaved 78
Pepper grass 48
Spanish 63
Periwinkle 88
Persimmon 87
Petunia 04
Physicnut 106
Pigeon berry 07
pea 64
Pimpernel 87
Pineapple 112
Pitcher plant 47
Pane, American 104
Plantain Ill
Plum 71
Westlndian 71
Plumbago 86
Poinciana 67
Poisonivy 62
Poppy,opinm 47
Pomegranate 75
Pork-fat apple 70
Potato, Irish 00
sweet 08
Pricklyburr 02
pear 78
tsll 78
myrtle 07
sedge 110
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130
INDEX OF ENGLISH OB LOCAL NAMES.
Page.
Pride of Chinii SB
IndiA 66
Privet 88
Pumpkin 77
Pnnliuie 51
QnMdft 68
Qneen of the ehrabe 75
Qaeen thistle 47
Qolooe 78
BadUb 48
lUapberry... 78
Bedgnm 72
Rhnbftrb 100
Rhus, walnat-leaTed 88
Bib-graM 88
ItoMliide weed 88
Bom, wild 72
Boaeapple 74
.Roaemary 88
Rongh oherril 78
Jluth 118
manh 118
Si«e 87
eoBunon 87
priohly 87
red 87
Sago palm 110
Saintibiii 64
8alTiA.Mariet 86
Sumpbire 88
•Sandwort, tfayme-leaTed 51
^ppodilla 87
SarMpAriUn 118
^tinwood 58
Screw-pine 114
Sonrrj grass 48
fiea grape 100
larender « 81,88
mulberry 74
oraohe 101
ox^ye - 88
purslane 51
ragwort ..••.....•...•.... ....••.•• 85
tiuiMole 81
wniok 118
Seaside Tine 80
SensitiTO plant 88
Shaddock 57
Shell plant Ul
Shepherd's pnrse 48
Bilk ootUm tree 58
SQyertree 102
Slipper plant 108
Smallshot 81
thatch 118
Snake plant 115
Snap weed, balsam 55
Snow berry 81
flake 118
Snaff plant 84
Soapberry 82
Sorrel, common 100
Paga
Sorrel, pnrple 84
yellow 54
Sonrsop 47
Sonth sea grape 108
rose 88
tea 68
Sowthistle 88
Spanish bayonet 118
broom 88
pepper 83,88
SpeedweU 84
Spiderlfly 118
root 118
Spinach, New Zealand 110
Spmce 110
Spnrge 121
Squill 148
St Andrews' Cross 51
St. John wort 51
Stiff cornel 88
Star apple 87
Star of Bethlehem 118
Stonecrop 74
Stock wild 48
Stopper 74
Strawbeny 71
Succory 88
Sagar apple 47
cane.. 121
Sunflower -. 85
Surinam cherry 74
Sweet briar 72
pea 85
Sword plant 68
Tan prickly pear 78
plum 104
Tamarind 68
Tassel plant 88
Tea 84
Thnnbergia» white 88
Thyme 88
Tittimelly 108
Toad.flax 84
Tobacco SB
Tomato 8B
Tous-les-mois lU
Tuberose 118
Trumpet flower 88
red 88
TuUptree 48
Turkey berry 97
Turk's cap 77
YaniU% sweet 88
Yerbena, white 88
Vervain 88
Violet,sweet 58
Virginia creeper 61
Vitch 68
Wallflower 48
Wampee 87
Wart, cress 4S
Water-cress 4S
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
INDEX OF ENGLISH OB LOCAL NAMES.
131
Water IflOMMi 76
mflkm 77
Wax plant S9
Wheat 1S2
Whlleeedar 05
eedge 120
WQd oniie'e bfll • S6
Willow, Uack 40
105
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INDEX OF BOTANICAL NAMES.
c.
c.
c.
c.
c.
c.
c.
c.
c.
▲.
c.
▲.
c.
c.
c.
c.
c.
c.
c.
c.
c.
c.
B.
c.
c.
c.
c.
c.
A.
B.
B.
C.
B.
C.
C.
C.
C.
A.
B.
C.
C.
B.
B.
B.
0.
O.
B.
B.
C.
O.
Page.
AbuUUtnjmleheUum, Sweet 52
strUtom, Dicks 52
AoMiaAnbioa,Willd 70
oyi^norum, Meiasn 70
Lebbek,Wi11d 70
nuteraeantha, B..B 70
Aoftlypha tricolor, Hort 100
ACAKTHACSJB 95
Aohimenea, sp 05
Aorostichnm anremn, Linn 123
Adftnoearput t$lonen*it, DC 00
Adiantam cuneatom, Langs, e t Fisch — 122
capfllus reneris, Linn 132
concinnam 122
cnltratam 122
Farleyense 122
intermediam 122
maorophyllam 122
pedatnm 122
nniforme 122
tenemm 122
trapeziforme 122
Agarioom oampestris, Linn 126
Agave Americana, Linn 116
Jaquiniana, Sch. 116
Mexicana, Lam 116
striata,Zacc 116
variegata, Hort 116
XyUmaeantha,8alm 116
Ageratom conyzoides, Linn 83
Mexicanum, Sweet 88
Ailanthns glandnlosa, Desf 56
Albiasia Lebbek, Benth, syn 70
Alenrites trUoba, Forst 106
AUamandaSehoUii, Tohi 88
AlUnmCepa, Linn 115
Aloe sooootrina, Lam 116
▼nlgaris, Lam 116
Alopecnrus pratensis, Linn 120
Aloysi* cetriodora, Orteg 96
Alpinia nntans, Rose Ill
Althearosea, Car 53
Amaramtacbje 100
AmaranoB hybridns, Linn 100
Amaranns spin oaus, Linn 100
Amaryllis eqaestris, Ait 118
Amaryllis SamieDsis, Linn 118
Ambrosia artemislsefolla, Linn 86
Ambrosia beteropbylla, Mblbrg 86
AmorpkopkaUita^ sp 115
Ampxlidka 60
Ampelopsis qninqnefolia, Michx 61
(rufen^oto, Than 61
Page.
C. Amygddhti amara, "HoTt 71
C. eommunit, Linn 71
C. 7ieetarina,W 71
C. Persica. Linn 71
C. Anaruuia tativa, MiW 112
C. Anagallis arvensis, Linn 87
A Andropogon scbienanthus, Linn 121
C. Anetbum graveolons, Linn 79
C. Angelica Archangelica, Cbam. & Schl. . . 79
B. Antbrisous vnlgaris 71)
C. AnthyUii Barbajovity'Linn C6
C. Anthurium eordifoUum, Kth 115
C. AnHg<mon Uptopua, Ilook &, An 100
AN0XACK£ 47
C. Anona Cherimolia, Mill 47
C. mnricata. Linn 47
C. roticniata, Linn 47
C. sqaamosa, Linn 47
B. tripotala, Ait, syn 47
C. Apium grayeolens, Linn 8i>
loptopbyllnm, F. M., syn 80
Potroselinum, Linn., syn 80
APOcnrKBJE 88
C. Aracbls bypogoda, Linn 04
Arauacbjb 80
G. Aralia QuiXfoylictyKoTt 8(^
C. ^raucaria BtdweUti, Hook 109
ArdiMia ocwniMaa^ Willd 87
C. humilU Vabl 87
G. Areca Oalechu, Linn 114
B. Arenaria serpyllifolia 51
A. Argemono Mexicana, Linn 47
C. ArgyroU/bium andro9€tm\foUum 66
Akistolochiace^ 108
C. Aristolocbia trilobata, Linn 108
Aroidbjb 114
B. Artemisia tenoifolia, Willd., syn 84
G Artocafi>t(« ineua, Linn 103
G. in(^r\/b^ia, Linn., f 108
A. Amndinaria tecta, Mblbrg 120
G. Amndo Donax, Linn 129
Asobynomene, sp 6S
Abclbpiadba '. 89
A. Asolepias cnrassarica, Linn 89
B. ntvea.Linn 89
A. Asoyrum Cmz- Audrese, Linn 51
. bypericoides, Linn., syn 51
C. Atparagu* NatdUAsii^TLoxi 115
C. officinalis, Linn 115
A. Aspidiam capense, Willd 124
G. Asplenium 124
C. anritnm 124
C. cicntariam 124
(133)
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
134
INDEX OF BOTANICAL NAMES.
Pftge.
iu Asplenium orenalmtam, FrlM 128
A. dentotnm, Liim 128
C. Fabianam 124
C. firmam 124
A. myxiophyUiiin, Presl 128
C. Nidus 124
A. triohomiines, Linn 123
C. vivipanim 124
B. Aater trifolioni, Linn 84
C. Astrocarynm nnream, Griseb 113
A. Atriplex oristata, H. B 101
AVUAXTACEM
C. AvenataHva, Itixm 122
A. Avioennia nitida, Linn 97
A. tomentoaa, Linn., syn 97
C Azalea tfiteota.JAan 86
B. Baocbaris halimifolia, Linn., sjn 84
A. bctoropbylla. H. B. K 84
BALfiAMIKEJB
C. BctUamoearpon brepifolium, Cboia 00
B. Bambnaa vnlgaris, Wendl 120
C. Batatas Ednlia, Cboia 90
C. Banbinia parviflora, VabI 09
C. Vahlii, Wight. 00
C. BeaumonHagrandiJlora^'WaXi 89
Bbgoniacbje 77
C. Begonia fiiobsioides, Hook 77
C. bydrocotylifolia, Grab 77
C. Bez,Pritz 77
C. ulmifolia, WiUd 77
C, Benthatniafragibera^Lin^ 81
C. Beta vulgaris, Liim 101
B. Bidens leucantbus, W. var. discoidens. . . 83
BiGKONIACBA 95
C. Bignonla capreolata, Linn 95
D. Biaburgia/ar%nota,UoTt 112
D. ttYMtoria, Mart 112
D.BiotaNepaulensis.Bndl 109
D. oncneotit, Don 109
BlXINIEA 60
D. Bixa Or«aana,Linn 50
D.Bleehnum oceidentale^ Lian 125
P. Blighia sapida, KoBn 62
B. Boerbavia erecta, Linn 99
A. Bcebmeiia cylindrica, WiUd 102
C. Bombax Ceiba, Linn 63
BORAOIKKJS 91
C. Borago officinalis, Linn 91
B. Borreria Itevis, Griseb 82
A. Borricbia arborescens, DC 83
putescens, DC., syn 83
C. BougainviUea ipeetabUi»,Wi^d 99
C. glabra 99
A. BottitingauUia hatelloidee, H. B 101
C, BraeeieabotryHe 48
C, eapitata 48
oleracea, Linn 48
BnomLlACBA 112
"D. Brovfnea grandicepe, Jacq 60
C.^BmgmoDsia snaTeolens, Willd 92
H. Bruf^eleia Americaria,l,inn 92
O. BryophyUum ealyeinwn, Salisb 73
C. Buddleia Neemda, Koxb 94
Cactba 77
Cactus. See Opuntio, Sw.
Cacma Elata, Bur 07
GUUesii^Wan OT
CflBsalpinia poloberrima, Sw 00
C%|anns indicns, Spreng 04
Cakile nqnalis. Herit 48
maritima, Soop 48
Oaladium 115
Calamintba Nepeta, Linn 98
Calli<»rpa ferruginea, Sw 97
Calopbyllam oalaba, Jacq 62
CametUajaponioatJADJi 52
Canavalia obtnsifolia, DC 00
Cannacba 110
Canna ooccinea, Ait 110
edulis.Ker Ul
Indica, Linn 110
lutea, Ait 110
Cafparidackjb 40
Capparis tomlosa, Swarts 40
Capraria biflora, Linn 94
Caprifouacxjb 80
CaprifoUum Italicnm, R. S 80
sempervirons, Micbz 80
OopMOa Buna^pMlorif, Mob 48
Capsicum annnnm, Linn 98
frutesoens, Linn 96
Cardiospermum Halioaoabum, Linn 01
Carica Papava, Linn 70
Carludotfieapalmata^'R.T 114
Cabyophtllbjb 51
OaryotaCummingU, Lodd 114
Casparea porrecta, Etb 00
Cassia badllaris, Linn 08
bioapsnlaris, Linn 00
Corymboea^ Lam 00
Cassia fistula, Linn 08
glauoa. Lam 09
Ugustrina, Linn 09
ocoidentalis, Linn 00
Casuarikbjb 104
Caduarina equisetlfolia, Linn, f 104
Catalpa oondlodendron, syn 08
CBLABTBACEiB 60
Celtide^b 104
Celtis mississippiensis, Boso 104
oocidentalia, Linn., syn 104
Cencbrns ecbinatus, Linn 121
tribuloides, Linn 121
Cetitaurea gymnocarpa, Moris, and Not. . 80
CentrarUhxiMnuicrotyphon^'BoXA 82
Centrosema Virginianum, Bentb 05
Cernstium Tiscosum, Linn 51
Ceratonia tiliqna, Linn 05
Cebatophyllfa 107
Cerbera Tbeoctia, Linn., syn
Cereus grandiflorus, Mill 70
ti-iaogularis, Haw 78
Cettrum parqui.lAxm 94
CbamsDrops Palmetto, Micbx 118
Cbieropby llum sativum, Gaertn 79
Chabacbjs 125
Chora fcBtida, A. Br 125
Cbeirantbus Cbeiri, Linn 40
CHBNOrODIEJS 101
Cbenopodium ambrosioides, Linn 101
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INDEX OF BOTANICAL NAMES.
135
Page.
Chenopodiom album, Linn 101
anthelmintioum, Linn .... 101
ChioGooca nuMmows Linn 81
CMorU p^trcBa, Sw 120
CMoroxyUm Swietenia, lyC 50
ChrysobAlanns pellooarpus, Meyer 70
Chrj-sodium aareuni, F6e, syn
CbrysophyUnm Cainito, Lion 87
Cicca disticlia, Linn luO
Cichorium Intybns, linn 83
Cineraria maritima, Linn 85
CiSTlIfBA.
Citharezylon quadrangolare, Linn 97
CitruUos vulgaris 77
Citrus J.uraMtium, Linn 57
Blgaradia, Loist 57
buxifolla, Poir 57
Decumanns, Linn 57
limetta, Risso 56
Limunuin, Hisso 50
Mediea^liixm 57
nobilis, Lour 57
racemosus. His ot Poit 57
tpinotUHma, Meyer, syn 56
vulgaris, Riaso 57
CiMU9 diteolor, Blum 61
Cuius laurifoliua^ Linn 50
MontpelienHs, Lhm 50
taloifoliiu, laian 50
Cladium occidentale, Schrald 119
Clematis Virginiana, Lion 46
Jaekmanni, Hort .'. 46
C\i:ome pungent, Willd 49
speciosa, H. B 89
Clerodendron capitatum, Sebum. &, Torr. 97
aculeatum, Gr 97
Clitoria Brasiliana, Arrab 65
• Tematea, Linn 65
Oob€ta Mcandens, Cat 89
Coceoloba platyclada, Hook 100
uvifera, Linn 100
Cocoa nncifera, Linn 114
Co/ea^roMeo, Linn 82
Coleus 98
Colocasia escnlenta, Schott 115
Colnbrina Asiatica, Brongn 60
Colutea arboreseens, Jjism 67
COMBUBTACAK 74
COMMBLTKBiB 119
Commel>'na agruria, Kth 119
cayenncnsis, Bich 119
CoxposrriB 83
COMFBRA 108
Conooarpnserectus Jacq 74
racemosus, Lion., syn 74
CoirVOLVULACBJB 90
Convolvulus sagittifolios, syn 91
Cony ta albida, Willd, syn 84
ambiffua, DC, syn 84
Cookia punctata, Retz 58
Cordia Sebestana, Linn 91
Oordyline anffust{folia, Hort 118
Corinndrum sativum, Linn 79
Page.
CORNACBJB 89
C. Comv« ffrieto, Lam 80
CUASSULACBA 73
C. OraUegiui pi/racanthOt Pen 71
B. Crepis lyrata, Froel 83
C. OreseentiaCujet9,l.inii 95
C. Crinum cruentum, Ker 118
C. Croton An^tMCi/blium, Hort 106
C. Comatut, .Yvli 106
0. discolor, Rich 106
C. maritiraum, Walt 106
0. jnctum, Hort 106
C. tenceum, 'ilaWty 106
C. variegatum, Forsk 106
C. undulatum 106
Cbucifbeje 48
C. Or^tomtfria ele^an#, Yeitcb 110
C. CucumisMclo, Linn 77
C. Cucnmis sativus, Linn 77
Cucubbftacba 77
C. Cucurbita Pcpo, Linn 77
C. Molopepo, Linn 77
C. mosohata, Linn 77
C. Citrullas, Linn., syn 77
C. Cupania fulva, Mart d
C. Cuprebsus funebris. Endl 109
C. Lawtoniana, Jdnrr 100
C. mocrocaryo, Hartw 109
eoruZofO, Lamb 109
CTCADBiB no
C. Cycas rovoluta, Tbunb 110
C. Cydonia vnlsraris, Pers 73
C. Oynara Oarduneulua, l,ism ^
B. Cynodon Dactylon, Pors 120
Ctpbbacbjb 119
C. Cyperus altornifullus, Linn 119
C. flexuosns, Vabl 119
C. rotundus, Linn 119
C. Cyrtanthera rotea, Hort •96
C. Oyrtanthut caUUpc^olia, Noes 117
C. Cytinu Laburnum, 'Livrn C4
C. Dahlia auperjlua, Ait 83
Datum fastuosa 92
mrtol 92
A. Stramonium, Jjiim 92
C. suaveolens, H. B 92
B. Tatula, Linn 92
C. Daueut Oarota, Linn 79
C. Dclpbininm 46
A Dcsmantbus virgatus, Willd., syn 69
C. Desmodium pyt.ms, Linn 64
A. virgatum, Desv 64
C. Dontzia scabra, Tbunb 73
A. Dichondra Carolincnsis, Hichx 01
A.Dicbondra repens,Forst 01
C. DUffenbaehia teguin^ Schott 115
C. Digitaria setigera, Rth 121
C. Dimocarpus Litchi. Lour 62
DiOSCOBBA 113
C. Dioscorea sativa, Linn 113
C. Intea. Meyer 113
C, Diotpyrot MaJbola, VUixh 87
C. Diospyros virginiana, Linn 87
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136
INDEX OF BOTANICAL NAM: S.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
B.
C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
A.
C.
C.
C.
c.
c.
B.
B.
A.
C.
Page.
DipieraeanthutaJtnit.'SteM 90
Dodecandria trigynia 106
DodoDflDa angastifolia, Lam., syn 62
DodoDflDa Tisoosa, Linn 62
Doliehot Lablab, Linn 66
Drac»na aoatralls, Font (Sp. New Caledo-
nia) 118
Dracona termJnalia, Linn 118
Dnranta PInmieri, Linn 07
Ebknacba 87
Ech$vtrxa gihbifiora, DC, var. nMtotttoa. 73
Alba, Haask, syn 83
Ecliptaerecta,Linn 83
(oiientale) Jaoq.,8711 60
Eleuslne indies Gaert 120
Entada §eandentf Benth 66
Equisktacba 125
Eqaiaeinm paloatre, (f ) Linn 125
ErtMthsmum Ander9onii,'MA»t 06
pulehsUum^ Andr 06
Ebicacbje 86
Erigeron animnm. Linn., syn 84
Bonariensis, Linn 84
canadcniiiji, Linn 84
trifolium, Willd 84
PhilatlelphicuiD, Linn 84
quercifolis. Lam 84
EriobotryaJnponioa,Lindl 73
Eriodondrou a n fi-a ct uosnm, DC . , sjn .... 54
Ery thrina eaffra, Thunh C8
Ci-iau^galli, Linu 68
coraliodendron, linn 68
herbaeea 68
Indica, (f ) Lam 68
spcciuaa, Andr 68
velutina, Willd 67
Erythrea centaiiriuin, Pers 89
Eueaiyptut ecriaeea, Cam 75
globulus, Laha 75
retinifera, Smith 75
EucUariMAmazoniea, hind} 117
Eue<imu regia,Ait 117
Eugenia axillaria. Poir 74
Jamboa, Linn., ayn 74
Maiacconsia, Linn 75
Miobelii, Lam., ayn 74
unidora 74
Enonymna Japonir4L, Linn 69
Enpatorinm conyzoidee, Vahl 83
foBniculaceum, Willd 83
EUPHOBBIACE^ 105
Euphorbia buxifolia, Lamok 107
Candelabrum, Trem 107
A. glabrata,Sw 107
A. het4)ropbylla,Linn 107
A. hyporicifolia, Lmn , 107
C. Jaquifuejlora, Hook 107
A. macniata, Linn 107
B. PepUu.Linn 1U7
A. prostrata. Ait 107
C. aplendena, B<^er 107
B. Fedia olitoria, Gaert 82
B. Ferula communia, Linn 80
C. glauca, Linn 80
Page.
FiCOIDRJB 78
C. iVeiM auroto, Miq 108
0. elaeticn, Roxb 103
tlLICES 122
C, Fittania argffroneara, Coem 06
C. Flacourtia prun\folia, U. B 50
C. Ratnontehi, Herit 50
C. Fosniculum dulcc, B. C 80
Tulgare, Gaert, syn 80
A. Foieatierapomloaa, Poir 88
C. Fonrcroya gigantea, Vent 118
C. Fragraria virginiana, Wuh 71
C. Fuchaia coocinea, Linn 76
FUMABIACBJB 47
B. Futnaria ojloinalia, Ijinn 47
B. Galium rubnim, Endl — 82
B. oniliorum, Micbx 82
C. Oardenia/loridct, Liim 81
0. Fortunii 81
C. fiitido, Hook 81
C. Qaaterica macuLita, Haw 117
C. obliqua,Haw 117
C. Gazania speudena, H.K 85
C. Gftura coocinea, Fraa 76
Gbntiaxbje.. 80
Gbuaniacejb 54
B Geranium diaaectum, Linn 55
B. pnaillum, Linn 55
GB8!nCBIACEJR 05
B. Geum radiatum, Micbx 72
C. Gladiolua 117
Gloxinia 05
C. Glycoemia citrifolia, Lindl., ayn 57
C. pentaphylla, Carr 57
GOOPRyiACRJE 86
B. Goaaypium oi&ttm 53
berbaceuro, Linn 53
ni{frum 53
Graminea 120
C. Graptopbyllum veraicolor, Hort 05
C. Guaiaoum ofBcinalo, Linn 55
C. Guaznma tomentoaa, H. B 54
A. Guilandina Bonducclla, Linn C8
GUTTIFKBJB 52
C Oymnogramme lartarta, Deav 125
Gtmnobpbrmje 108
C. Gy nerinm argt- ntenm, Neea 121
C. Hardetibfrgia difjitata^ lAndl 65
C. Havforthiatortuosa 117
C. Hedera helix, Linn 80
C. Hedyehium tpeeiomm, Wall Ill
C. Hedyaarum onobrycbla, W 64
C. Hi'lianthiia annnua 65
C. tuberoaua, Linn 85
A. Heliotropinm onmaaavicnm, Linn 01
C. Pt:ruviauum, Linn 01
C. Hemerocallia ftilvo, Linn 117
A. Herpeatia monniftnK H. B . 1 04
C. Hibiacua Banoroftianua 53
C. Ooop^rii, Hort 58
C. grandifloma, KiRhx 53
C. eaoulentua, Linn 53
C. mutabilia, Linn 53
C. populnena, Linn 53
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INDEX OP BOTANICAL NAMES.
137
C. Hibiioos Roaa-SinensiA, Linn 53
C. tiliiioeas, Linn 52
0. Biggintia ipUnOent, Bort, Byn 81
C. HofmanniafpUruUnt^Beatt 81
C. Hordeam vul^re, Linn 122
C. Hoy* oarnofM, R. Br 89
C. Hnra crepitans, Linn 106
C Hyaointhut orientaUt 117
0. JTydron^ea, hortensis Sm 73
A. Hjdrocotyle Aaiatioa, Linn., var 79
A. repanda. Pen 79
A. umbellata, Linn 79
HTDftOLBACKJB 89
C. Hyophorbe Ytrtha/eli, Wendl 114
HTPBBICACBiB 61
C. Iberia violaoea, Ait 48
iLICUfLB 59
C. Ilex Aqnlfolinm, Linn 59
C. Casaine, Linu 59
Tomitoria, Alt., ayn 69
C. Impatiena hortenaia (?) 55
C. Indigofera Anil, Linn., ayn. tinctorla,
Linn 63
C. Ingavtra,W\M 70
C. Ipomoa diaaeeta, Poir 90
A. Junaioenaia, Don 00
C. XMfii,Paxt 90
A. Nil^Pera 90
A. Pea-Caprs, Hoth 90
A. purpurea. Lam 90
A. aafittifolia, Parah 91
C. aidifolia, Schrad 91
C. tuberoaa, Linn 90
B. Tilloaa, R. P 90
Ibidbjb 112
C. Jmin« ^er&«eif, Hook 100
O. Iria violaceie, Sweet 112
C. IriaTirginica, Linn 112
C. Uchatwm Boveii 117
B. lanardia repena, DC 76
C. Ixora aeuinxnata Aloxh 82
C. afnboynenn9,'DG 82
C. covcinoa, Linn 81
C. Javmiiea, DC 82
C. lamboaa Miilucv«iitti(», LC, ayn 73
C. Tulgaria. DC 74
Jasmikbjb 87
C Jaamininm, Linn 87
C. gracile, Andr 87
C. officinale, Linn 87
C. Sambac, Ait 87
A. Jatropha Cnrcaa, Linn 105
B. Jatropha, Linn 105
C. multiflda, Linn 105
C. pandurc^olia, AjAt 105
C. podoffHea, Book 106
JUOLAND&fi 108
C. Juglant rUgra^ Itiim 106
JUXCBJB 119
A. Jnncna maritimua, Lone 119
A. tennia,Willd 119
A. Jangermannia 126
Jnnipema Barbadenaia, Tbonb 108
A. Bermadianat Linn 108
C. Joatioia alba, Roxb 95
Page.
Jaaticia Ecbolinm, Linn 96
lucida,Neea. 8aaqtiinea,H.B.. 96
Kalanehoe 78
Kleinia repena, Haw 88
K^etmUeria panictdata 62
Koateletzkya Virginica (Hibiaona, Linn) . 52
Kyllingia monooephala, Linn 119
Labiatm 98
Laotuoa aatlva, Linn 88
Lagunoalaria raoemoaa, Gert 74
Lageratnemia Indioa, Linn 75
Lamium amplaxieaule.LiDJk 98
purpureun^ linn 98
Lantana aculeata, Linn 07
camam,Linn 97
orocea, Jacq....- 97
odorata.Linn 97
Lathyma odoratUH, Linn 65
LAUitLNBvS 101
Lunrua utibilia. I.inu 102
Carolinianum. Michx p.... 102
Lavandula apioata, DC 99
Lboumixo&£ 68
Lenma minor, Linn 115
triaulca, Linn 115
Loonuma Sibeiicna, Linn 99
oardioca, Linn 99
Lepidium mderale, Linn, ayn 48
aativum. Linn 48
Virgiuiuum, Linn 48
Lcptoohloa mucronata, Kth 120
Liriodendron tulipifera, Linn 46
Leucena glauca, Benth 09
Lmioodendronargeiiteufn^lL'BT 108
Leuooinm fleatiTum, Linn 118
Li|j;u8trum vulgure, Linn 88
LiUACB^ : 115
Lilium candidnm, Linn 117
Japonicum, Thunb 117
LiKACBJB 54
Linaria Elatitu, D«;af, var. E 94
vnlgariM 94
LIuum uaituiihsiuiuui, Liun 54
Lippia microm^i-a, Scbuner 06
niKiillora, Kich 06
reptana,U.B 96
Litboapermnm diatiohum, Orteg 91
Xriviirtona Chineuaia, Mart 114
rotundiboHa, Hort. Lindl 114
LOBBUACEA 86
Lobelia cardinalia, Linn 86
Lonicera xyloateum, Linn 80
Lopboapermnm erubeacena, Don 94
Lucuma mammoaa, Linn 58
Lyceum Tulgare, Dun 94
Lycopertdcum eaoulentum, MilL, ayn .... 98
LYCOPODIACBiB 125
Ltthkauuls 75
Madura aurantiaca, Nntt 108
xanthoxylon, £ndi 104
Magkoliacbjb 46
MttgnoUa glauea, Unn 46
graTidlflora, Linn 46
jmrpuTM, Curt 46
Maloolmia maritima, R. Br 48
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188
INDEX OF BOTANICAL NAMES.
HALnOHUCKJB 69
O. ItalpighiA ponioifoUft, Linn 65
C setooa,Spr 66
Kaltacbjb 62
C Ifammeft Americana, Linn 69
O. Hangifera indioa, Linn 68
O. ICaranta arandinaceo, Linn Ill
O. Marrubiwm vulgaret Linn 96
MarHtuiia earyotet^/ohOt H.B 114
C. MathioU incana, B. Br 49
C liouraiidia Barclayana, Bot Beg 94
C semperflorens, Jaoq., rar. E . . 94
B. Medeola Yirgioioa, Linn 117
B. lledicago denticulata, Willd 63
B. lupolina, Linn 68
B. macalata, WUld 68
B. maricata, All 68
MlUACEJE 86
C. If elia Aeedaraoh, Linn 68
C. lieUantboB jn^jor, Linn 55
B. Melilotoa alba, Koch 64
B. officinalis, Linn 64
B. parriflora, Deaf 64
C. Melisaa calamintba, Linn .98
C offlcinalia, Linn 98
O. Melocaotna communis, DC 77
B. Mentha airenitia, Linn 98
B. Totandifolia, Linn 96
B. Yiridi8,Linn 96
B. ICercorialls annua, Linn 107
MttembrianUtemutn^ 9p 78
C. octfuuN/onna, Linn 78
C. eand0n«, Haw 78
C Mn2rM0n«, Haw 79
C. depre»9um 78
C tfdtOit, Linn 78
C. emargiruUum^ liinn 79
C. heterophyOum, Haw 78
G. fni42(t>Cor«m, Haw 78
C. ntwrieatum, Haw 79
O. rftom&oideum, Sahn 79
C. mtbinaeanum 79
C. tmu}folium, Linn 79
C. imeatem, Salm 78
O. unanatum, Linn 79
O. vaginatum, Bxw 78
C. viotaetum, DC 79
C ICimoea pndica, Linn 60
C Mirabilis dioliotoma, Linn 99
C Jalapa, Linn 99
A. Montia fontana, Linn 61
Hobs A or MoBACBJB 102
IfORINOBJS 50
IfOKOCOTYLBDONS 110
A. Morinda roioc, Linn 82
C. lioringa pterygoapermo, Oaert 50
C. Moms macrophylla, Hort 103
C. mnlticaulis, Perrot 103
C. rubra, Linn 103
HUSACBA HI
O. Huaa Cavendiahii, Pazton Ill
C. parndiaiaoa, Linn Ill
C. aapientnm, Linn Ill
C. rosacea, Jaoq Ill
O. Murraya ezotioa, Linn 68
Pas*.
A. ICyginda Rhaooma, 8w 69
Mtbicub 104
A. ICyiioa oerifera, Linn 104
punctata, DO., ayn 104
C. ICyrotpermum pemifemm, DC 68
Mtbsikjb 87
Mtbtacxa 74
Kaiadbjb 118
A. Kama Jamaicensis, Linn 89
C. Karoisaua Jonquilla, Linn 117
C. Nasturtium officinale, R. Br 46
C. Nemopbila insignia, Benth 89
A. Nepeta Cataria, Linn 96
C. Kepheium Litchi, G. Don 68
A. Kephrolepia exaltata, Scbott 124
A. Kepbrodiumamplum, Baker 124
A. patens, Deav 124
A. tetragoDum, Hook 124
A. villosum, Preat 124
C. Nerine pulchella. Herb 118
C. Nerium Oleander, Linn 88
B. Nicandra pbysoloidea, Gaert 94
C. Niootiaaa glauoa, Grab 92
C. tabaoum, Linn 92
NTCTAoniUB 96
Nympbbac&s 47
C. Kympha eceruUa, StLviga 47
C. dmto(a, Scb. & Tbonn 47
A. Obione cristata, Moquln, syn 101
A. (Enothera biennla, Linn 76
A. humifuta, Kutt 76
A. longiflora(t), Jacq 76
A. ro8ea,Ait 76
A. tinuata, Linn 76
C. Ocimum basilicum, Linn 96
C. Olea Europea, Linn 88
OLRACKiB 88
Ohagrabibje 76
C. Oncidium PapUio, JAndl 112
C. Opuntia coccinillifeia, Mill 78
C. dejecta, Sa\m 78
C. Ficueindioa,MiU 78
C. yCavieofM, Lemair 78
C. integrifolia 78
C. longi/olia 78
C. megaeofUha, SoXm 78
Pm Corvi, Leoompte 78
C. tom«ntota, Salm 78
C. Tuna,MiU 78
C. vulgaris, Mill 78
Obcbidba 114
C. Oreodoxaoleracea, Matt 118
C. Omithogallnm latifolium, Linn 117
A. Osmunda cinnamomea, Linn 126
A. regalis,Linn 124
Oxauobjb.
B. Ozalis oomiculata var. strieta, Linn .... 64
B. eoruno, Thunbg 54
B. microphylla, St. HU 64
B. Tiolacea, Linn 54
Pauls 113
C. Pancratium oyatum, Mill 118
Pandakilb 114
C. Pandanus odoratissimus, Linn 114
C. utilis, Borg 114
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INDEX OF BOTANICAL NAMES.
13»
A.
A.
Paga.
PttDdajiiis r«<fdUi,L«ai U4
Paaicnm brerifoliiUD, Kanth 121
MdnOartf, Linn 121
lineftre, Bnnn 121
maximam, Jaeq 121
moUe, Swarti 121
varieffatwm 121
virgaiun^ lAim 121
Papavbback^ 47
Papaver ■omnifenuD, linii 47
Parietaria debUis var. Floridaoa Pont . . 102
Tar. tripUneroiU, Don., ayn
Parthlniam Hytterophorna, Linn 86
Paapalnm distiohum, Bonn 120
flllfonne,Neea 120
Uttoralef.B.Br..syn 120
■etaoeuin* Michx ■ 120
FABStFhOHMM 70
Paaaiflora oiliata, Ait 70
cenilea,Linn 77
ediilia,Linn 77
laorifolia, Linn 70
maliformia, Linn 70
qaadrangularia,Linn 70
pritMtps, Todd 77
Paatinaoa aatiya, Linn 70
Pavia,ap., Zindl 02
Pavonia apinifex, Cav 62
Pedilaothna tithymaloidea, Poit 100
Pereskia aoaleataf 78
Bleo,DC 78
Pelargonium 107
Peperomia obtnaifolia 107
Penaa gratiaaima, Oaert 101
indica 102
Petroaelinam aatiTom, HoiBm 80
Petunia acuminata, Graham 04
phcenioea, Juaa 94
Pbaoelea oongeata, Hook
Phaiaria Canarienaia, Linn 122
Pharbitia nil, ayn 06
Phaaeohia Tulgaria, Linn 06
PAOociandnm {oMTum, Schott 115
Philaoblphils 78
Phoenix dactylifera, Linn 114
Phormium Unax, Font 118
Phrymaleptoataohya. 06
Phylica odorato, Casa 00
Physalis angnlata, Linn 03
ednlis,Sims 02
hiraata, Dnn., ayn 08
lanoeolata, Mlohx., ayn « . 03
Pemviana, Linn., syn 02
pubeecena, Linn 03
Phttolaccilk 00
FhyteUphatmacrocarpa.'R.'P 114
Pilea aerpyUifolia, Wedd 102
Pimenta acriis, Wight 75
Tulgaria, Lindl 75
Pimpinella laterifolio, Link 90
Pinut Bahamensit, Qriaet 110
<nop«, Ait 109
Umgif olio, Lnmh 109
intMo, Linn 109
Sabiniana, Dongl 100
Pagit
PiPBABCBA 107
Pianm aatiTum, Linn OS
FitksectobiumSamany 3enih OS
PrrroAPOBSJB 6^
Pittoapomm ooriaoenm. Ait 6^
nndolatnm, Yent 61
Plaxtaoihbjb 0^
Plantago lancMloto, Linn 09
major, Linn 9(^
▼irginica, Linn 00*
Platanackjb 104^
Platanna ocoidentalia, Linn 104
Pluehea odorata, Caaa 8S
parpuraacena, DC 8^
PLUMBAOnBiB 8^
Plnmbago capenaia, Thnnb 9&
eoeeinea, BoiMB 8S
roMa, Linn 81^
Plamieria mbra, Linn 8ft
Poindana paloherrima, Linn., ^n Oft-
regia, Bojer tff
Poinaettia paloherrima, Graliam 106^
POLBMOICIACBJE Oft
Polianthea taberoaa, Linn lift
POLTOOKBJI 10ft
Polygonum acre, H. B 10ft
Polymnia uvedalia, Linn 8ft
Polypogon MontpdUntis, "DeMt 12ft
Polypodium cnllratam, Willd 12ft
elaatioam, Rich 12ft
Portolaca oleracea, Linn 61
Pbimulacejb 8T
Pritehardia paeifiiea,S6tm lift
PUOTEACBJE 102
Prunvt armenituOf Linn 71
donuitica, Linn 71
oceidMUUUt 8w 71
tphcBToearpa, Sw 71
Paidinm cattleianum, Sabin 7ft
cordatam, Sima 7ft
gaayya,Radd 7ft
pomifemm, Linn., ayn 7ft
pyriforme, Linn., ^n^ 7ft
Pailotam teiqaetnim, Sw lift
PioraUa glanduloia, Itina Oft
Psychotria undata, Jacq 8t
Pteria aqailina, Linn ISft*
heterophylla, Linn lift
Punica Granatnm, Linn 7ft
Pycnanthemam maticum, Pera Oft
Pyrethrum parthenifolium. Willd 8ft
Pyrvu eommunU, JAnn 7ft
mo^tM, Linn 7S
QiuMtia amara, Linn Oft
Quamoclit c«*ccinca, Moench Oft
vulgaria, Choia OO
Quercus a!ba, Linn lOft:
o^tiatica, Walt lOft
Catetbcei, Mlchx 10ft
ctn«rea, Michx 10ft
ni^o, Linn 108
Randia aculeata, Linn 81
latifoUa, Lam., syn 81
Ramuicculacbs 4ft
Banancnloamaiicataa,Linn 4ft
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l.NDLX OF BOTANICAL NAMES
Page.
B. KaitiiDcalaA purvifloru^ Linn 4tf
C. liapbanus salixiw, Linn , 48
Renealnia occidentulis, Gr., syn Ill
Be8BDace£ 60
C Reseda odor.4ta, Linn . 50
A. Rbocliicallis rupeatris, DC 8^
RUAMNBiE 60
C. Rhapis fla»»illiformi», Linn 114
C. Rbeani Rhaponticuni, Linn 100
RUIZOI'HOIUR 74
A. Rhizophora man^rlo, Linn 74
C. lUiododendron, Hp Sd
A. Rhus excisa. Thunb 62
C. juglandi/oUa, Wmd 68
A. toxicu<leiidron,var.radicans., Linn. 62
A. Rhynchospora florida, A . Dietr 120
A. puin.Grah 120
A. 8ellata,Gr 120
C. Richardia ^tbiopica, Knnth 114
A. Ricinu* comtnuni*, Linn 100
C. Robinia dabia, Fonc, syn 64
C. Pscudacacia^ Linn 64
€. lUmdeUtiaodorata, Loddig 81
Rosacea 70
C. Rosa Carolina, Linn 73
O. damascina^ Linn 72
C. liDvigata, Michx 72
C. lutea, Brot 72
C. rubiginosa, Linn 72
0. spinosiseima, Linn 72
€. Rosmarinus officinalis, Linn 09
RUBIACBJf 81
Rubut idoeus, Linn 72
B. Rnmex Aceto«i*lla, Linn 100
B. obtusifoliuB, Linn 100
A. Ruppia maritima, Linn 113
C. Rnssolia {uncoa, Z uccar 95
RUTACBJB 55
A. Sdbal Adansoni, Guorus 113
C. (Sp.) (carat palm) 113
C. mucini 113
A. Palmetto, LmW 113
C. Sacchanim officinatum, Linn 121
SalicomiannMuua, Michx., syn 101
A. frnticosa var., Linn 101
herbacea, Linn., syn 101
Saucixb* 105
C. Salix Babylonica, Linn 105
C. HumboldUaua, Wllld 105
B Salvia coccinea, Linn 08
occidentali^ Sw., syn 08
B. serotina, Linn 68
C. splcndens, Kor 08
C. Sambucus nigra, Linn 81
0. Sanseviera Guineensis,Willd 118
SAPnrDACBJB 61
€. Sapindns longifolius, Vahl 62
O. saponaiia, Linn 62
Safotba 87
C. Sapota Achras, Mill 87
Sabraceniacje 47
C. Sarraecnia purpurea, liinn 47
SAXIFUAODiB 73
A. SoBvola PlnmioH, Linn .. 86
B. Sehinvt moUe, Linn 63
Page.
Scirpaslacustris, Linn., r>yn 119
A. mi'lanoi:ai-]mtt, Gr...: 119
A. plauta^eus, Rotz 119
A. vaUdus,Vahl 119
A. ScUnuhlca rigida, Gt 121
SCROPHULABlXIiE 94
B. Soutellariu purpurasccns, Swartz 98
C. Sedum acre, Linn 74
C. Selaginella /ureata 125
C. Gn^UA^'i, Spreng 125
C. hcfmatodM, Kunze 126
C. iruequifolium, U. &, 125
C. Martensii. Spreng 125
C. viticulota 125
C. WaUichii, R. & Q 125
A. Senebiera pinnatiflda, DC 48
C. Senecio mikanoides, Otto 85
B. vulgaris, Linn 65
Sequoia gigantea, ToTT 109
A. Sesuviom Portulacastmm, Linn 51
C. Setaria glanca, Beauv : 121
A. Sicyos angulata, Linn 77
A. Sida oarpinifolia. Linn 52
B. Sideritis romana, Linn 98
B. Sisymbrium officinale, Scop 48
Sisyrinohium anct•pI^ Lam., syn 113
alatum, Hook., syn 113
A. Bermudiana, Linn 112
Smilacbajb 118
C. Smilax sagittefoUn, Bot. Mi^ 118
C. Smyrninm olusatrum, Linn 79
S0LA5BiB 91
B. Solannm acnleatissimnm, Jacq 93
C. Lycopersicum, Linn 98
A. nigrum, Linn 93
A. nudiflorum, Jacq 93
C. ovigenim, Dnn 93
A. torvum,Sw 93
C. tuberosum. Linn 93
B. Solidago Mexicana, H. B 84
D. sempervirens, Linn 84
B. virpatn, Miehx 84
B. Sonehus atper, ViU 88
B. oUraceue, Linn 88
C. SophoraChinenHt, Todd 68
B. tomentosa, Linn 68
C. Sorghum sacchamtnm, Moench 121
A. Sphagnum pnlustm 126
C. Spartinm Junceum, Linn 68
A. Spermacoce tenuior, Linn 82
C. prunifolia, Lieb 72
C. salicifolia, Linn 72
Spiranthes apicnlata, Lindl, syn 1 12
A. brevilabris, Lindl 112
tortilis, Rich, syn 112
A. Sponia Lamarckiana, Don. 104
A. SpoTobolus elongatas, R. Br., syn 120
A. Indicus, R.Br 120
A. pungens, Kth 120
pnrgans, syn 129
A. Virglnicus. Kth 120
A. StachytarphetA JamaicensLs, Yahl 96
C. Stapelia maculosa. Jacq 80
A. Statice Caroliniana f Walt 86
B. SteUariam4dia,Y\U. 51
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INDEX OP BOTANICAL NAMES.
141
Pago.
B. StellarU nemorum, Linn 51
B. Stenaotis nnneca, Tar. Cass 84
A. Stenataphnim Americaniim, Sohrk 121
A. glabram,Trin 121
C. StephanoH*Jloritmnda,Fet 80
SnCBCULIACEiE 64
C. Stercolia Cartbaginensis, Gay 54
C. Steriphoma eUipticum,i^^T 40
B. SireUUia Medina, Ait 112
C StrobUanUu* lonffieaudatus 90
A. Sariana maritima, Lirn 00
C. Swietinia mabogoni, Linn 50
STNAKTHRBIiB 88
C. Taeionia moUuHma.'E.'B 77
Van Voxemii, Funk 77
C. TamarinduB indica, Linn 06
C. TainaiixgalUca,Linn 110
B. Taraxicam Deusleonis, Desf 83
C. Tecoma oapensis, 6. Don 05
C. pentapbylla, Jass 05
C. radicans, Juss 05
C stan8,Ju88 05
TSBBBDrrHACRS 62
C. Tetragoniacio;, Linn 110
C. Tetragonia expaosa, Ait 110
C. Tbespesia populnea, Correa 58
C. Tbevetia neriitolia, Juss 88
C, Thrmax Barbadensit, Todd 114
C. s2«9an«, Hort, Lind 114
C. Thuja gigantea. "Unit 110
C. p^eofa.Lam 110
C. pyramidalis, Tenor 100
C. Tbnnbergia. Hook 06
B. Tbymns vulgaris, Linn 00
TlLLIACE^ C4
C. Tinantia tprueei, G2dTt 110
B. Torilis nodosa, C. B. Clarke 70
C. Torreya eali/omioa, ToTT 110
A. Toumefortia gnapbalodos, n. Br 01
A. laari folia; Vent 01
G. Tradescantia discolor, fierit 110
C. erecta, Jacq. syn 110
G. Trifolinm pratense, Linn 64
B. Tepens,Linn 64
C. Triphatia trifoliata, DC 58
C. Triticam Tul^aro, Linn 122
Trimnfetta altbffioides, Lam. syn 54
A. liippula, Linn 54
A. semitriloba, Linn 54
Pikge.
Ttphacbjs 115
Typbasngnstifolia, Liun 115
Domingensis, Pers
TJlCBBLLI7B&£ 70
VUg europcnUtlAan 68
UnTiCAatiB 101
Urtioa dtoioo, Linn 102
purparascens, Mitt 102
ttr«n«, Linn 103
VaiHantiA hispida, Linn 82
mnraliSiLinn 82
Valkriaitejb 82
VaniOa planifolia^ Andv 112
Yerbasonm Tbapsus, Linn 09
YEBBErACBJE 06
Verbena maltiflda,RP 06
Veronica agrestis, Linn 04
arvensis, Linn 04
peregrina, Linn 04
Vibnmnm Tinos,Linn 80
Vioia sativa, Linn 66
Ft^a (tt/eoto, Bentb 66
Vinca rosea, Linn., var. alba 88
roflea,Linn 88
ViOLACEJB 50
Viola odorata, Linn 50
tricolor, Linn 50
VlTACE^S. See AMntUDBJE 60
Vitis vinifera, Linn ■. 60
Volkameria aculeata, Linn 07
Walt heria americana, Linn 54
Wi$taria/rute»e0nt,'DC 64
Woodwardia Virginica, WiUd 128
Xantbinm ecbinatam, Murr 86
Xanthoxy lam olava- Hercalis 56
Yoongia lyrata, Cass., syn 88
Yncoa aloi/b'ux, Linn., syn 116
JUamentota, l,\nn 116
semilata. Haw 116
WMppleii, Torrey U6
Xantboxylum aromaticum, WUld 56
Zeamays,L{nn 122
ZtphyranthtM A tama$eo, Herbaoh 118
ro8oa,Lindl 118
Zinnia tfl^aiM, Jacq 89
Zingiber officinale. Rose Ill
ZlXZIBBRACKjB Ill
Zostera marina, Linn 118
Ztoophtlulb 99
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P^RT III.
THE MAMMALS OF BERMUDA.
BT
J. KATTHEW J0HB8, F.B.S.O.,
Of Fbbn Lodob, Wateryillc, Nova Scotia.
■■BBS
14S
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THE MAMMALS OF BERMUDA.
Paucity of species, as regards mammalian life on oceanic islands, is
a fact well known to all observers} nor can the circumstance create any
degree of surprise when we become cognizant of tbe complete isolation
of such positions from any continent, their small area, and recent
origin.
The Bermudas present no exception to this general rule, and there-
fore the present meagre list will not excite astonishment, especially
when their peculiar formation and density of population are taken into
account
Order CHEIROPTERA.
Family 'VESPEBTILIOKID^.
SOOTOPHILUS NOCTIVAGANS, LcC
^^ Silver-haired BatP
Only one specimen of this Bat is known to have occurred in the Ber-
mudas. It was taken alive near Hamilton on the 8th of October, 1860.
Its geographical range on the North American continent extends,
according to Allen,* firom the Atlantic coast to the Bocky Mountains,
and as far north as the Hudson's Bay Territory. .
Lasiubus onoBRBUs, Allen.
^^Hoary Bat.^
According to the observations of my friend, Mr. J. L. Hurdis, of
Southampton, England, who passed fourteen years upon the islands in
an ofBcial capacity, and during that lengthy period was a dose observer
of the habits of all animals which came under his notice, only two
species of Bat are known to visit the Bermudas, and that usually in
the autumn and early months of winter. The present species is observed
occasionally at dusk during the autumn months hawking about accord-
* Monograph of the Bats of North America. By H. Allen, M. D., aast. rarg. U. S. A.
p. 41.
BuU. Nat. Mus. No. 26 1* 146
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146 MAMMALS OF BERMUDA.
ing to its nature in search of insects; but as it is never seen except at
that particular season it is clear that it is not a resident^ bjit merely
blown across the ocean by those violent northwest gales which also
nsoally bring nombers of birds from the American continent.
The geographical range of this species appears to extend all over the
continent of America north of Mexico, extending as far north as Bed
Biver Settlement in British North America.
Order CETACEA.
There are two species of Whales now frequenting the sea surrounding
the Bermudas, in spring and early summer, and they are doubtless the
same which visited the group in the earliest times of which we possess
a record. Jourdan* has the first account of Whales being observed
there in 1610.
<< There are also great plentie whales which I conceive are very easie
to be killed for they come so usually and ordinarilie to the shore that
wee heard them oftentimes in the night abed and have seen many of
them neare the shoare in the day time."
In Smith's " History of Virginia*' (1616), we also find mention of
Whales at the Bermudas during the months of January, February, and
March.
Again, in the ^^Constitucons and Instructions to Mr. Daniel Tucker
now chosen Deputie (Connor for the Somer Islands given by the Ooue-
nor and Companie of the Cittye of London for the said Plantacon''
(1616), allusion is made to them.
^^As touchinge the whale flshinge we would have you observe that
we have sent John Headland our chief harpeneere, Henry Hughes his
mate, and others of his ginge (gang) to whose assistance we ioyne Mr.
Wilmott as skillful in that buisness, with such others to help as you
shall appointe thereto. And that you omitt noe tyme at yor first com-
minge thither to sett upon that worke, consideringe that the whale
fishinge will be soe neare spent before you shall come thither."
It is therefore evident ftt)m the foregoing statements that one or more
species of these marine mammals regularly visited the islands every
spring, and we shall now endeavor to identify those species from the
descriptions given by early writers, which are fortunately sufficiently
expressive to permit of such determination.
*A Plain description of the Barmodas, now called Sommer Ilands, with the manner
of their diaoonerie anno 1609. By Sylvanns Jonrdan. London, 1613.
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MAMMALS OF BERMUDA. 147
Family BAL^NID^.
EcTBAL^NA oiSARCTiOA, aiid Others.
Common Whale. Right Whale. Cape Whale. Hump-back, dtc.
The Right Whale is the ouly species which may be called a regular
migrant to the shores of the Bermudas, and its occurrence there opens
up a very interesting source of inquiry as to whether the individuals
annually visiting the islands really come from the north and return
thither, or merely pass their existence in mid- Atlantic, and resor£ for
some reason to the group with their young during the months of Feb-
ruary, March, April, May, and June.
Kow, Urst as to the identification of this species with that so often
mentioned by early writers. In the Philosophical Transactions (Royal
Society of London) for 1668 appears a communication from Richard
Norwood, who was the first person to survey the islands and divide
them into shares. It is dated —
" Bermuda, June 18, 1667.
"The killing of whales, it hath been formerly attempted in vain, but
within these two or three years, in the spring time and fair weather,
they take sometimes one, two, or three in a day. They are less, I hear,
than those in Greenland, but more quick and lively; so that if they be
struck in deep water they presently make into the deep with such vio-
lence that the boat is in danger of being haled down after them if they
cut not the rope in time. Therefore they usually strike them in shoal
water. They have very good boats for that purpose, manned with six
oars, such as they can row forwards or backwards as occasion requir-
eth. They row up gently to the whale, and so he will scarcely shun
them, and when the harpineer, standing ready fitted, sees his oppor-
tunity, he strikes his harping-iron into the whale about or before the
fins rather than towards the tayle. Kow, the harping-irons are like
those which are usual in England in striking porpoises, but singular
good metal, that will not break, but wind, as they say, about a man's
hand. To the harping-iron is made fast a strong lythe rope, and into
the socket of that iron is put a staff, which, when the whale is struck,
comes out of the socket, and so when the whale is something quiet they
hale up to him by the rope, and, it may be, strike into him another
harping-iron, or lance him with lances in staves till they have killed
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148 MAMMALS OF BERMUDA.
him. This I write by relation, for I have not seen any killed my-
self."
The fact of their captaring the whale in shoal water proclaims it to
belong to this species, for the sperm whale, which is the only other
cetacean known to visit the Bermadas, is never known to come near
shore.
Another commanication to the same society from one Bich<ard Staf-
ford, dated at Bermuda, July 16, 1685, also proclaims the identity of
this species :
"We have hereabouts very many sorts of fishes. There is amongst
them great store of whales, which in March, April, and May, use our
coast I have myself killed many of them. Their females have abun-
dance of milk, which the young ones suck out of the teats that grow
by their navel. They have no teeth, but feed on moss growing on the
rocks at the bottom during these three months, and at no other season
of the year. When it is consumed and gone, the whales go away also.
These we kill for their oil.'^
The Bight Whale fishing around the Bermudas appears to have been
prosecuted by the islanders with more or less success from these early
times until the present, when, owing probably to the more profitable
and pleasant pursuit of agriculture, which combines at the same time a
security of person quite foreign to that of the whale fisher, as the
numerous accidents on record prove, it is not followed with the same
ardor which characterized the efforts of the early settlers. Neverthe-
less we find that almost every year some of these whales are taken;
and one season they were so numerous that no less than twenty were
taken off the east end of the islands. Cub whales are more commonly
taken than adults. These are of all sizes, as announcements in the
island papers such as the following, prove:
"A fine whale of the hump-back species, a maiden cub of last year,
was captured on Friday morning last (April 23, 1866), by the boats be-
longing to Mr. Masters' establishment at Port Royal. It was 33 feet
long, exceedingly fat, and it is supposed wiU produce 40 barrels of oil.
It was first harpooned, and then shot at three several times with bomb-
lances, and though hit each time the third bomb only exploded and
caused the almost instant death of the leviathan. This is the first
whale that has been captured here for some years." Again: "A cub
whale about 22 feet long was captured by the boats of Port Royal on
Wednesday last (April 26, 1871). The old whale followed the young
one and struck the boat with its tail. It was harpooned but broke the
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MAMMALS OF BERMUDA. 149
warp; it bled freely. It came to the shore the next day, but was not
captured. The cub will yield about 5J barrels of oil."
The adult whales, when struck near shore, often lead their captors a
long chase — sometimes as much as 7 or 8 miles out to sea — and even
then the warp has to be cut to save the boat. But when taken they
amply recompense their lucky captors for their trouble, yielding in
some cases from 60 to 70 barrels of oil. When these large whales are
towed to shore the vast quantity of blood escaping from their wounds
attracts numbers of sharks, some of very large size, which mutilate the
body and devour much of the meat. This well-known habit of the
sharks is sometimes turned to profitable account by the colored boat-
men, who take what is left of the body of a whale, after the process of
^^ flinching" has been gone through, outside the reefs, and let it remain
as a bait. Several boats will join in one of these expeditions, having
experienced spearsmen on board, who, at every opportunity, spear a
large shark which, in its turn, is converted into oil which is of particu-
lar commercial value.
There are some curious habits indulged in by this species of whale,
known to the islanders, but x>erhaps none can be accounted so singular
and remarkable as that of the animal leaping completely out of water
to the height of several feet. A naval offtcer has placed on record an
instance of this extraordinary circumstance as follows: ** While we were
lying on our oars, in a cutter belonging to the Leander, frigate, in Mur-
ray's Anchorage, off Saint George's Island, during the winter of 1802-3,
we beheld one of the most extraordinary sights in the world. A whale
which had by some means got inside the reef, and was endeavoring to
extricate itself from its uncomfortable position, and perhaps provoked at
not being able to disentangle itself from the sharp coral reefs, or for
some other reason, suddenly made a spring out of the sea. So complete
was this enormous leap, that for an instant he was seen fairly up in the
air, in a horizontal position, at a distance from the surface, not much
short I should think of half his own breadth. His back, therefore,
must have been at least twenty feet in perpendicular height over our
heads. While in its progress upwards, there really appeared in its
spring some touch of the vivacity which belongs to a trout or salmon
shooting out of the water. The whale, however, fell back again on the
sea, with all the clumsiness imaginable, like a huge log thrown on its
broadside; and with such a thundering crash as made all hands stare in
astonishment. Total demolition, indeed, must have been the fate of
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150 MAMMALS OF BERMUDA.
oar party had the whale taken his leap one minute sooner, for he would
then have fallen plump on the boat The waves caused by the splash
of the monster spread over half the anchorage, nor, if the Leander her-
self had blown up, could the effect have extended much further."
Scoresby, in his interesting work on the Arctic Whale Fishery, corrob-
orates this curious habit, so that there can be no doubt of its being an
indisputable fact.
This whale appears to have been the victim of assault from the Sword-
fish {Xiphias gladius) and Thresher {Alopias vulpea) in days of yore, as
as we glean from the pages of an old writer on the Bermudas.*
^^I forbeare to speake what a sorte of whales wee have scene hard
aboaedtheshoarefollowed sometime by the Sword Fish and the Thresher,
the sport whereof was not unpleasant The sword-fish, with his sharpe
and needle finne pricking him into the belly when he would sinke and
fall into the sea; and when hee startled vpward firom his wounds, the
Thresher with his large Fins (like Flayles) beating him aboue water.
The example whereof giues vs (saith Ouiedus) to vnderstand, that in
the selfe same perile and danger doe men line in this mortall life, where-
in is no certaine security neither in high estate nor low."
And this account is borne out by a further statement to the same
effect, made by another eye-witness about the same date.
<' Whales there are in great store at that time of the yeare when they
come in, which time of their comming is in Februarie and tarry till
June. Likewise there commeth in two other fishes with them, but such
as the whale had rather bee without there companie; one is called a
Sword-fish, the other a Tbreasher; tbe sword-fish swimmes vnder the
whale and pricketh him vpward; the Threasher keei)eth aboue him, and
with a mightye great thing like vnto a flayle hee so bangeth the whale,
that he will roare as though it thundered, and doth giue him such blowes
with his weapon that you would thinke it to be a cracke of great shot."
The Bight Whale will sometime become playful with its young, toss-
ing it out of water time after time, and it is a somewhat curious fact
that they are more prone to indulge in this pastime during bright moon-
light nights, coming close in near the edge of the reefs on the south
side of the island and exhibiting their exploits within full view of per-
sons on shore.
*''PaTohaM His Pilgrimes,'' vol. iv, London, 1685. The ninth book, chap, vi: '*A
true repertory of the wracke, and redemption of Sir Thomas Gates, Knight; vpon,
and from the Islands of tbe Bermndae : his comming to Virginia, and the estate of
that Colonie tben. and after, vnder the gonerument of the Lord La Warrk, July 15^
IGIO. Written by William Stkachy, Esqnire.''
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MAMMALS OF BERMUDA. 151
Borne of the larger whales when captured are found to be infested
externally by parasites, among others the well-known cirripede ( BaUmus)^
which, from the large size some of the specimens attain, mnst have been
in siiu for a considerable x>oripd.
The flesh of this whale, especially that of the cab, is often sold for
food, and is considered a treat by the families of the fishermen and labor-
ers, who cannot afford to pay the exorbitant prices demanded by the
vendors of butchers' meat and poultry. We cannot, however, coincide
with the statements of those who declare it impossible to tell a whale-
steak fipom a beef one, when properly cooked, for the oily nature of the
substance cannot wholly- be obliterated under any circumstances, and
never fails to afford the palate of the most ordinary taster a clew to its
origin.
The migrations of this whale,* as far as the Forth Atlantic is con-
cerned, are by no means clearly ascertained, as evinced by the state-
ment made by M. F. Maury, who affirms that "the Bight Whale
does not cross the equator or reach so low a latitude as Bermuda in the
West Atlantic, although it does so on the side of Madeira.'' A very
general belief prevails that the heated waters of the Gulf Stream pre-
sent an impassable barrier to the southward progress of the Bight
Whale, and it is somewhat strange that although the presence of this
species has been known to the inhabitants of the Bermudas ever since
the islands were first colonized, as well as to American whalers for
many years, its mode of reaching that position has not been properly
investigated. The fact of its crossing the Gulf Stream on its southward
migration, and also on its return to the north, has been well known to
all traders between northern parts and the West Indies ever since com-
mercial intercourse has been established; but we are unaware of any
published statements ha\ing appeared to such effect until Gol. Drum-
mond Hay, President of the Natural History Society of Perthshire, (Scot-
land), who was quartered with his regiment, the Forty-second Highland-
ers, for some years upon the islands, and devoted much of his leisure
time in investigating their natural history, in a paper on "Migration,"
which he recently read before his society, thus alluded to the matter:
"One especial instance which I will take is that of the Greenland Whale
*Owiu}( to ike i-oiiluHiou iu local noiueuclatiire so ]>revalent in JBenuoda, the
Tvriierhan failed t4> diHcrinjinate between the Right Whale« and Hamp-baoks and
the Uowheud, which never ranges so far south. — Editor.
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152 MAMMALS OF BERMUDA.
{B. mysticetus)y which^ with the same regalarity as the swallow, comes to
Britain, visits the warm seas of the Bermuda Islands, where I have no-
ticed them in large numbers, arriving regularly about the last week of
February or beginning of March, and remaining till the beginning of
June, and sometimes a little later ; those frequenting the shallow waters
being the cow-whales with their young, the bulls probably keeping in
the deei>er waters outside the ree&. While sailing from Bermuda to
Nova Scotia, in the month of June, I observed large troops of the blow
or true whale, all heading to the north, no doubt on their way from the
Bermudas and the warmer seas."
It being, therefore, beyond doubt that the Bight Whale does pass
through the Gulf Stream on its southern migration to the Bermudas, it
becomes an interesting question whether the animal is submitted to a
higher degree of temperature while passing through the stream than it
is while inhabiting the waters of Bermuda, in which it passes some four
months of its existence regularly every year. We are fortunately able
to. give reliable information upon this subject, having during several
voyages between Halifax and the Bermudas (which route, being almost
direct north and south, is that traversed by the whales), at different
seasons of the year, had excellent opportunities, through the kindness
of the commanders of the royal mail steam packets, who are in the habit
of taking observations every four hours, of ascertaining the temperature
of the Gulf Stream at various positions, and we find that scarcely any
difference exists in its temperature as far as regards the months of Feb-
ruary and June, the known periods of migration, and that the highest
degree of heat of the stream at those periods yet recorded has never
exceeded 73o. We have next to look at the temperature of the sea im-
mediately around the Bermudas during the months of February and
March, when the whales arrive, and we find that it is generally about
64^, and that of June, when they depart, about 74^; so that it is clear
these animals are submitted to a higher degree of temperature for a
month or more in the locality they have chosen for a winter resort, than
they are during their passage through that supposed impassable barrier
of heat, the Oulf Stream. Indeed, it may be said that this whale is
capable of bearing a much higher degree of temperature, for in some
seasons the maximum of surface temperature at Bermuda during the
month of June has reached 78^, so that all statements hitherto made to
the effect that the Bight or Greenland Whale is untitted to resist the
presence of heat must be considered as wholly incorrect.
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MAMMALS OF BERMUDA. 153
It i8 more than probable that this whale rarely proceeds farther south
in the West Atlantic than the latitude of the Bermudas, and that it pos-
sibly visits those islands merely for the purpose of bringing forth its
young; a theory not unsupported by fact, when we find that the majority
of whales taken consist of females and cubs*
Family PHTSETERED^.
Phtsbteb maobooephalus, L.
Sperm Whale $ Spermaceti Whale ^ Trompe Whale.
This species can hardly be considered as more than a casual visitant
to Bermudian waters, for it is only at intervals of a few years that the
islanders have the good fortune to capture one.
The first authentic account we have of this species being found at
the Bermudas is in the ^^Oonstitucons and Instructions to Mr. Daniel
Tucker now chosen Deputie Gtounor for the Bomer Islands given by the
Gk>uenor and Gompanie of the Oittye of London for the said Planta-
con'' (Date 1616).
<« Theise kind of whales we understand by theire description wch have
seen them are called Trompe Whales, at whose places of resort there is
ever found greate store of Ambergreece, the oyle will be as hard as tal-
lowe, when yt is made, but yet very good for many uses, lett yt be care-
ftdly casked up by ytself, without any other whale oyle of other kinds
to be mixed with it. Also that kind of whale yieldeth great store of
Spermacety wch lyeth in the head, lett that also be carefully reserved
by ytself, and put into Gaske marked for Spermaceti whither y t be thin
or thicke, we will trye it and refine y t when yt shall come hither and doe
well observe that puttinge up the oyle the coopers may make the caske
very tight, for leakedge by putting Bullrusbes into the ioynts, for wch
vse we have sent hence store by theise shipps.
<^ Those Trompe Whales are observed to have noefins in their throats
as some other small whales have, but they have in some of theire inward
pts great store of Ambergreece congealed, wch they have not as yet
cast out, we pray that you have a care that when any whale is opened
you would yourselfe attend or cause some other to see yt searched
thoroughly, that neither by negligence or fraud we may be deprived of
that hope.''
Of late years very few have been taken. One in May, 1863, of the
goodly length of 47 feet was captured, and again on June 19, 1869, an-
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154 MAMMALS OF BEBBfUDA.
other was staraok^ about 14 miles to the soath of David's Head, of the
length of 40 feet. One boat alone attacked this whale, and after some
difficulty the crew succeeded in killing it and towed it the whole way
to Saint George's Whale House, a feat which occupied no less than sev-
enteen hounu It was followed by a large number of sharks, which cut it
considerably. This whale appears to dislike the shallow waters within
soundings, and therefore has to be sought for almost out of sight of
land. Some are captured off the islands occasionally by passing Amer-
ican whalers. Ambergris, the well-known product of this species, is
alluded to in the very earliest accounts of the islands.
In the commission of (Governor Moore, granted to him by the Ber-
muda Company on his entering upon his official duties in the year 1612,
we find the following:
<^ Forasmuch as we cannot expect any greate retume of comodities
by this shipp, by reason of her short staye yet we advise and pray you
to be as pruident as you may, to send us some fhiits of your labors to
give encouragement to the adventurers, to make the more speedie and
better supplie vnto you, especially of Ambergreece wch wee doubt not
but you shall finde readye gathered by those three who were left by the
last shipp, or ells by the industrye of suche of yo^r own companie as
you shall employe to seek for yt, for whose better encouragement we
are contented to allowe for everye once (Troye weight) that you shall
receaue from any of thi^, the some of thirteene shillinges fowre pence,
but yf you shall flnde any man to goe about to conceale yt and appro-
priate yt to his owne prticuler use, then you are to seaze upon yt, as
you forfeite to the vndertakers, and inflict such other punishment upon
the offenders as the qualitie of these offences shall deserve."
In the Laws of the Bermuda Gompany enacted in 1622, we And a pro-
tective clause concerning this commodity :
^< There is likewise and shall be forever reserved to the Gompany a
fifth part of all the Ambergreece that shall be found; and the rest shall
be divided equally betweene the finder and the owner of the land where
the same is found; save that three shillings four pence upon every ounce
of the said Ambergreece shall be allowed to the Oovernour of the said
Islands. And whosoever shall not discover to the said Governour and
Sheriffe and some one other of the Oouncell, the true quantity of the
Ambergreece so found, within five days after the finding of the same,
shall forfeit his owne intire part to the Gompany, and be subject to such
other punishment as the Oenerall Court shall award."
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MAMMALS OF BERMUDA. 155
Again in << Domestic Correspondence," Jac. I, vol. Ixxiv, No. 89, allu-
sion is made to it in a commonication ftom one John Chamberlain to
the Bight Hon. Sir Dadley Carleton, Et :
*<OOT.27,1613.
^^From the Bermudas or Sommer-y lauds there hath come great store
of Ambergreece this yeare, w^^ is the only commoditie they have thence
as yet, but they hope for more hereafter of many kindes, though noth-
ing so rich, and begin to nestle and plant there very handsomely, where-
at the Spaniard is nothing pleased but threatens the next yeare to re-
move them, which advertisement they have by goode meanes and many
wayes, but they seeme nothing dismayed therewith, trusting rather to
the difficultie of accesse, than to any other strength of theyre owne; the
greatest peece of amber in one lump that hath bin heard of was found
there this yeare being as bigge as the body of a giant, and annswerable
or resembling almost in all points sauing for the want of the heade and
one arme; but they handled the matter so foolishly that they brake yt
in peeces, and the biggest they brought home was not above 168 ounces
w®^ sells better by twelve or fifteen shillings in an ounce than that w^^
is smaller." .
That it was considered at that time to be of particular commercial
value we glean fh)m the following threatened punishment to be inflicted
on those who dared to buy or sell it on the islands (Date, 1616) :
*<No Marryner Sayler or any else of what quality or grade so eue' be-
longing to any shippe or shipps nowe here resident or who hereafter
shall arrive, may bargayne buy trucke or trade with any member of
this Plantacon, man woman or childe for Ambergreece of what quantity
so euC, nor for any Ambergreece shall exchange any their provisions
whether Butter Cheese Bisket Meale Aquavitoe Oyle any kind of frute
or spice or any other prouisions of what qualitie so cue' at any tyme or
soe long as they shall here remayne from the date of their presents
upon payne to lose the Ambergreece soe bought or trucked for, and losse
of their wages in England with corporale punishm^ here to be inflicted
upon them, and what so eue' pson or psons belonging unto any such shipp
or shipps receeve or take any the said Ambergreece of or from any pson
or psons members of this plantacon privately take the same unto Eng-
land upon the same p. ill. INor shall any pson or psons whatsoeu' of
what degree or qualitie soeu' of their Island dare to sell any Ambergreece
or the same to trucke exchange or give awaye vnto any such for money
or such aforesaide prouisions or otherwise to be as aforesaide upon p. ill
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156 MAMMALS OF BERMUDA.
to lye in Irons 48 hoars w*** addicon of snch other severe punishm** as
shalbe inflicted upon them. And what 8oea>^ pson or psons that shall
at any tyme fyude any Ambergreece and not within the space of tenne
dayes bringe or sonde the same to the Oonerno' or give notice thereof
vnto him where he or thay shall receive content after the rate of the
moitie of the halfe the Ambergreece en^'y onnce shall not only lose the
profit for finding thereof Bat also nndergoe the aforesaid pnnishment
with severity of Jnstice w®^ in that case shall sorely be execated."
The weight of the several pieces of ambergris foand at different times
since the islands were settled appears to have varied greatly. In 1611
one is recorded of the enormoos balk of 80 poands ; in 1620, one of eight
oonces; inl625,oneofnineoances; in 1626, one of 2 onnces, and another
the same year of 19^ oonces. Of late years it appears to have been
rarely foond.
Order INSECTIVORA.
Family SORICIDJB.
SOBEX f
Daring one of oar first visits to the islands several years ago we cap-
tared what we believed to be a member of this &mily, bat the specimen
was nnfortanately lost. Daring oar last visit, in the winter of 1876-^77,
we gave chase to what we were almost positive was a specimen, rnnning
on the side of a by-road in Devonshire parish, bat it proved too nimble
and escaped. The pecaliar dark velvety look of the ftir and the small
size of the animal was qaite sofficient to distingnish it firom a common
monse. We have, moreover, received the testimony of reliable persons
as to a monse of this description being occasionally caught, so we think
it admissible to register the nnknown nnder its generic name.
Order RODENTIA.
Family MURIDJB.
Mus DECUMANUS, Pallas.
^^Norway Rat^ ; ^^Brown Rat.^
Mu$ dwmmanuSf Pallae, Glires, 1778, 91.— Schreber, Sangt. IV, 645; tab. olxxyiii.—
Eeyserling und Blasius, Ear. Wirb. I, 1842, 36.— De Kay, N. T. Zool. I, 1842,
80.— Wagner, Snppl. Schreb. Ill, 1843, i.— Bormeister, Thieie Bnwiliens, I,
1854, 152.— Aad. and Bach, N. Am. Qaad. II, 1851, 22, pi. liv.
Mus norvegicus, Erxleben, Syst. An. I, 1776, 381.
The introdaction of rats npon an oceanic island at a period anterior
to its occupation by man can only be due to the arrival, or destruction^
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MAMMALS OF BERMUDA. 157
of a vessel coutaining such animals upon its shores; and in the case of
the Bermudas, which are known to have been the last resting place of
many a craft long before they came into the possession of the English,
there can be no doubt as to the means by which they obtained a footing
upon those isles, so far distant from the nearest land.
As the Norway Eat, which it appears belonged originally to the
warmer regions of Central Asia, was introduced into the western coun-
tries of Europe so late as the middle of the eighteenth century,^ it
clearly could not have been the species that overrun the Bermudas, ac-
cording to Smith, more than a century before.t Most probably it came
to the islands in some of the vessels sent out by the Bermuda Company
from England laden with stores for the colonists, about the end of the
eighteenth century.
In some of the older houses, especially near the sea, this rat is very
troublesome, consuming almost every article it can find, even to the
bedclothes of the occupants as they lie asleep, and instances are
recorded where children have been seriously bitten during repose at
night. This rat is also common in the marshes, where it swims and
dives with fiEicility. The old and fiill-grown specimens are called
^^ beagles " by the islanders.
MUS BATTUS, L.
"Bfcu* BaiP
Mu^ratius, Lin. Syst. Nat. I, 1766.— De Kay, N. T. Zool. I, 1842, 79.— And. andBaoh.
N. Amer. Quad. 1, 1849, 189, pi. xxUi.— Giebel, Sanght. 1855, 565.
Mu9 amerioanus, De Kay, N. T. Zool. 1, 1842, 81, pi. xxi, f. 2.
Mu$ nigricansy Baf. Am. Month. Mag. Ill, 1818, 446.
This sx)ecies, which was once so abundant all over Europe and Korth
America, and probably equally so before the introduction of the common
house-rat into the Bermudas, is now so scarce that it may be almost
said to be extinct.
Mus TBOTOBUM, Savi.
" Tree RatP
Mu$ teoiomm, Savi. '^Nnovi Giornale di Lett. 1825."— Bonaparte, Fauna Italica,
plate.— Keys ^b Blaeins, Eorop. Wirb. 1842, 36.— Wagner, SnppL Schreb. Ill,
1843,405.— Bnrmeister, Thiere Brasiliens, 1, 1854, 154.— Giebel, Zoologle, 1855,
555.
Mu$ alexandrinuif "Geof&. Deeo. de TEgypte."
Mwflaviventrii, ''Licht. Brants Miiizen, 108."
* Baird, Mammals of North America, p. 439.
t Smith, History of Virginia, p. 137.
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158 MAMMALS OF BERMUDA.
Mu$ infaacatMy '* Wagner, Suppl. Scbreb. Ill, 1843,445.''
Mu8 seiosuSf *^Lund, Bras. Dyr/'
f Mu8 rattus, var. And. <& Bach. N. Amer. Quad. I, 1849, 191, 194, pi. xxiii.
Mu» americanus, "Lebr., Thee. II, 30; tab. xxix."— Erecleben, &jst. An. 1, 1776, 385.—
Leconte, Pr. A. N. So. PhU. VI, la^, 414.
Bat d'Amerique, **Bri88on, Reg. An. I, 172."
The earliest accoant of this rat, as inhabiting the Bermudas, is about
the year 1615 when, from the following instructions sent out by the
Bermuda Company in London to Governor Tucker, we infer that it
existed there:
"Wee have sent yon yellow ratsbane in fyne powder to kill ratts to
be mixed with oatemeale and laid in shells on the ground wesoever they
haunt, wch lett not be neglected nor any other meanes to traps snares
and whatsoever ellse to sestroye them utterlye yf yt be possible least
they mutliplie upon you and devour all yor fruits and plants.^
In Capt. John Smith's History of Virginia it is stated that in the year
1618 a vessel laden with grain was wrecked on the reefs, and that num-
bers of rats escaped from her and landed on the islands to the great
detriment of the plantation. The account is as follows:
^^Bnt the great God of heaven being angry, caused such an increase
of silly rats in the space of two years so to abound, before they regarded
them, that they filled not onely those places where they first were
landed, but swimming from place to place, spread themselves into all
parts of the countrey, insomuch that there was no iland but it was pes-
tered with them; and some fishes have been taken with rats in their
bellies, which they caught in swimming from ile to ile; their nests had
almost in every tree, and in most places their burrowes in the gronnd
like conies; they spared not the fruits of the plants, or trees, nor the
very plants themselves, but ate them up. When they had set their
come, the rats would come by troupes in the night and scratch it out
of the ground. If by diligent watch any escaped till it came to earing,
it should then very hardly escape them ; and they became noysome even
to the very persons of men. They vsed all the diligence they could for
the destroying of them, nourishing cats both wilde and tame, for that
purpose; they vsed ratsbane, and many times set fire on the woods that
oft run half a mile before it was extinct euery man was enioyned to set
twelve traps, and some of their own accord have set neare an hundred,
which they euer visited twice or thrice in a night; they also tanned up
their dogges to hunt them, wherein they became so expert that a good
dog in two or three hours would kill forty or fifty. Many other devices
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MAMMALS OF BERMUDA. 159
they used to destroy them, but could not prevaile, finding them still
increasing against them ; nay they so devoured the fruits of the earth
that they were destitute of bread for a yeare or two; so that when they
had it afterwards, they were so wained from it, they easily neglected to
eat it with their meat. Besides, they eudeauoured so much for the
planting tobacco for present gaine, that they neglected many things
might more have prevailed for their good, which caused amongst them
much weakness and mortality, since the beginning of this vermine.
"At last it pleased God, but by what meanes it is not well known, to
take them away ; in so much that the wilde cats and many dogs that
lived on them were famished, and many of them leaving the woods
came down to their homes, and to such places where they use to garbish
their fish, and became tame. Some have attributed the destruction of
them to the increase of wild cats, but that is not likely they should be
so suddenly increased rather at that time, than four years before; and
the chief occasion of this supposition was because they saw some com-
panies of them leave the woods, and slew themselves for want of food;
others by the coldnesse of winter which notwithstanding is neuer so
great there, as with us in March, except it be in the wind; besides the
rats wanted not the feathers of young birds and chickens which they
daily killed, and Palmetto mosse to builde themselves warm nests out
of the wind; as usually they did; neither doth it appeare that the cold
was so mortal to them, seeing they would ordinarily swimme from place
to place, and bee very fat even in the midst of winter. It remaineth
then, that as God doth sometimes effect his will without subordinate
and secondary causes, so we need not doubt, but that in the speedy
increase of this vermine, as also by the preservation of so many of them
by such weake meanes as they then enioyed, and especially in the so
sudden remoual of this great annoyance, there was ioyned with and
besides the ordinary and manifest meanes, a more mediate and secret
work of God.^
From this description it is evident that the amazing horde of rats
which overran the islands at this early date were tree rats which at the
present day usually construct their nests in trees, as they appear to have
done two centuries and a half ago. But the question may arise, how
could so vast a horde suddenly, as it were, come into being, for if we are
to place any confidence in the accounts given by Jourdan not a rat was
to be seen some five years previous. It certainly appears somewhat
mysterious, and we cannot but think that rats existed on the islands
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160 MAMMATifl OF BERMUDA.
many years before the wreck of Sir Oeorge Somers' vessel, which is so
graphically described in the work referred to. And it is, moreover, very
probable that the tree or roof rat, which was an Old World species origin-
ally from Egypt and Nnbia, ft*om which it was taken to Italy and Spain,*
was mtrodnced into the Bermudas by the several wrecks of Spanish ves-
sels which during the sixteenth century were evidently cast upon them.
Many of these vessels were possibly cast away on the western reefs, as
are most of the vessels voyaging from the West Indies to Europe at the
present day. In this case the rats would have landed on the shores of
Somerset parish, which &ce these reefs, and finding ample food for some
years for their wants, would have had no occasion to migrate to other
parts of the group. But after a lapse of a few years, taking into con-
sideration the fecundity of the race in a genial climate, and the absence
of all enemies, their numbers would increase so prodigiously that all
available food would be consumed and a migration rendered absolutely
necessary. Thus would occur the sudden invasion made upon the crops
and stores of the early settlers who were established at the east end of
the islands, for by the natural instinct granted to all animals, the posi-
tion of food in plenty would soon be discovered, especially by these
starving creatures.
The tree rat is very fond of fruits, and will climb up and do great dam-
age, especially to crops of oranges. We have reason to believe that it
is this species which is also so destructive to the root crop. In common
with the brown rat, they will frequent stables for the purpose of pro-
curing the oats or Indian com given to the horses, but while the lat-
ter species generally makes its exit when surprised by holes in the
floor, the former takes to the roof and escapes by the opening under
tiie eaves. It builds its nests either in the dilapidated roofs of old
houses or outhouses, or in trees. In the latter case it chooses various
positions, but generally one which enables it to rest secure from the
efiects of the heavy gales of wind which are of frequent occurrence.
We have found them as high as 20 feet from the ground, situate in an
angle formed by the bole of an aged cedar and a lateral branch of the
same; also within a few feet of the ground, in the fork of a branch of
cedar. Again, in a low bush in a swamp, a few feet above the stagnant
water. The nests which occur in the cedars are composed entirely of
the bark of the same trees, called ^^bass*^ by the islanders; the long,
coarse strips outside, while within, the substance gets finer and finer.
•*Baird, Mammals of North America.
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MAMMALS OF BERMUDA. 161
In other situatioiiSy as the shrab we have mentioned^ the nest is com-
posed oatwardly of leaves of that shrub, with softer vegetable material
within. In most cases the nest is generally spheqcal and about a foot
in diameter. Whenever we have surprised the tenants of these nests
unawares, we have always observed the young, about half or three parts
grown, escape, but no old ones.
It was not until the year 1873 that we were enabled, through the
kindness of Prof. S. F. Baird, satisfactorily to identify the species, as in
common with the native inhabitants, we had always considered it sis
merely a variety of the brown ratj but in that year, having secured
two half-grown young from a nest, and perceiving a marked difference
in the color, especially of the under parts, we forwarded one to the
Smithsonian Institution for Professor Baird's opinion, who at once
recognized it as the white-bellied or roof rat of the Southern States.
MUS MUSCTJLUS, L.
Common Mouse.
The common mouse is very abundant throughout the islands, but more
es][)ecially so where surrounding circumstances favor its support and
increase. In all dwellings and their outhouses it is to be found; but
usually where rats are numerous the mice are scarce ; for there is no
doubt that the smaller members of the tribe suffer greatly from the con-
tinued attacks of the larger ones. They are particularly numerous
about planting land, and do much damage to the root crops, as well as
to the Indian com. We have observed them even in the center of the
marshes where the ground was more or less covered by water, at the
roots of the tall sedges, making their way over the prostrate stems.
It can swim well whea occasion requires, and has no doubt by this means
introduced itself into many situations where its occurrence could not
otherwise be satisfactorily accounted for. We have been informed that '
light-colored mice have been seen in different places, which the observers
have supposed to differ from the common sx>ecies; but our own investiga-
tions, which have extended over several years in almost every part of
the group, do not allow us to concur in the supposition.
As a somewhat curious circumstance we may state that the common
domestic fowl of the island will sometimes seize a mouse and eat it.
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 25 11
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I>^IIT IV.
THE BIRDS OF BERMUDA.
BY
Capt SAVILE 0. REID, F. Z. S.,
Op the Boyal Enginkrrs, Member of the British Ornithologists' Union, &c.
163
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THE BIRDS OF BERMUDA.
INTBODUCTION.
It was with considerable diffidence, notwithstanding the very flatter-
ing nature of the invitation sent to me, that I consented to appear a
a third time in print on the avi-fanna of the Bermudas^ and I trust that
a knowledge of this fact may go far to excuse my presumption in rang-
ing myself among the learned professors and men of science who con-
tribute to this worky and also the numerous short-comings in my par-
ticular department. I was puzzled for a long time how to begin my
task, finally deciding to present, as a brief history of the Birds of the
Bermudas, my original notes published in the ^' Field" newspaper in
1875, and in the " Zoologist '^ in 1877, thoroughly revised and brought
up to date, with the addition of the synonymy and measurements of
each species taken from the highest American and European authorities.
I fear a long introduction will be considered out of place in a work
like this, but, as it may possibly prove of interest to any naturalist con-
templating a visit to the islands, I have ventured to rewrite a large
portion of my original preface, as follows :
In March, 1874, when ordered to the Bermudas to complete my tour
of foreign service, I made diligent and most anxious inquiries about the
birds likely to be found there, and I must say the answers I got from
brother officers and others who were familiar with the islands were any-
thing but satisfactory in^ ornithological point of view. I was informed
that birds were few and far between, with the exception of one or two
common resident species, and a casual flock of plovers or waders in the
autumn months. My ardor cooled to zero abruptly. I looked forward
to the red, blue, black, and white birds of my informants, and the un-
certain and erratic Plover, with a sigh of despair I Should I take a gun
at all, to lie idle in the damp corrosive climate to which I was bound t
However, on board the good ship Severn — a hired transport, which
conveyed the company of Boyal Engineers, to which I then belonged,
across the Atlantic— I found some officers of H. M. Fifty-third Regiment
165
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166 BIRDS OF BERMUDA.
retarning to Bermnda from leave in England^ one of whom (Captain
Booke) was a great sportsman, and had shot and collected some birds
daring his previous residence in the " beautiful isle of the sea.'^ His
account was decidedly reassuring. He spoke of twenty or more species,
and delighted my ears with the magic words — "Teal'' and "Snipe.'' I
was thaukful then that my trusty 16bore was lying snug and safe in
my cabin, ready to add to the Bermuda lists when called upon.
We left Gibraltar on the 12th, but did not land in Bermuda till March
30, owing to a pleasant head-wind and somewhat limited powers of
locomotion. My note-book was started next day — our first on shore —
and was religiously kept up from that time till June 3, 1875, when I left
again for English soil.
Situated in latitude 32^ 15' north, and longitude 64^ 51' w^t, 600
miles or more from the great North American continent, and exposed
to the full force of ever- varying gales, the long, narrow group of islands
known as the "Bermudas" offer a harbor of refuge to many a weary,
storm-beaten migrant on its passage north or south, and in consequence
we find a great many genera of the North American avi-fauna repre-
sented in the visiting list. On this subject my friend, Mr. J. Matthew
Jones, of the Middle Temple, editor of "The Naturalist in Bermuda'^
(1859), remarks: "That the Bermudas afford an excellent position from
whence to observe the' annual migration of many species of the feathered
tribes of America cannot be doubted. Equidistant, or nearly so, from
the shores of Nova Scotia, the United States, and the West Indian
archipelago, they present, as it were, a casual resting-place to many
birds while traversing the broad expanse of ocean which forms the
eastern limit of their great line of flight."
Some species, as the American Golden Plover, American Snipe, Sora
Rail, Night Hawk, Yellowshanks, &c., seldom fail to appear every au-
tumn, and may be set down as regular visitors, probably from the fact
that their line of migration is direct from the northeastern coasts of the
contineut to the West Indies and tropical Soath America ; but, as will
presently be seen, the great bulk of the recorded species are irregular
or accidental visitors, whose migratory journeys are less ambitious, and
who are blown off the mainland by unfavorable winds. That fresh
species will from time to time be added to the present list is more than
probable; in fact, it is possible that the whole migratory avi-fauna of
North America may eventually be recorded as Bermudian. When such
diminutive flyers as the Buby -throated Humming-bird, TrodUlus colu^
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BIRDS OF BERMUDA. 167
brisj and the Blao Yellow-backed Warbler^ Parula americana^ can find
their way across 600 miles of water in safety, where is the line to be
drawn t
With the exception of a solitary example of the European Skylark^
Alauda arvenaiSj and two of the European Snipe, Oallindgo media, the
whole of the birds recorded in the Bermuda list are included in that of
North America, and no species has as yet been discovered peculiar to
the islands. This, if we accept the theory of the comparatively recent
"uEolian" formation of the group, is not to be wondered at. At one
time I actually had great hopes of establishing a real 'Mudian species,
as I several times observed a small brown bird, remarkably shy and
mouse-like in its habits, among the dense rushes and scrub of the larger
swamps, and this I could not refer to any known North American form.
I had a good view pf one, too, close to me, one Sunday afternoon {of
course it was a Sunday, when I had no gun with me), and carefully took
Btodk of the little fellow; but as I never succeeded in procuring a speci-
men, I must perforce leave the question undecided, in the hope that
some one may be more fortunate in this respect than myself.
Bejecting doubtful occurrences, one hundred' and eighty-one species
are known to have occurred in the Bermudas up to June 3, 1875. Since
then five more have been added, making a total of one hundred and
eighty-six species entitled to a place in the list of Bermudian birds.
During the fourteen months I resided there, no less than seventy -nine
species wfere recorded, sixty -eight of these by myself personally. I was
only able to obtain specimens of sixty-one of these, but that, of course,
far exceeded my original expectations. The winter of 1874-'75 was not
exactly a favorable one for a collector, few violent storms occurring at
critical times to drive the birds to the strange and unexpected shelter
in mid-ocean. I worked hard — as hard, that is to say, as my multi-
farious duties as an engineer ofiicer would permit — but many things are
against the study of ornithology in the Bermudas. In the first pldce,
the peculiar elongated shape of the group of islands, and the long dis-
tances between the various swamps and "likely'' places, to say nothing
of the indifferent character of the roads, render it no easy task to
"register'' even a particular district in the course of an afternoon. The
climate, too, except when the wind is firom the north in winter time, is
warm and damp, and much against a long struggle through the sage
bush and scrubby cedars which clothe the hills, or over the rough, steel-
pointed rocks of the shore. Then there is such an extent of cedar forest,
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168 BIRDS OF BESMI7BA.
•dotted here and there with patches of highly-coltivated ^rden, that it is
hard to find birds, or, when found, to follow them up. Mosqoitoes are
frightfally large and ferocioos in summer andaatnmn, especially in and
aronnd the ponds and swamps. Many a time have I lost a long-
expected shot by having to brash the little torments in dozens from my
nose and eyes. And as to believing a word the good-natured colored
people tell you about the extraordinary birds they see, it is simply
impossible.
But, in spite of these drawbacks, I enjoyed my ornithological labors
vastly, and look back with pleasure not only to the successfal stalk or
lucky snapshot which occasionally rewarded my exertions, but also to
the numerous instructive hours I passed, field-glass in hand, in the deep-
est recesses of the swamps or on the open shore, watching the agile
M/iiotilta varia and the comical Totanus soUtariuSf or listening to the
loud musical ^^chip" of 8eiuru8 noveboraoenaiSj and the harsh, grating
cry of the Phaetons.
In the following notes I have largely availed myself of those of Col-
onel Wedderbum (late Forty-second Highlanders) and Mr. Hurdis (for-
rierly controller of customs in the islands), which have already been
given to the public in a little work, entitled "The Naturalist in Ber-
muda,^ to which I have before alluded; also of the collection of birds
formed, during the last twenty-five years, by Mr. Bartram, of Stocks
Point, near St. George's. I trust I may be held excused for the con-
stant references to these sources of information, both by the gentlemen
named and by the indulgent ornithological reader. Colonel Wedder-
burn and Mr. Hurdis compiled their valuable notes long before my time,
as may be inferred from the date of the book mentioned (1859) ; and
since tbeir departure no one, except my friend Mr. J. M. Jones, appears
to have kept any record of the bird-life of the islands — more's the pity.
With Mr. Bartram, now an elderly man, I struck up a great friendship,
and I spent many an afternoon poring over his birds. He has about
one hundred and twelve species, all collected and set up by himself, and
a carefully kept note-book relating to their capture. His collection is
the only odc of any note in the islands and contains numerous unique
examples of rare stragglers. An old soldier, settling at the expiration
of his service on the picturesque promontory of Stocks Point, where he
still resides, Mr. Bartram has added the study of natural science to that
of farming; and, in addition to producing the best arrow-root in the
place, he has a turn at geology, conchology, ornithology, and several
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BIBD8 OF BERMUDA. 169
other ^^ologies;" writes on soientiflo sabjects to the local papers; and
smokes his pipe in his mnsearo, monarch of all he sarveys — a commen-
dable example to the British army.
These, howerer, are not the only assistants, past or present, that I
met with. My friend Colonel Bland, Boyal Engineers, an excellent orni-
thologist, thongh he was too much engrossed with the cares of the royal
engineer's office to accompany me in many of my excursions, helped me
much in my identifications, which his knowledge of Canadian foYms
greatly aided; while Mr. J. M. Jones, besides placing his note-book at
my disposal, was always ready with a suggestion or kind word of en-
couragement. Lieutenant Denison, Boyal Engineers, my companion in
many a bird-hunt in days gone by, arrived in Bermuda in January, 1875 —
too late, unfortunately, to take much part in my labors. On him has
devolved the task of checking and auditing my accounts, of remedying
numerous deficiencies, and of supplying much additional information
collected during his eighteen months' residence in Bermuda.
in conclusion I may add that my friend Mr. J. L. Hurdis has kindly
sent me his valuable MS. notes on birds made during his long sojourn
in the islands; that Mr. Bartram has written me most interesting and
graphic letters on recent ornithological occurrences ; and that our worthy
editor has never for a moment relaxed his energetic co-operation with
me in the work I have undertaken.
S.G.E
Deoembeb, 1878.
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170 BIBDS OF BERMUDA.
Okdeb passeres.
Sub-order OSCINES.
FamUy TURDID^.
Subfamily TUEDIN^.
Genus Tuedus,. Linn.
1. Turdus migraUyriuB^ Linn. American Eobin^ Eed-breasted Thrush.
Turd%9 miffratarius, Linn., Forst., Yieil., Wils., Bp., Natt., And., and of aathors
generally.
Merula migraioriay Sw. &, Rich.
TwrdM$ oanadenaia^ Briss.
Lengthy 9.75; wing, 5.43; tail, 4.75; tarsus, 1.75.
Hab. — Continent of North America and portions of Mexico. West
Indies rarely.' Accidental in Europe. (Cones.)
By no means common, but occasionally arrives singly or in small
flocks, both on northward and southward migrations, especially the
former. Specimens were obtained in February and March, 1850, and
in March, 1855. One was sent to Mr. J. M. Jones on November 24,
1871, when several others were seen. I saw one near Hungry Bay on
October 29, 1874. Mr. Bartram obtained one at Stocks Point about the
same time, and Lieutenant Denison, Boyal Engineers, records one shot
in Devonshire Swamp on the 27th November, 1875 ; these last-named
occurrences establishing beyond doubt the autumnal appearance of
the species, which had not been recorded in former 3'ears. Like many
ocher migrants, the Eobin would seem to modify its habits considerably
on finding itself in a strange country, and to become shy and retiring
in disposition. The bird I saw took up its quarters in a thick mangrove
swamp, and remained there, or in some tall thick cedars hard by, for
several days. An intelligent colored boy in charge of cattle on an
adjoining meadow, who really does know how to describe a bird, saw it
frequently, and told me it was very wild and hard to get near. This is
very unlike the Robin I have met with in Canada and the United
States. It is a thousand pities that this fine bird cannot be persuaded
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BIBDS OF BERMUDA. 171
to stay and breed in Bermuda, and to add its mosic to that of the com-
mon resident species. Colonel Wedderborn mentions (Nat. in B., p. 27)
that a portion of a small flock of nnfortnnates, which made their
appearance in February, 1850, was spared, with the hope that they
might be tempted to remain; but they all disappeared in a few weeks'
time, not leaving a single straggler.
2. Turdus mustelinus^ Gm. Wood Thrush.
TurduB muatelinus, Gm., Lath., Yieil., Bp., Nutt., Aad., and of modem aathors.
Merula muateUnaj Rich.
Turdu$ meloduSf Wils., Turdus den$u8f Bp., HylocicMa musUlina, Bd.
Length, 8.10; wing, 4.25; tail, 3.05; tarsus, 1.26.
Hab. — United States, east of Missouri Plains, south to Guatemala,
Cuba, Honduras, Bermuda. (B. B. and E.)
Only one appearance of this species is on record, viz, in the autumn
of 1849 — a season also memorable in Bermuda annals for an extraordi-
nary invasion of Swallows and Cuckoos, which took place throughout
the islands. Both Colonel Wedderburn and Mr. Hurdis obtained speci-
mens of this Thrush, but Mr. Bartram was not so fortunate.
3. Turdus swainsonij Cab. Olive-backed Thrush.
Turdu9 minor f Gm., Yieil., Bp.
TurduB iolitariu$, Wils. Merula wiUonif Sw. & Pioh.
Turdus olivcKXUif Qir. Merula oUvacea, Brewer.
Turdus stvainsoni'f Cah., and of modero authors.
Turdus miiitfiiiiA, Lafresnaye, Bryant, Lawr.
Length, 7; wing, 4.15; tail, 3.10; tarsus, 1.10.
H<ib. — ^The whole of North America, excepting, perhaps, the south-
western United States, south to Central America, New Granada, Ecua-
dor, and Cuba. Greenland, Europe and Siberia (accidental). (Cones.)
This species also visited Bermuda in small numbers during the pro-
ductive autumn of 1849, when a few wereobtained. It has since occurred,
at long intervals, in the autumn. Mr. Bertram's collection contains three
specimens of various dates. On April 20, 1875, 1 shot a fine male in
Smith's Marsh, the first recorded instance of its vernal appearance.
The stomach contained four or five white grubs, and some fragments of
marsh plants. One was brought to Lieutenant Denison, Boyal Engi-
neers, on the 22d September, 1875, and another (a male) killed by a boy
with a stick in Devonshire Swamp, on the 19th February, 1876.
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172 BIBD8 O]
BIBD8 OF BEEMUDA.
Subfamily MIMINJB5.
GtenoB Mdcus, Boie.
4. Mimus carolinemisy (Linn.) Gray. Oat-bird.
Muioieapa earoUn€Mi$^ Linn.
TkrdiM caroUnem9i$, Lioht.
Orpheui oaroUnemU, And.
Mimui caroUnemU, Oray, Bd., and of modem anthon.
OaleoBooptei earoUnetuUf Cab., Bd., Samioh., 8cL, 8tey.
FeUvax caroUnefuiSf Bp.
T^rduifelivax, Yieil., Bp.,NnU., And.
OrpheuifeUvax, Sw. &, Blob., Aad.
Mimuifelivox, Bp.
Turdui lividuBj Wils.
Length, 8.85; wing, 3.65; tail, 4; tarsas, L5.
Hab. — United States, north to Bed Biver and Saskatchewan ; west to
the Columbia, to Utah, Wyoming, and Colorado; south to Panama,
Mexico, Cuba. Besident in Southern States (Cones).
Locally termed <^ Blackbird." Besident and abundant; its harsh,
mewing cry may be heard all the year round, relieved in spring by a
weak but commendable roundelay. After a shower of rain in Mayor
June the marshes appear literally alive with these sprightly birds, and
a most agreeable concert takes place among the males, prolonged till
dusk should the weather continue fine. On ordinary occasions duriL^
spring time they sing a good deal, but rain seems to delight them be-
yond measure. They are at most times remarkably bold birds, and fol-
low an intruder through the swamp or cedar grove, perching close to
him and scolding most unmusically; but when a pair have a nest they
are far more suspicious, and silently leave the neighborhood of their
home. The hen bird sits very close on her eggs, but when disturbed
darts rapidly away, returning as quickly and noiselessly when danger is
past. Nidification commences about the end of March and again at the
end of May, two broods being reared. The nest is a large clumsy struct-
ure, built of dry grasses, weeds, and twigs, lined with small rootlets.
It is very often ornamented externally with rags, bits of paper, skele-
ton leaves, &c., according to the quaint fancy of the architect. The
usual site is in a cedar branch or lemon tree, at from three to eight feet
from the ground; but occasionally an ambitious pair will go a few feet
higher. Eggs deep blue, with a greenish tinge, .92 in. by .68 in., usually
four in number. Among the numerous nests I examined I found a con-
siderable proportion to contain one egg much shorter and rounder than
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BIRDS OF BERMUDA. 173
the other three. In one case this egg was ahnost a perfect sphere.
There being bnt few grapes or wild fruit grown in Bermuda to attract
these mischievous birds^ they are not looked upon with the same dis-
&yor as in the United States. Mr. Hnrdis mentions two instances of
the occurrence of this species in mottled plumage, and I was told of
one being seen, while I was there, with a good deal of white about it
Family SAXIOOLID-ffl.
Genus Saxioola, Bechst
5. Saxioola osnanfhej Bechst. Wheatear.
Motacilla cdnanthe, Linn.
SaxicoJa iBnanthe, Bechst., and authors generaUy.
Saxicola cmamthoidetf Yig., CaM.
Length, 6; wing, 3.45; tail, 2.50; tarsus, 1.06.
Hob. — An Old World species (Europe, North Africa, and Asia).
Abundant in Greenland. Found probably as an autumnal migrant in
Labrador, Canada, Nova Scotia, &c. Very occasional in the Eastern
States: Long Island. (B. B. & B.)
This bird, a waif and a stray from Europe, via Greenland, to the
American continent, has actually found its way to these remote islands.
One was shot by an officer of the garrison, near the light-house, on Oc-
tober 5, 1846; the tail, unfortunately, was the only portion preserved,
bat this was sent to the late Mr. Yarrell, who confirmed its identity.
Another was seen frequently by Colonel Drummond and Colonel Wed-
derbum, near St. George's, in March, 1850, but baffled all their attempts
to obtain it. Whether these two examples came direct from Greenland,
or were blown off the American, coast, is an inscrutable mystery. No
others have since been recorded.
Genus Sialia, Sw.
6. Sialia aiaiis (Linn.) Hald. Eastern Bluebird.
Motacilla 9iali$, LinD.
Syluia $idlU, Lath., VieiL, Wlls.
Saxicola 9iali$,Bp.
AmpelU 9ialU, Nntt.
Sialia ^ialis^ Hald. and modem aathors.
Sialia wiUoni, Sw., Aud.
Eryikaca (Sialia) WiUatU, Sw. & Bioh.
Length, 6.75; wing, 4.00; tail, 2.90.
Bab, — Eastern fkunal area of temperate North America, north to 48<^ ;
west to Western Kansas (to Colorado, Holden) and Lower Missouri re-
gion; Bermuda, Cuba. (Cones.)
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174 BIRDS OF BEBMUDA.
The Blaebird is one of the resident species, and is very common. It
is also migratory, arriving in small flocks after heavy gales in the winter
months. Colonel Wedderbum observed them in large flocks at Ireland
Island on January 5, 1848^ ^nd my friend Mr. J. M. Jones records
their appearance in smaller bands in the Novembers of 1866 and 1871.
I have frequently noticed a sudden increase in the numbers of this spe-
cies in the winter, but the visitors appear to leave again in the early
spring, taking with them doubtless some of their 'Mudian brethren, for
no perceptible accession of strength is apparent during the ensuing
summer, and, as will presently be seen in a quotation from Mr. Hurdis^
notes, so many occasionally take their departure as to cause a percep-
tible diminution in the numbers of the resident birds.
Mr. Bartram, an excellent authority, inclines to the belief that they do
not migrate, but merely collect into flocks for the winter, but with all due
deference to him I think the following account by Mr. Hurdis is suffi-
cient to prove their migratory habits in the islands. "Although this
beautiful and familiar bird appears to be a permauent resident in the
Bermudas, vast flights of them sometimes arrive from the American
coast. This was particularly the case as observed by Colonel Wedder-
bum in the winter months of 1848. In December, 1849, 1 fell in with
a large flock of these birds in Paget Parish. There was an appearance
of wildness and vigor about them which convinced me they were
strangers. A small party of eight or ten birds of a different spedes
was observed in the midst of these Bluebirds, moving with the flock from
place to place. I contrived to get within range of the small party and
brought down one specimen, which proved to be a Cedar Waxwing
{A. cedrorum)j in beautiful plumage, but wanting the waxen appendages
to the secondaries. It was, consequently, a yonng bird of that year.
Now the Cedar Waxwing is a rare visitant in the Bermudas and is never
known to breed there. These Cedar-birds, then, must have arrived
recently in these islands, and in all probability had traversed the ocean
in company with the flock of Bluebirds they were associating with.
" There is reason to believe that numbers of the native Bluebirds leave
the Bermudas with these large migratory flocks, thereby causing, as in
the summer of 1851, a comparative scarcity of that bird ; indeed, but
for this supposed movement, it would be difficult to aecount for the
annual increase of the native bii'ds.
This is, to my mind, the most delightful of birds, and certainly the
flower of the limited flock of Bermuda residents ; its brilliant plumage,
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BIBDS OF BERMUDA. 175
vivacious manners, and pleasant warble render it an object of interest
to all I while its confiding and fearless nature in the breeding season,
and the namber of noxious insects it destroys, cause it to be strictly
protects throughout the islands. The flaale bird in spring, when the
sun's rays illumine his dazzling blue plumage, is perfectly lovely ; he
flashes across the road like a ray of azure light, and seems actaally to ,
blaze with intense color from among the sombre foliage of the cedars.
His spouse is far more sober in her attire ; but she too puts on nuptial
attire and looks uncommonly smart in April and May, when she acquires
an unusually vivid blue, and much suffusion of reddish brown about the
head. I accidentally shot one in this plumage one afternoon, thinking
it was a stranger, so much did it differ from the ordinary female. They
breed twice, and, I believe, in some cases thrice; I have seen fresh eggs
on April 4, and as late as June 19. Eggs four or five, delicate pale
blue, unspotted, .86 inch by .68 inch. Kest of grasses and bents, in all
manner of places. I have found them commonly in holes m old quarries
or road-side cuttings ; also in crevices of walls ; in rocks, even when
some little distance from the shore ; in holes in trees ; on the branches
of trees ; in stove and water-pipes ; in calabashes, boxes, &c., hung up
for them in the verandas of houses ; in the folds of a canvas awning
outside the door of one of the officers' quarters at Prospect Gamp ; and
in several other curious situations. The female sits close, and I have
caught her on the nest. The young are strikingly spotted until their
fifst molt. The males sing much in the early morning in spring, both
stationary and on the wing, and continue their song, though with
diminished ardor, till an hour or so before sunset. A warm, sunny day
in winter, however, is the time to hear them in perfection, when a favor-
ite cedar grove will resound with their combined melody, each songster
perched on the very topmost twig of a tall cedar. The song is merely
a short, but sweet, wild little stave, sounding to me not unlike that of
the Blue Thrush {Monticola cyaneus)^ as I used to hear it from the
heights, far away above my head, on the rock of Gibraltar. Tbe call-
note is a soft twitter; but they have also a loud double note, "cher-
wee," reminding one forcibly of that of an JBgialitxB. Attempts are
made frequently to bring up young birds from the nest, but they rarely
succeed. A few live ones lure to be seen in captivity, presumably adults
captured by birdlime or in traps ; but as a cage bird it is a failure. It
occasionally drives the Bed Bird (OardinaMs virginianus) from its nest,
even after eggs have been laid, and uses it as a foundation for its own.
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176 BIRDS OF BEBMUDA.
This is somewhat extraordinary^ when one considers the formidable bill
of the victim ; but the Bine Bird is a determined little fellow, and for-
tune favors the bold. A great number of ^^ crawlers ^ — ^long scaly grabs,
with no end of legs — are destroyed by these usefal birds, who will sit
patiently watching for them on a convenient twig, swooping down on
the first comer and bearing him off in triumph. They will also dart
into the air after passing insects much like a Flycatcher, returning
each time to their starting-point. They are very bold in pursuit of
prey when they have young to feed, but always visit their nest with
extreme caution should an observer be near.
Family PARID^.
Sub-fomily SITTDT^.
G^nus SiTTA, Linn.
7. Sitta oanadensiSy Linn. Bed-bellied Nuthatch.
SUta canadenaiSf Linn., Gm.| Lath., Bp., Nntt., And., BcL, and other modem
authors.
Sitta varia, WHb.
"Siita Btulta FW«.", (Bp.)
Length, about 4^ inches ; wing, 2§.
Bab. — ^North America, at large in wooded regions, but rather north-
erly (to 66^ or farther) ; south, however, to the Mexican border. (Goues.)
One specimen only has been taken in Bermuda; this is in Mr. Ba^t-
ram's collection, and was shot by himself near his house at Stocks Point.
Family CERTHIADJE.
Subfamily CBRTHIIN^.
Genus Cebthla., Linn.
8. OerthiafamUiariSj Linn. Brown Creeper.
CerihiafamUiaria, Linn, and of anthors— VieU., Wile., And., d^.
Certhia amerieana, Bp., Nntt., Bd., &c., and nearly aU local writers of eaatem
United States.
Certhia mexioanaj Qloger and Reich. , Slo, (A variety. )
Length, 6.50; wing, 2.60; tail, 2.90.
IToft.— Europe, North America at large, Mexico (var.). (Goues.)
Certhia familiaris^ Brown Greeper. — ^A male bird of this species was
shot by Bendall, an old soldier of the Fifty-third regiment, out of three
or four seen in Devonshire Swamp, on November 24, 1876.
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B1£DS OF BBRHUDA. 177
Famay MOTACILLIDiE.
Subfamily ANTHIN^.
Oenas Anthus, Bechst.
9. Anthus ludovicianusj (Om.) Licht. American Pipit.
Alauda huUmcianu, Gm., Lath.
Anthus ImdotfidanuBf Licht., Bp., And., Qirand, and modem aothon.
Alauda rubrOf Gm.
Anthus rebensj Merr.
AlaiAda penn^yhanioaf Briss. •
Antkue penn9jflvaniou8, '^ Zander". (Nanm.)
Alauda rufa, Wils.
Antktu apinolettay Bp., Nntt., And.
Anihus €iquaiUms, Sw. 6l Rich., And.
Anthus pipicus, And. , Bp.
AnthuM reinhardiii, HolboU.
Antkua hjfpogceuSf Bp.
Length, 6.50; wing, 3.45; tail, 2.95.
Hob. — Whole of North America; Mexico; Guatemala; Bermuda;
Greenland; accidental in Burope. (Goues.)
Anthus ludovieia/nus^ 'Brown Lark; Pipit. — Colonel Wedderbnin has
a specimen in his possession, shot by Mr. Fozard on Kovember 26, 1848.
There are two others in Mr. Bartxam's collection, shot by himself near
Bt. George's.
Family ALAUDID^.
Sub-fomily ALAUDIN^.
Genus Otocobys, Bp.
10. Otoeorys alpeatriSy Bp. Shore Lark, Homed Lark.
Alauda alpeBiriM^ Fonter., Linn., Gm., Lath., WUn., Bp., Kntt., And., and of
earlier anthors generally.
JSremophila alpestriSf Boie.
Phileremas alpestris, Brehm.,Bp., Keys. Sl Bias.
Oiocarya alpeatrisj Bp., Gray, Cab.
Alattda comutOf Wils., 8w. & Rich.
Eremophtta comuta, Boie, Bd., and recent American anthora.
PhUeremo9 comutuB, Bp.
OtocaryB ooniiita, Cab.
Length, 7.75; wing, 4.50; tail, 3.26; bill above, .52. (Bd.)
Hab. — Everywhere on the prairies and desert plains of North America;
Atlantic States in winter; Bermuda; Europe; Asia.
Obs. — Var. chrysoUemaj from southwest Territories of North America
and southward to New Granada. Yar. leucolasma resident on the dry
interior plains firom Iowa and Minnesota westward.
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 25 12
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178 BIRDS OF BEBBfUDA.
Three examples are recorded by Colonel Wedderbum: two at St.
'George's, October 26, 1849, and one at Spanish Point, February 27, 1850.
In Mr. Bartram's collection are three specimens. 1 shot a fine male on
the north shore, close to the old lunatic asylum, on January 29, 1875.
It fell into the sea, in the middle of a huge mass of gulf weed, through
^hich I had to swim some distance for it. Fortunately, I was not ob-
served, or I might have found myself an inmate of the adjacent build-
ing. Lieutenant Denison, Boyal Engineers, obtained two specimenA,
after my departure, in January, 1876.
G^nus AiiAUDA, Linn.
11. Alauda arvensiSy Linn. European Skylark.
Alauda arventis^ Linn.
Alauda italioaf Qm.
Alauda vulgarity Leaoh.
Alauda monta/na, Brehm.
Alauda cantarella, Bp.
Alauda duloivox, Hodgs.
Alauda japamicaf pehinen$i$, intermcdiaf Swinhoe.
Length, 7.25 ; wing, 4.50.
Hob. — Europe generally; Asia; Madeira; Bermudi^ (accidental); Egypt
and X. Africa.
Mr. Hurdis shot the only example of this well-known bird on June 12,
1850. It had no appearance of being an escaped cage bird, and I do
not see why a strong gale should not have driven it even to such a dis-
tance from its ordinary line of flight. Professor Xewton, in his fourth
edition of Yarrell's ^^ British Birds," alludes to this specimen in describ-
ing the geographical distribution of the species, but seems inclined to
doubt its being a genuine wild bird. It is worthy of remark that this
unfortunate bird was described to Mr. Hurdis by a <^ coloured" lad as
being '^ess than a pigeon, and of a light-green colour about the neck";
also as making a <^ curious noise" in the air, and as not knowing ap-
parently <<how to get down again," finally << tumbling down like a stone."
This is a fur sample of the information one may expect in Bermuda.
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BIRDS OF BERMUDA. 179
Family SYLVICOLID^.
Subfamily SYLVICOLDT^.
Genus Mniotilta, VieiU.
12. MniotUta varioj (Linu.) Yieil. Black and White Creeping Warbler.
Motae%lla va$ia, Linn.
Certhia varia, Vieil., Aad.
MniotUta variay Vieil., Bp., Ord., Aad., and of later writtfa.
Sylvia variaf Bp.
Sfflvioola varia, Rich.
Certhia maculaiaf Wils.
MniotUta boreali$, Nutt.
M, varia var. Iongiro9tri», Bd.
Length, 5 inches; wing, 2.85; tail, 2.26.
Hob. — ^Eastern North America, north to fttr countries in summer;
south to Mexico, Central America, and West Indies ; west to E[an8a8
and Missouri as high as Fort Pierre (Hayden) ; Bermuda (Ooues).
In October, 1849, one example of this neat little warbler was shot at
St. George's, and two or three more seen between that town and Ham-
ilton. One was obtained at Ireland Island on October 27, 1862. Mr.
J. M. Jones shot one in Devonshire Marsh in January, 1871. I found
them quite common in the autumn of 1874 and winter succeeding it,
and obtained several specimens, chiefly in the tall cedars of Devonshire
Swamp and around Hungry Bay. This bird was one of my especial
favorites, and I used to sit for hours watching its quick and graceful
motions, and its dexterity in capturing insects. Its mode of "register-
ing'' branch after branch, commencing at the bottom and ending at the
outermost twigs, is very like that of the Titmice.
Mr. Bartram informs me that he shot a sx>ecimen in good plumage on
the 4th May, 1878. This must have been a spring visitor on its north-
ward journey, I imagine.
Q^nus Pabula, Bp.
13. Parvla americana^ (Linn.) Bp. Blue Yellow-backed Warbler.
Farua americanus, Linn.
Motaoilla americana, Gm.
Sylvia americanaf Lath., Ord.
Sylvicola americana Ord. Woodh.
Parula americana, Bp., Gosse, Bd., Hayd., and late writem.
Moedula ludoviciana, Bnus.
MotacUla ludoviciana, Gm.
Motacilla eques, Boddaert.
Sylvia torquata, Vieil.
Sylvia pusilla, Wils.
Sylvicola puHlla, Sw.
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180 BIBDS OF BEBHUDA.
Length, 4.75; wing, 2.34; tail, 1.90.
Hob. — Eastern North America, south to Guatemala, north to Nova
Scotia, west to Missouri, Mexico, West Indies, Greenland (Cones).
This diminutive bird seems hardly fitted for a journey of 600 miles
across the ocean. Nevertheless, five examples are on record, viz, one
shot by Canon Tristram at Ireland Island, on April 21, 1849 ; one found
by Mr. Hurdis in 1853, in a collection of Bermuda skins sent to him for
examination; two others seen by myself, one being shot near Devon-
shire Swamp on October 19, 1874. My bird proved to be a male in
brilliant plumage; the other, probably a female, escaped. The two
were fluttering and creeping about at the extreme end of a large cedar
branch, like a veritable Partis. Mr. Bartram shot one near his house
on the 26th March, 1878.
Genus Pbotonotasia, Bd,
14. Protonotaria ciir<Ba^ (Bodd.) Bd. Prothonotary Warbler.
MotaoUla oitroMi, Bodd.
MniaUlla ciirwa, Gray.
ProUmoUuia oUrcsa, Bd. and later aothors.
HeJmintkapkaga citrisaf Cab.
Motadlla proUmoiariuBy Gm.
JSyUfia protonotarims, Lath., Vieil., Wils., Bp., Nutt., And.
Vermivara protonotariM, Bp., Woodh., Hoy.
Helinaia protonoiariu9f And.
SeJmitheruB proUHMtariii$, Bp.
Length, 5.40; wing, 2.90; taU, 2.25.
Hah. — South Atlantic and Gulf States to Maryland and Pennsylvanil^
and even Maine, Ohio, lUincMS, Kentucky, Kansas, Missouri, Gub%
Panama (Coues).
I had the pleasure of examining and identifying a specimen of this
handsome warbler, the only one yet obtained, in Mr. Bartram's collee-
tion. It was presented to him by Mr. Hyland, jr., of Saint G^orge'^,
who shot it, near that town, out of a small flock of the species, in the
autumn of 1874, and had just been preserved when I saw it.
Oenus Dbndeoioa, Gray.
16. Dendraica a^tiva, (Gm.) Bd. Blue-eyed Yellow Warbler ; Summer
Warbler.
Motadlla cBstwa, Gm.
Sylvia cesiivaf Lath., Vioil., And., Nntt^
Sylvioola €B8iivaf Sw. St, Rich., And., Woodh., Hoy.
Dendroica tBativaj Bd., Cones and late writers.
Sylvia carolinmais. Lath.
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BIRDS OF BERMUDA. 181
SyMaflava, Vieil.
Salvia dtrinelJt^y Wils.
Sylvia childrewif Aud.
SfflvinratKbaMa, And.
Lengthy 5.25; wing, 2.66; tail, 2.25.
Hob. — Whole of North America through Mexico and Central America
into South America; West Indies (represented by several insular forms
apparently not specifically distinct) (Cones).
Mr. Bartram has two specimens in his collection obtained by himself
at different dates. Lieutenant Denison, Royal Engineers, has also two,
both males, shot in Devonshire Swamp on the 23d November, 1875.
16. Dendroica virensj (Gm.) Bd. Black-throated Oreen Warbler.
Motadlla viren$f Qm,
Sylvia virens, Lath., Vieil., WiU., Bp. Nutt., And.
SylvioolavirenSy Bp., Aad., Woodh., Beinh.
Bhimanpkui virm»f Cab., Sol.
Mniotilta virens. Gray, Reinh.
Dendroica rireiM, Bd. and later writers generally.
Length, 5.00; wing, 2.58; tail, 2.30.
Hob. — Eastern United States to Missouri; south to Guatemala; acci-
dental in Greenland and Europe.
Another novelty brought to light in examining Mr. Bartram's birds.
He has three examples, one in the obscure plumage of youth, the others
in the ^^falP or female plumage of the adult.
A recent letter from Mr. Bartram contains the following: <<0n the
7th of May (1878) I shot a black-throated green Warbler showing a tri-
angular jet-black patch under the chin and throat, length 4J inches,
wing 2i, tail 2.^
17. Dendroica ccerulesoensj Bd. Black -throated Blue Warbler.
Motaoilla ccBrulesoenSf Qm,
Sylvia oafruU$oen$, Lath., Vieil.
Dendroica cenrmUBcemSf Bd., Hayn., CoaeB.
Motadlla canadensis j Linn.
Sylvia oanadensiSf Lath., Wils., Bp., Nutt., And.
Sylvicola canadenMSf Sw., Rich., Bp., And.
Mniotilta canadensis, Qray.
Dendroica oanadensiSf Brl., Sol., and other late aathois.
Sylvia pusilla, Wils.
Sylvia lencoptera, Wils.
Sylvia sphagnosa, Bp., Natt., And.
Length, 5.50; wing, 2.60; tail, 2.25.
Hab. — ^Eastem United States to the Missouri. West Indies. (Baiid.)
Two specimens of this striking-looking Warbler are in the Bartram
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182 BIRDS OF BERMUDA.
collection, shot by Mr. Bartram in a field of arrow-root on his fiurm not
many years since. No others are recorded.
18. Dendroioa oaronatay (Linn.) Gray. Yellow-rnmp Warbler.
MoUteilla eoronataf Linn.
Sylvia ooronatOy Lath., Vieil., Wils., Nutt., And.
Sylvioola oonmataj Sw. &, Rich., Aod.
Dtndroica caronata, Gray, Bd., Coaes, and late writen generally.
MnioHlta oaronataj Gray, Reinh.
Sylvia xanthcpjfffia, Vieil.
Length, 5.65; wing, 3.00; tail, 2.50.
Hab. — ^North America, excepting southwest Territories ; in the North-
west, across the continent, thence south along the Pacific coast to Wash-
ington Territory, Colorado, Arctic coast, Greenland, Mexico, Central
America, West Indies. (Cones.)
Several examples are recorded in <^The Naturalist in Bermuda."
Three of these were shot on Somerset Island by Captain Tolcher, Fifty-
sixth Eegiment, out of a flock of more than a hundred birds. In the
Bartram collection are four specimens. It was the commonest species
I met with in November and December, 1874, in the course of my even-
ing rambles among the cedar groves of Devonshire parish. Here I
obtained a few specimens, and could have shot many more had I wished.
They were rather shy, and flew rapidly from tree to tree, with a loud
^^chip" of alarm, showing the brilliant yellow of the rump plainly.
Those I shot were all in winter plumage, the yellow crown concealed by
brown feathers.
19. Dendroica castanea^ (Wils.) Bd. Bay-breasted Warbler.
Sylvia coBianea, Wils., Bp., Nott., And.
Sylvicola oattanea, Rioh., Bp., And., Hoy.
Mniotilia castanea, Gray.
BMmanpkus ca$ianeu8, Cab.
Dendroica castanea, Bd., Sol. A SalT., Lawr., Mayn., Coaes.
Sylvia autumnaliSf Wils., Nntt., And.
Length, 5.00; wing, 3.05; tail, 2.40.
HaA. — Eastern Provinces of North America to Hudson's Bay; Guate-
mala, south to Isthmus of Darien. Not recorded from Mexico or West
Indies. (B. B. & R.)
A young bird in the Bartram collection is the sole representative of
the species. It is in obscure plumage, but shows the bu£^ tint on the
sides of the body so characteristic of the species.
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BIBD8 OF BERMUDA. 183
20. Dendroica maculosaj (Gm.) Bd. Black and Yellow Warbler.
Motadlla maculosa, Gm.
Sylvia maculosa, Lath., Vieil., And., Nutt.
Sylvioola maculosa, Sw. &. Rich., And., Hoy.
Dendrocia maculosa, Bd., and later authors generally.
Sylvia magnolia, Wils.
Length, 5.00^ wing, 2.50; tail, 2.25.
E<ib. — Eastern North America to Fort Simpson; Eastern Mexico to
Gnatemala and Panama; Bahamas; Cuba (very rare). (B. B. & B.)
Mr. Bartram writes to me: " On the 7th May, 1878, 1 shot a Magnolia
Warbler. • ♦ • This is new to the Bermuda lists.''
21. Dendroica discolor^ (Vieil.) Bd. Prairie Warbler.
Sylvia discolor, Vieil., Bp., Nutt., And.
Sylvioola discolor, Jard. Rich., Bp., And., Gosse.
MnioHlta discolor. Gray.
Dendroica discolor, Bd. and later anthors.
SyliHa minuta, Wile.
Length, 4.86; wing, 2.25; tail, 2.10.
Hab, — Eastern United States as far north as Massachusetts, west to
Kansas; breeds throughout its range; winters in Florida and, abun-
dantly in most of the West Indian islands. Not recorded from Mexico
or Central America. (Cones.)
Only one, obtained by Colonel Wedderburn at the dockyard, Ireland
Island, on the 3d October, 1848.
22. Dendrmca palmarumj (Gm.) Bd. Yellow Bed-poll Warbler.
Motadlla palmamm, Qm.
Sylvia palmamm, Lath., Vieil., Bp.
Dendroica palmarum, Bd. and later anthors.
Sylvia petechia, Wils., Nntt., And.
Sylvioola petechia, Sw. & Rich., And., Hoy.
Sylvioola rt^ioapilla, Bp.
Length, 5.00; wing, 2.42; tail, 2.25.
E<ib. — Eastern Province of North America to Fort Simpson and Hud-
son's Bay; Bahamas, Jamaica, Cuba, and Saint Domingo, in winter.
Not noted from Mexico or Central America. (B. B. & E.)
Two shot by Colonel Wedderburn in Pembroke Marsh, on December
17, 1847, and December 3, 1848, respectively. Mr. Bartram has two
other specimens, obtained by himself.
23. Dendroica pinuSj (Wils.) Bd. Pine-creeping Warbler.
Sylvia pinus, Wils., Nntt., And.
Sylvioola pinus, Jard., Rich. St, Bp., And., Woodh.
Rhimamphus pinus, Bp.
Dendroica pinus, Bd. and later anthors.
Sylvia vigorsii, And.
Vireo vigorsii, Nntt.
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184 BIRDS OF BERMUDA.
Length, 5.50^ wing, 3.00; tail, 2.40.
Hab. — Eastern United States to the Lower Missoori, north to Canada
and New Brans wick, but not to Labrador. Not recorded in West Indies,
except Bahamas. Bermnda. (Cones.)
Has occnrred in considerable numbers. A good many occurred on
September 27, 1849, departing again in a few days. Several were cap-
tured outside the lantern of the light-house in the dark and rainy night
of the 5th September, 1850. On October 15, 1860, Colonel Drummond
obtained specimens from a large flock, which he observed coming in
from the sea and settling on some trees within the keep at Ireland
Island. Mr. Bartram has two specimens, one of which (a male in spring
plumage) was shot near his house and brought to him while I was pay-
ing him a visit on March 16, 1875. The species would seem, therefore,
to visit the islands on both migrations.
Under date 4th February, 1878, Mr. Bartram writes to me : " One dark
stormy night last October, a Pine-creeping Warbler flew into the mu-
seum; it is now alive and well, and eats bread and milk."
Subfamily GEOTHLYPIN.E.
Genus Seiubus, Sw.
24. Seiurus aurocapillus (Linn.), Sw. Oolden-crowned Thrush.
Motacilla aurooapilla, Linn., Gm.
IVrdiM aurocapilluSf Lath., Wils., Natt., Aud.
Sylvia aurooapilUiy Bp.
Seiurus aurooapilluSf Sw. & Rich., And., Bd., and later authoiB.
Aooent&r aurooapillw, Rich.
Eniooeiohla aurooapilla^ Gray.
Henicocichla aurooapUla, Cab. Gondl., Sol.
Turdus ooronatuSy Vieil.
Length, 6.00; wing, 3.00; tail, 2.40.
ffab. — Eastern Province of North America ; west to Platte and Yel-
lowstone, thence to Alaska; winters sparingly in Florida and along the
Gulf coast; Mazatlan, West Indies; Mexico; Central America (Cones).
1 shot the first recorded specimen on the edge of Devonshire Swamp,
on the 19th October, 1874. This brought to light another, shot in
the autumn of 1873, and set up in a case with Blue and Red Birds by
Gibbs, an old soldier of the Fifty-third Regiment, and an excellent tax-
idermist, in the service of Lieutenant Johnston, Royal Engineers. I
afterwards identified two others, killed a few years ago, in Mr. Bartram's
possession. The species was numerous in the autumn of 1874, in and
near Devonshire Swamp, and I procui'ed specimens on the 24th October
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BIRDS OF BERMUDA.. 185
and on the 12th and 16th December, thus establishing it as a real 'Mudian.
I wonder it had hitherto escaped notice; its loud ^^peche, peche" is
very striking, and drew my attention at once to the presence of some-
thing new. It was very shy.
25. 8eiurus noveboracensiSj (Gm.) Nutt. Small-billed Water Thrush.
Motamlla noveboraoennsy Gm.
Sylvia noveb&raoeMiSf Latb., Viieil., Bp.
Twrdns (Seiurua) noveboracensiSy Nutt.
Seiurus naveborticenms, Bp., Aud., Bd., and later aathors.
Henieooiohla novebaracenaiSy Cab., ScL, Giuidl.| Sol. &, Salr.
Enioocichla novehortusensUy Gray.
Turdms aquaticuSy WUs., Aud.
Seiurus aquatiousy 8w.Sc Rich.
Sylvia anthoideSy Vicil.
Seiurus tenuirostriSy 8 w. , Gamb.
Seiurus gossiiy Bp.
Length, 6.15 ; wing, 3.12 ; tail, 2.40 ; bill from rectus, .64.
Hob. — Eastern North America, straggling westward along United
States boundary to IVlontana and Washington Territory; Alaska; Ari-
zona ; Mexico ; West Indies; Central America; Northern South America
(Coues).
One of the commonest but most interesting of autumnal visitors.
It appears regularly early in October and a few remain all the winter.
Throughout October and November there is hardly a mangrove swamp,
great or small, whence its sharp but musical '^chip'' may not be heard
at any time during the day. Early in the morning, especially when <an
ebbing tide has left bare the quaint tangled roots of the mangroves and
their muddy surroundings, it is comparatively easy to approach this wary
little bird, but later in the day it requires great caution, and a certain
amount of activity, to procure a specimen. To persons out of training,
requiring strong exercise, I can confidently recommend a protracted
<*' stalk" after Seiurus among the mangrove roots, such as I undertook
myself before becoming better acquainted with the habits of the species.
These birds wag the tail like a Motcudllaj as they feed on the edges of
the tidal pools, and fiit from root to root, uttering at times their loud
monotonous cry. While waiting for ducks at daylight in the larger
swamps, I have seen them within a few yards of me, in happy ignorance
of my presence. Colonel Wedderbum says (Nat. in B., p. 27), " Several
times, at Kiddle's Bay, I have noticed seemingly a larger species of this
bird, but never succeeded in killing any of them." This was perhaps
the larger-billed variety (or species), S, Ivdovicianus. I did not meet
with any specimens myself.
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186 BIRDS OF BERMUDA.
Genus Geothlypib, Gab. .
26. Oeothlypis trichas^ (Linn.) Cab. Maryland yellow-throat.
TwrduB trichas, Linn.,Gm.
Sylvia truihaSj Lath., Vieil.,Nutt.,6rd, D'Orbig.
Geothlypis trichaSj Cab., Bd., and later authors.
Ficedula trichas ^ marilanduMy Briss.
Sylvia manlandica^ Wils., Bp.
TridhoB marilandica, Bp., Ord, Woodh., Hoy.
Trichas perwnatm^ Sw.
Sylvia roBOOtj And.
Trichas roBCoe, Nntt.
Length, 4.40^ wing, 2.15; tail, 2.30.
Hob. — North America, from Atlantic to Pacific; Bahamas; Cuba;
Jamaica (B. B. & K.).
By no means a frequent visitor, only two specimens being known.
The first was shot by Mr. Hurdis in a bushy swamp near the sluice-
gates on the 18th October, 1853; the second is in Mr. Bartram's museum,
obtained near Stocks Point.
Sub-famUy SETOPHAGIN^.
Genus Myiodiootes, Aud.
27. Myiodiootes mitratus^ (Gm.) Aud. Hooded Fly-catching Warbler.
Motaoilla mitrata, Gm.
Sylvia mitrata, Lath. , Vieil. , Bp. , Nntt. , And.
Sylvania mitrata, Natt., Woodh.
Setophaga mitrata^ Jard., Gray.
Wilsonia mitrata, Bp.f AIL, Allen.
Myiodiootes mitatuSf Aud., Bp., Solater, Bd., and modern anthers.
Syloicola mitrata, Maxim.
Myioctonas mitratus, Cab.
ituscicapa cuoullata, Wils.
Jiuscioapa selbyi, Aud., Nutt.
Length, 5.00; wing, 2.75; tail, 2.65.
Sab. — Eastern Province of United States, rather southern; Bermuda;
Cuba; Jamaica; Eastern Mexico; Honduras; and Guatemala to Pan-
ama 1{. E.; Orizaba; Yucatan (B. B. & E.).
A male shot at Ireland Island by Mr. Abbott, Twentieth Begiment,
on March 30, 1847. A female was seen but not obtained.
Ctenus Setophaga, Sw.
28. Setophaga ruticilUij (Linn.) Sw. American Eedstart.
Muscicapa ruticillaf Linn., Gm., Vieil., Wils., Aud.
Setophaga ruticilla, Sw., Sw. & Rich., aud modem authors.
Sylvania rutidlla, Nutt.
Motacilla flaricanda, Gm.
Length, 5.25; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.45.
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BIRDS OF BERMUDA. 187
Hob. — Chiefly Eastern North America, north to Port Simpson, west
to Utah, south through Mexico and Central America to Ecuador ; West
Indies (Cones).
Two in Mr. Bartram's possession, shot by him near his house some
few years since. No others are on record.
Family TANAGRID^.
Sub-family TANAGRIN^.
Q^nus Pyranga, Vieil.
29. Pyranga rubra (Linn.) Vieil. Scarlet Tanager.
Tanagra rtcftro, Linn., Om., Wile., Bp., Nntt., And.
Pyranga rubray Vieil., Bw. &, Rich., Jard., Bp., And., Oir., and modem anthors.
Phanisoma rubray Sw.
PhtmiooBima rubra, Cab.
Pyranga erythromelaB, Vieil.
Length, 7.40; wing, 4.00; tail, 3.00.
Rab. — Eastern Province of North America, north to Winnepig. In
winter, south to Ecuador, Bogota, Cuba, Jamaica, Costa Eica, Vera
Cruz. (B. B. & E.)
This handsome bird has visited the Bermudas on its vernal migration
on several occasions. Two or three examples were obtained in April,
1850; four were seen, and one shot, in May, 1851. Mr. Bertram has
several specimens, male and female, and obtained a splendid male near
his house early in May, 1875. One was seen and nearly captured after
an exciting hunt by Lieutenant Denison, E. E., at Somerset, on April
25, 1875. Mr. J. M. Jones informs me that a male was shot on the edge
of the lagoon at Ireland Island on May 6, 1869; also that another fre-
quented a garden in Smith's Parish for several days at the beginning
of May, 1875. The female is such an obscure-looking bird that she
doubtless often escapes the notice invariably accorded to her brilliant
partner. There is no recorded instance of the occurrence of this ispecies
on its southward journey. Captain Eooke, Fifty- third Begiment, and
I saw what we took to be a female Scarlet Tanager on October 17, 1874,
near Basden's Pond, but we could not get a shot to confirm our suspi-
cion.
30. Pyranga a^Uvaj (Gm.) Vieil. Summer Bed-bird.
MuBcioapa rubra, Linn.
Tanagra cettiva, Gm., Wile., Bp., Nntt., And.
Pyranga €B8tiva, Vieil., Bp., Line., Woodh., Sol., and of late writera.
Length, 7.20; wing, 3.75; tail, 3.00.
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188 BIRDS OF BERMUDA.
Hob.— Bast&m ProviDce TJDited States, north to aboat 4(K>; west to
borders of the plains. In winter, south through the whole of Middle
America (except the Pacific coast) as far as Ecuador and Peru, Gubfti
Jamaica. (B. B. & B.)
The same remarks apply to this species, with reference to its visits
to the islands, as to the preceding. It appears to have been especially
numerous in April, 1850, when a female was shot on the 9th } a beaa-
tiftil male, by Colonel Wedderbum, at Peniston's Pond, on the 19th ; two
by the same gentleman, at Harris's Bay, on the 20th ; and several others.
Mr. Bartram has a male and two females, one of the latter killed a year
or two since. On the 29th of April, 1875, 1 shot a fine female in Smith's
Marsh; it was in wonderful condition, the body being literally coated
with layers of orange-colored fat. The stomach was full of the remains
of the Bermuda wasp — a most unpalatable-looking morsel. Wilson al-
ludes to the insectiverous habits of this species.
Family HIRUNDINID^.
Subfamily HIRUNDlNINiES.
Gknus HiRUNDO, Linn.
31. Hirundo horrearumj Barton. Bam Swallow.
BfTundorufa, Viell., Bp., Nntt., Woodh., Casa., Cab., Brewer.
Hirumdo karreorum^ Barton, Bd., and of late writert.
Hirundo amerioana, Wils., Sw. &, Rich., Lemb.
Sirundo rwHoa, Ord., Gir., Jones.
Length, 6.90; wing, 5.00; tail, 4.50.
Rdb. — North and Middle America, north to Alaska ; Greenland ; West
Indies. (Goues.)
I shall take theliberty of quoting from the ^^ Naturalist in Bermuda,''
to illustrate the uncertain appearance of the swallow tribe in the islands.
Mr. Hurdis says (p. 68): "I can with safety affirm that from October,
1840, to September 12, 1846, not a swallow of any description caoie
under my observation, though I believe they were sufficiently common
in the September of the former year." Colonel Wedderburn says of this
species (p. M) : ^^ Barely seen in April and May, but sometimes numer-
ous in August and September. I have seen it as early as August 1, iu
the year 1848, at Hamilton, and they were numerous on that day at
Hungry Bay and Kiddle's Bay. This species was very numerous in the
great flight of swallows in September, 1849.'' A few swallows, probably
of this species, appeared in August, 1874, but I was away at the time.
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BISD8 OF BERMUDA. 189
From April 30 to May 11, 1875, theve were not a few visitors, and sev-
eral specimens were obtained. Five of these birds frequented the grassy
slopes in the vicinity of Warwick Gamp, while I was going through the
annual course of musketry there with my company. They disappeared
<Hi May 11, without my having been able to procure a specimen.
32. Hirundo hicotor^ Vieil. White-bellied Swallow.
Hirvndo UooloTf Vieil., Bp., And., Natt., Gir., and most writers.
Chelidon hicolor, Less., Bp.
Tachyoineta hiooloVf Cab., Gnndl., Bomioh., Allen, Cones.
Herae hicolar, Bp.
Petroohelidon Ucolor, Scl., Scl. Sl Saly.
Hirundo viritUSy Wils.
Length, 6.25; wing, 5.00; tail, 2.65.
Hab. — Whole United States, and north to Slave Lake, south to Guat-
emala; Bermuda; Cuba, common in winter; breeds on table-lands of
Mexico ; accidental in England.
This Swallow visited the Bermudas in the great flight of September,
1846, when it appeared in considerable numbers. Lieutenant Denison
obtained one, shot at St. George's in September, 1875.
Genus Cotylb, Boie.
33. Cotyle riparian (Linn.) Boie. Bank Swallow.
Hirundo Hpariay Linn., Gm., Lath., Wils., Bp., Sw. A Rieh., Nntt., And.,
Gir., smd of earlier authors generally.
CotjfU r^aria, Boie, Bp., Woodh., Cass., Cab., and of nearly all late writers.
Hirundo oineroa, Vieil.
Length, 4.75; wing, 4.00; tail, 2.00.
Hab. — Europe; the whole of North America; Bermuda; Ouba; Ja-
maica; winters from the southern coast southward; not common on the
Pacific side; Brazil. (Coues.)
Identical with the European bird. Two specimens were shot by Gap-
tain Lye, in September, 1846 ; and a few seen near Hamilton on August
8, 1847.
Genus Pbognb, Boie.
34. Progne purpureaj (Linn.) Boie. Purple Martin.
Hirundo auhi9, Linn.
Progne subU, Bd., Couee, Snniiob., Stepb.
Hirundo purpurea, Linn., Gm., Lath., Wile., Bp., And., Natt.^ Gir.
Progne purpurea, Boie, Bp., Woodh., and later writers.
Hirundo tfiolaoeaf Gm.
Hirundo earuleaj Vieil.
Hirundo vereioolorf Vieil.
Hirundo ludovicianaf Cor.
Length 7.50; wing, 6.00; tail, 3.40.
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190 BIRDS OF BERBniDA.
Rob. — United States and British Provinces, north to Canada and
the Saskatchewan; Mexico; Gnba(t); accidental in Great Britain.
(Cones.)
This fine bird, a straggler to the British lists, has only appeared on one
occasion, daring the ^^entrada" of September, 1849, when it was nn-
merons.
Family AMPELIDiE.
Subfamily AMPELINJS.
Genns Ampelis, Linn.
85. AmpeUi ceirarum^ Vieil. Cedar-bird.
AmpeUB garrului, var p, Linn.
Bimbycilla oedraruMf Vieil, Cab.
AmpeUi cedrarumf Sol., Bd., and late writen.
Binkbydlla caroUnensiSy BriM., Bp., And., Natti Gir.
Ampelia carolinen$i§f Qoaae, Bp.
Ampelis amerioanaf Wils.
Banibycilla americana, Sw. dc Rich.
Length, 7.25; wing, 4.05; tail, 2.60.
Hob. — ^North America generally, up to 54<^ north ; Mexico and Cen-
tral America; Bermada; Jamaica; Cuba. (Coues.)
Occurs rarely, both on its autumnal and vernal flights. Three were
shot out of a flock of about thirty, near Hungry Bay, on October 10,
1847; four on December 17 following, one of which had a few of the
brilliant wax-like tips to the secondaries; two out of a flock of twelve
in December, 1849; one seen on January 5, 1850; one shot on the 6th
and another on the 10th April, 1850; one on December 2, 1851. In
addition to these Mr. Bartram has three specimens, obtained at differ-
ent dates. I did not myself meet with the species, or hear of its oc-
currence, during my stay. Two were shot out of a flock of five on the
11th, and a third on the 22d September, 1876, in Devonshire Swamp,
by Lieutenant Festing, Twentieth Begiment A male bird of this
species was obtained near Prospect, on November 24, 1875.
Family VIREONIDiE.
Sub-family VIEEONINJE.
Cenus ViREO, Vieil.
36. Vireo noveboracensUj (6m.) Bp. White-eyed Vireo.
Mueoicapa novelHtraoeneiSf Gm.
Vireo novtboraoensis, Bp,, Natt., Aad., Oir., Cass., and later writen.
Vireo musieu8f VieU.
Muedoapa caniatrix, Wils.
Length, 4.90; wing, 2.40; tail, 2.20.
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BIRDS OF BERBniDA. 191
Rob. — United States west to base of Bocky Mountains; south to
Guatemala; Very rare in Ouba. Abundant and resident iff the Ber-
mudas. (B. B. & B.)
The smallest and one of the commonest resident Bermuda birds,
fiamiliar to all through its sprightly ways, loud song, and astounding
impudence. It is termed locally, ** chick -of-the- village,^' or, "chick-
choo-willie,'' from its note. This is, however, very variable, and hardly
any two birds give it the same rendering. One has a prefatory ^* chick,^
in addition; another tacks the extra ^< chick" on at the end of his ver-
sion; while others cut it short, or jumble it all up together at random.
One particular variety is *^ ginger-beer-quick," a call very much adapted
to the climate of Bermuda. In short, there is no end to the variations;
and a stranger might well imagine, as I did myself at first, that there
was more than one species present. It was some little time before I
settled the matter to my own satisfaction by careful observation of every
^< chick" I heard singing, as I expected to meet with V. gilvus or F.
heUi among the numerous musicians. The color of the iris increased
toy diflSculty, as I found it to be brownish, brownish-gray, or gray —
rarely white, as stated by authors. I presume it is only fully adult
birds that show the real white iris ; young birds have it decidedly
brownish, and I have seen a female sitting on eggs with an undeniable
brownish-gray "cast " in her bright little eye. It would be a waste of
time and valuable space to describe the pretty pensile nest of this
species, so familiar to all ornithologists. I have found it usually from
three to twelve feet above the ground, in cedars, mangroves, Bermuda
"holly," pomegranate, and lemon trees, but most commonly in ce4ars.
I never met with more than three eggs or young in one nest in the
islands; authors assign four or five to the genus. The eggs average .71
inch by .52 inch, white, with a few dark-brown or black dots ; some are
entirely white. The young at first have the yellow of the wing bars
and forehead very pale and dingy. This is a sad little torment to the
collector. It comes hissing and scolding within a foot of one's head,
puffing itself out with malignant fury. I have touched one with my
gun in the thick bushes before it would budge an inch. And when one
is on the qui vive for rarities among the big cedars, the little wretches
will come from all parts to irritate and deceive one, playing all sorts of
antics on the topmost branches, apparently imitating the movements of a
Dendroeca or other SylvioolidWy in order to induce one to waste a charge
on them. Several times they succeeded with me; and on one occasion,
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192 BIRDS OF BEBMUDA.
the bird having lodged at the top of a very ngly-looking tree, I tore my
hands and clothes to pieces in my anxiety to secore the supposed
prize. But in spite of this I have a great regard for the cheerful, rest-
less little fellows, whose presence does so much to reUeve the monotony
of the everlasting cedars. They are very dexterous in catching insects
among the foUage, their manner of feeding seeming to be intermediate
between that of a Flycatcher and a Warbler. You can hear the ^^snip"
of their mandibles as they secure their prey for a considerable distance.
I have seen one catching flies off the back of a cow, jumping vigorously
at them from the ground, and *^ snipping ^ them off neatly as they buzzed
round the recumbent animal. Mr. Hurdis says (Nat. ii^ B., p. 71) : <^ In
September it delights to feed on the small white berries of the sweet-
scented Toumefartiaj and it is also fond of the small fiery capsicum,
known by the name of ^ bird-pepper,' the i>ods of which it plucks and
swallows entire." It is on record that the newly-fledged young of this
species have been found entangled in the meshes of the web of the
^^»]k'' spider JEpeira davipes. These webs are of great size an4
strength, extending for many feet between adjoining cedars, and tlie
number of them among the woods in summer and autumn is almost in-
credible. In all my rambles, however, I never met with an instance of
poor little Vireo having walked into Epeira^s parlor.
Genus VIREOSYLVIA, Bonap.
37. Vireo^ylvia olivacea^ (Linn.), Bp. Bed-eyed Vireo.
Mu9cioapa olwaoea, Linn., Wils.
Lamius olivaceus^ Lioht.
Vireo olivaceH9y Vieil., Bp., 8w., And., Bd.
VirtsoBylvia olivacea, Bp., Reinh., 8cl., and late writeit.
Vireo rire»c«fi«, Vieil., Gr»y.
Vireo bogoteMiSj Bryant, Lawr.
Length, 6.33; wing, 3 , 3.33 ; tail, 2.50.
Eab. — Whole of Eastern North America, west to base of Eocky
.Jiountains, south to Panama and Bogota; very rare in Cuba, only
West Indian locality ; accidental in England ; Trinidad. (B. B. & R)
The first recorded specimen was brought to me in the flesh on the
14th October, 1874. It had just been captured in the officers' quarters
at Prospect Camp. In March, 1875, 1 identified three specimens in Mr.
Bartram's collection, shot by himself at different times near Stocks
Point Mr. Bartram informs me that he shot one on the 13th October,
1878.
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BIBD8 OF BERMUDA. 193^
Family LANIIDiE.
Sub-femily LAKOSM.
QenxiH OoLLTJBiOy Bd.
88. OoUurio baredliSj (Yieil.) Bd. Great Northern Shrike.
LtmiuB horeaUif Yieil., 8w. A Rich., Aud., Oir., Cass., Ac
Idmiut exoubitor, Font., Wils., And. .
Collyrio barMUSf Bd., Cooper A Snck., Cones A Pieiit., Hayd., Dall A Bann.
CollMrio haredUSf Bd., Cones, Cooper, d&c.
Lanhu BeptentrionalU, sp., Cass., Murray.
CoUpio ckemungenHa, Gregg.
Length, 9.85; wing, 4.60; tail, 4.80.
Hob. — ^North America, in winter south to about S6<^; Alleghanies,
breeding; Bermuda. (Cones.)
Ifot a great many have occurred, though it would appear to visit the
islands on both migrations. One was shot by Dr. Cole, Twentieth
Begiment, on October 31, 1846; one by Mr. Hurdis, January 23, 1847;
another by Colonel Wedderbum, near Harris Bay, March 12, 1850; and
a fourth by Mr. J. M. Jones, on the ^< Model" fftrm. Smith's parish, in
January, 1872. Besides these, there are three specimens in Mr. Bar-
tram's collection. Most of these above-mentioned examples were in
immature plumage. One in Lieutenant Denison's collection was shot
near the garrison instructor's house, at Prospect, on the 1st January,
1876.
It is strange that the other l^orth American species, 0. ludovicianusj
of more southerly distribution on the continent than 0. boredliSj should
not have been observed in Bermuda.
FamUy FRINGILLIDiE.
Sub-family COCCOT BR AUSTINS.
Genus LoxiA, Idnn.
39. Loxia ourvirostra var. americanaj (Wils.) Cones. American Bed
GrossbilL
Loxia cmrvkro9tra^ Forster, Bp., Natt., And., Gir., Trippe.
Xoiria curvirovtra yar. amerioamaf Ooaes, B. B. and B.
CurvWo9tra amerioana, Wils., Bd., Coop. A Snck., and most later U. S. anthor-
ities.
Loada auMtioana, Bp., Newb., Lawr., Fmsch.
Length, 6.00; wing, 3.30; tail, 2.25.
Bull Nat. Mus. No. 26 13
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194 BIRDS OF BERMUDA.
JSofr. — ^North America generally, coming southward in winter. Besi-
dent in the Alleghany and Eocky Mountains. (B. B. & B.)
Of this species Colonel Wedderburn says: "A specimen of this bird
was captured in the dockyard at Ireland Island, January 20, 1 850, and got
•quite tame, and lived for several days in my room ; but poisoned itself
by eating part of a composite candle, which it had cut nearly in half
with its strong bill daring the night. I shot three specimens near Mr.
Swing's house, April 5^ 1850, and saw a small flock on several occasions
near Pittas Bay, but they were so shy I could not get near them. They
disappeared early in May." Mr. Bartram has several specimens. On
November 17, 1874, three were observed on some cedar trees at Pros-
pect Camp. Two males were shot among some sage bushes, near the
shore at Warwick, by &ibbs, on the 25th of that month ; and another
male was obtained at Prospect about the same time. These may have
been the trio originally seen. The stomachs of the two Warwick birds,
on examination by myself, proved to be crammed with small green
caterpillars, and contained no trace of seeds. The insectivorous na-
ture of the Crossbill is not mentioned by Wilson ; it is alluded to by Dr,
Saxby in the <' Birds of Shetland." This species must visit Bermuda
both going and returning.
40. Loxia leucopteraj Gm. White- winged Crossbill.
Laxia leucopUray Gm., Bp., Sw. &, Rich., Natt., And., Gir., Gould, Lawr.,
Finsch, B. B. Sl R.
Curvirostra leuoopteray Wils., Bd., and many U. S. authors.
Loxia falcirostra, Lath.
Cruoiro$tra Uuoopteraf Brehme.
Length, 6.25; wing, 3.50; tail, 2.60.
Sab. — Northern parts of North America generally; Greenland; Eng-
land (accidental). (B. B. & B.)
A less frequent visitor than the preceding, on its northward journey
only. A fine male was killed on May 11, 1852, by a boy who had an-
other in his possession ; date unknown. An officer of the Fifty-sixth
Begiment shot one, a female, at Somerset, in March, 1852. Mr. Bar-
tram has obtained a pair, male and female. This bird has occurred
several times in Great Britain, and it is somewhat remarkable that the
preceding species, 0. amerioanay has not yet paid us a visit. I expect
it will And its w^j across the Atlantic some day^ and share the fate of
every unfortunate straggler to our inhospitable shores.
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BIBDS OF BERMUDA. 195
G^nas MaiOTBV&j Gab.
41. MgiothuB linariay (Linn.) Gab. Bed-poU Linnet.
Fringilla Unaria, Linn., Gm., Wils., Temm., Bp., Nntt.^ AxJL
Passer Unaria^ PalL
Unoia Unaria, Bp., Holb.
JEgioihus linarius, Cab., Bd., Cones, and late writers.
lAnaria minoTj 8w. & Rich., And., Gir., Trippe.
^ FringiUa harealis, YieiL
.^gioihusfuscescenSf Cones, Elliot.
Lengthy 5.50 ; wing, 3.10 ; tail, 2.70.
Sab. — ^The typical form in North America from Atlantic to Padflc,
ranging irregularly Bonthward in flocks in winter to the Middle States
(sometimes a little beyond), and corresponding latitudes in the West.
Ko late record of breeding in the United States. (Goues.)
Only recorded previously in 1847 and 1850. Two were obtained, Feb-
ruary 8 and October 11, in the former year. Li March, 1860, flocks of
this bird appeared in the neighborhood of St. George's, and several
specimens were obtained there and elsewhere throughout the islands.
A goodly number visited the islands in small flocks in January, 1875 ;
these were very tame at flrst, but soon became shy. Sf^ecimens were
obtained during the month at all parts of the islands.
Genus Ghbysomitbis, Boie.
42. Chry8amitri8 pinu8y (Wils.) Bp. Pine Linnet.
FringiUa pinuSfWiiB., Bp., Nntt., And.
Linariaj^us, And,, Gir.
Chrysamilris pinus, Bp., Bd., Coop. & Lnck., and later writers.
ChrysanUtris VMcroptera, Dnbns., Bp.
Length, 4.75; wing, 3.00; tail, 2.20.
Hob. — ^ovQi America from Atlantic to Pacific; Yera Gnu, plateaa
and alpine region. (B. B. & B.)
Two sx>ecimens in Mr. Bartram's collection are the only ones on record.
They were obtained near Stocks Point.
Genus PLECTBOPHAims, Meyer.
43. FleotriyphafMB ni/oaUs^ (Linn.) Meyer. Snow Bunting.
En^Jberiga ninalis, Linn., Forster, Gm., Lath., Wils., Bp.| Nntti And.
Emberiga (Plsotrapkanes) nivalis, Bp., Sw. A Rich.
FUotrapkanes nivalis, Meyer, and authors generally.
Ernberisfa montana, Gm., Lath.
EmheriMa mnstelina, Gm.
Eniberiga glacialis. Lath.
Lengthy 6.75; wing, 4.35; tail, 3.05.
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196 BIBD8 OF BERMUDA.
Hab. — ^Arctic America and Greenland^ aDdcorrespondiDglatitadesin
the Old World; irregalarly soathward in winter in the United States
to about 35<^ in roving flocks. (Oones.)
This is a pretty constant visitor, seldom failing to make its appear-
ance, in large or small numbers, in December or January. They were
particularly numerous in 1850. I am credibly informed that of late yeara
they have been seen in considerable numbers feeding on the parade
ground and round about the stables, like sparrows, at Prospect Gamp*
One was seen there in December, 1874. Three, of which I procured one,
frequented the Walsingham end of the Gauseway in January, 1875*
Others were seen at St. George's and elsewhere about the same time*
This bird has not appeared in spring.
Genus Passes, Briss.
44. Passer domesticusy Deg. & Gerbe. European House Sparrow*
Fringilla dome$tioaf Linn.
Pyrgita dome9ticaj Cav.
Fa»9er domeBtknu^ Deg. & Qerbe, and European anthon generally.
Length, 6.00; wing, 2.85; tail, 2.50.
Eab. — ^Europe; Asia; North Africa; Madeira.
Some few years ago a number of these birds were imported from New
York (where they are now numerous), and turned out at St George's ;
but many of them subsequently disappeared, probably victims to the
cats which swarm in all parts of the islands. The remainder, however^
appear to be flourishing, and in the spring of 1875 there were several
nests in the new barracks above the town. A second importation, from
New York also, took place in September, 1874, about fifty birds being
liberated in the vicinity of Hamilton. These soon scattered in all di-
rections, but about a dozen took up their quarters in the garden of the
court-house at Hamilton, and could be seen there daily during the win-
ter following. I have no doubt they will increase and multiply after
their manner, and in time become as much a nuisance as they are now
a curiosity. I certainly question the propriety of introducing these
quarrelsome birds (for the sake of the war they wage on the insect tribe
during the breeding season only) into the aristocratic society of the Blue
and Bed Birds, which they will infallibly drive, in course of time, out
of the town gardens and inclosures altogether.
Note. — I may here mention that I observed a single specimen of the
European Goldfinch, Carduelis elegansy near Harrington Sound, in April^
1875; it was very wild, and I could not get near it, but I imagine it
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BIBDS OF BERMUDA. 197
must have been an escaped prisoner. This species is reported to have
occnrred in Massachusetts (Allen, Am. Nat. iii., p. 635), but the same
explanation doubtless applies.
Sub-family SFIZELLTSM.
Genus Passeboulus, Bp.
46. Passeroulua savwnna^ (Wils.) Bp. Savanna Sparrow,
FHngUla savanna, Wils., Nntt., And.
Unaria savanna. Rich.
Emberiza savanna. And., Gir.
Passeroulus savanna, Bp., Cab., Bd., and later writers generally.
Ammodromus saroMia, Gray.
Passereulns alaudinus, Bp., Bd., Heerm., Cones, Dress., Elliot, Ao.
Zanotriohia alaudina, Finsoh.
Length, 5.60 j wing, 2.70; tail, 2.10.
Sab. — ^Eastern North America to the Missouri plains, and northwest
to Alaska; Cuba (winter). (B. B. & B.) Mexico. (Ooues.)
Only two on record. Colonel Wedderbum killed one in Pembroke
Marsh, April 11, 1850; I shot one at Shelly Bay Marsh on January 29»
1876.
Genus Poocjstes, Bd.
46u Poooastes gramineusj (Om.) Bd. Bay-winged Bunting;
Fringilla graminea, Gm., Bp., And., Natt.
Emberiza graminea, Wils., And., Maxim., Trippe.
Zonotriohia graminea, Bp., Newb., Heerm.
PooccBtes gramineus, Bd., Hayd., B. B. d& R.
Pooecetes gramineus, Coues, and later anthers generally.
Length, 6.25; wing, 3.10; tail, 2.50.
Hob. — United States, from Atlantic to Pacific, north to the Saskatch«
ewan at least; winters in countless multitudes in the Southern States.
(Coues.)
One shot by Captain M'Leod at St. George's, October 25, 1849. Lieu*
tenant Denison fell in with a small party of these birds, and shot one of
them at Whale Bay on the 9th of September, 1876.
GtenUS COTUBNICULUS, Bp.
47. Cotumiculus henslowi^ (Aud.) Bp. Henslow's Bunting.
Eniberiza henshtoi, And., Gir.
Fringilla henslawi, Nntt.
Ck>tumiouJus hensUnoi, Bp., Bd., and late U. 8. anthers.
Ammodromus henslowi. Gray.
Length, 6.25^ wing, 2.15; tail, 2.15.
Sab, — Eastern United States as fair north as Massachusetts; west*
ward to the Loup Pork of Platte. (B. B. & R.)
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198 BIRDS OP BEBMUDA.
^* Mr. Hnrdis shot one specimen oat of a small flock of these birds in
Pembroke Marshy on December 2, 1850. They had freqnented the
dense reeds and rashes for a fortnight previoasly.'^ (Nat in B., p. 30.)
Gtonos Melospiza, Bd.
48. Mdoipiza paluitriSy (Wils.) Bd. Swamp Sparrow.
Friiigilla georgiana, (Lath., t), Nutt.
FrifiigillapalM9tri»i Wils., Bp., And.
FrkkgiliaX^piMa) pahufUria, Bp.
Pai9er<Mlu9 pdluBtriBy Bp.
Ammodnmu* pdlu9tiH$f And., Gir., Patn., Trippew
Mdo9piMa paXiuMa^ Bd., and later anthon.
Hdo9piMapaXmtri9, Bd., AUen.
Lengthy 5.76; wing^ 2.40; tail,
Hab. — ^Eastern North America, firom the Atlantic to the Missooii;
north to Fort Simpson. (B. B. & B.)
A solitary example was obtained in Pembroke Marsh on December 3,
1849. I saw a bird in the Shelley Bay marshes in Jannary, 1876, which
I am almost certain belonged to this species, bat I coald not get a shot.
G^as JuNOO, Wagler.
49. j¥flMO hyefMxUSy (linn.) Sclater. Eastern Snow-bird.
IHngiUa hjfemaliif Linn., Bp., Lw. A Biob., And., liaxim.
Emberisa hyemalU, Linn., Lath.
StnUhue hyemalia, Bp., Woodh.
Ifipkeea hyewMlUf And., Gir., Pntn., Trippe.
JwMO hyemali8y Sol., Bd., and later writers.
Fringilla hudaoniCy Forster, Gm., Wils.
Frimgilla nivalis, Wils., Natt.
Length, 6.25 ; wing, about 3.00.
JJofr.— Eastern United States to the Missonri, and as &r west as
Black Hills; stragglers at Fort Whipple, Arizona, and mountains of
Colorado. (B. B. & B.)
Two in the collection of Mr. Bartram were shot by him at Stocks
Point.
Sab-family PASSERELLIN^.
G^nas Passebella, Sw.
60. PasaereUa iliaca^ (Merr.) Sw. Fox Sparrow.
IHngilla iUaoay Merr., Gm., Bp., Nntt., And., Patn., Trippe.
Fringilla (Zonotriohia) iliaoa, Sw. Sl Rich.
Passerella iliaca, Sw., Bp., Bd., and late writers.
Fringilla rufa, Wils., Lioht.
Fringilla ferruginea, Wils.
Pasierella ohBoura, Verr.
Length, 7.50; wing, 3.50; tail, 2.90.
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BIRDS OF BERMUDA. 199
Hob. — ^Eastern province of North America, north 6S^ and Yukon ;
breeds fh>ni British Provinces northward ; winters in Middle States
sparingly, in the Southern States very abundantly; Western United
States only to the edge of the central plains ; accidental in California.
(Ooues.)
Only one yet obtained; shot by Mr. Bertram in a bush near his
house a few years since.
Subfamily SPIZIN^.
G^nus GONIAPHEA, Bowditch.
51. Oaniaphea hidovicia/na^ (Linn ) Bowd. Bose-breasted Grosbeak.
Laxia ludavidana, Linn., Wils.
FringiUa ludavidana, Bp., Kntt., And.
CMraoa ludoviciana, Sw., Bp., Bd., and late writers.
CocoothrauaUa (Qviraca) ludoviciana, Sw. ^ Rich.
Ooniaphea ludoviciana, Bowd., Allen, Couee.
Coccohorus ludovieianutf And., Patn., Qir., Maxim., Trippe.
HedymeUB ludovic^nm. Cab., Sclater., Lawr., Allen, B. B. ^ R.
CoocoihrauBtw ruhrioolliBf Vieil.
Loxia rosea, Wils.
Loxia oh9Cura, Gm., Lath.
Fringilla punioea, Gm., Lath.
Lepgth, 8.50; wing, 4.15.
Hob. — Eastern Province of North America, north to Labrador and the
Saskatchewan; breeds from the Middle States northward; winters in
Mexico and Central America ; south to Ecuador; Cuba. (Goues.)
A female bird of this species was shot by Colonel Dmmmond on the-
9th October, 1849, near St. George's, and a fine male by Mr. Hurdis on
the 15th April, 1850. Mr. Bartram has four specimens, one of which is-
a male in immature plumage. A female was caught by a cat in the
town of Hamilton on the 16th October, 1874. This species appears ta
visit Bermuda twice.
Genus Ctanospiza, Bd.
52. Oyanospiza cyanea^ (Linn.) Bd. Indigo Bird.
Tanagra oyanea, Linn.
Eniberiza oyanea, Gm.
Fringilla oyanea, Wils., Bp., Katt., And.
Paaserina qfanea, "Vieil.," Gray.
8pi£a cyanea, Bp., And., Gir., Woodh., Patn., Scl., Rosb.
CjfanoBpiga eganea, Bd., Scl. Sl Saiv., Sol., and late anthoi
Cyanoloxia oyanea, Bp.
Length, 5.75 ; wing, nearly 3.00.
Hob. — Eastern United States to the Missouri ; south to Guatemala f
Oaxaca; Cordova; Guatemala; Cuba; Costa Bica; Vera Cruz (B. B. &B.).
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200 BIRDS OF BERMUDA.
I had the pleasure of introducing this species into the Bermuda
lists, the first specimen being a female shot near Devonshire Church, on
January 14, 1875. In March following I examined an immature male,
shot by Mr. Bartram on the 1st of that months and also unearthed two
dingy female specimens in his collection, killed some years previously.
I obtained a female in Devonshire Marsh on the 8th, a young male on
the 11th, and another on the 22d of March, and one or two others were
subsequently procured in the same locality. There appeared to have
been a regular ^^entrada" of them, and it was remarkable how pertina-
ciously they stuck to certain cedar groves round about Devonshire
Ohurch. I saw many others, and watched the changes of plumage
of the male birds with great interest. By the end of April they had
acquired the rich blue livery of the adult, and rivalled the Blue Bird
in brilliancy of coloring. Lieutenant Tallents, of the Twentieth Begi-
ment, shot a splendid specimen on April 29. This was the last we saw,
and I imagine they all departed shortly afterwards, though we fondly
hoped they might stay to breed. I found them easily approached at
first, but when once disturbed they flew very rapidly away in the thick
cedars. Their call-note was a loud, harsh ^^chee" or ^< tzee."
G^nus Gardinalis, Bp.
63. Oardinalis virginia/nusj (Briss.) Bp. Bed-bird; Cardinal Grosbeak.
Cocooikrau$te9 virginianuSf Briss.
CardinaUa mrginianuBf Bp., Woodh., Bd., Maxim., and late anthon.
Loxia oardinalii, Linn., Gm., Lath., Wils.
CoooothrauBtee oardinaU$y Vieil.
Fritigilla oardmalis, Bp., Nntt., And.
Pitylut oardinalU, And., Oir., Hoy.
Length, 8.50; wing, 4.00; tail, 4.50.
Hoi). — ^More southern portions of the United States to the Missouri.
Probably along the valley of Bio Grande to the Bocky Mountains.
{B. B. & R.)
The well-known Bed Bird of Bermuda is an abundant resident
throughout the islands, everywhere conspicuous by its brilliant plumage
and loud but not unmusical song. This bird is a general favorite with
all classes, and in great esteem as a cage-bird. Formerly considerable
numbers were caught by the "colored" boys in the neat trap depicted
in "The Naturalist in Bermuda" — an introduction, as I am informed,
by Mr. J. M. Jones, from Somersetshire, and not a 'Mudian invention.
Fortunately, however, there are nowstringentlocallawsforthe protection
of the resident birds, and these traps are seldom seen. I have tried in
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BIBDS OF BEKMUDA. 201
vain to bring up the young from the nest. The Bed Bird breeds twice
a year in Bermuda. Fresh eggs have been found as early as the Ist
Aprils and I find in my notes that I saw young birds just able to fly on
the 19th; but these are exceptional cases. As a rule, the two clutches
of eggs are deposited about April 10 and May 30, respectively. The
eggs are three to five in number, averaging 1.00 inch x .73 inch. They
vary much in size and markings, but are usually greenish white, irregu-
larly marked with few purplish and many amber blotches. The nest
is bulky, built of twigs and roots, lined with dry grasses. This lining
alone serves to distinguish some of the nests from those of the Gat
Bird, which they much resemble; they are usually at a greater eleva-
tion, however, and are never ornamented with rags or paper. The
parent birds are extremely solicitous in bringing up their offlBpring, and
attend them assiduously long after they are able to fly, betraying their
anxiety by much ^<tick-tick-"ing, flirting of tails, and raising of crests.
To see a fine old paterfomilias in all the glory of his rich vermilion
garments, tail and crest in air, now on a post, now on an oleander or
cedar bough, all the while uttering his sharp ^^tick" of alarm, while
the more sober-colored mother is ministering to the appetites of the
children, is a ^eat treat, and will ever be associated in my memory
with the hot san, the white houses, dark cedars, and fragrant sage-
bushes of Bermuda. The young resemble the female, being ashy-
brown, paler below, with evident traces of the red on the crest, wings,
tail, and under parts. I have mentioned the " tick,'^ or call-note of this
species. The song is exceedingly variable, consisting of a series of
musical whistles. There is also a strange '^ whir-r-r-r," like a large
bird suddenly rising on the wing, which is very peculiar. A most
remarkable fact is that the notes are changed according to season.
Mr. J. M. Jones called my attention to this too late, unfortunately, for
me to make any lengthened study of the changes ; but I heard sufficient
to satisfy myself of their occurrence. Thus, in December and January
nearly every songster I listened to was '^way-too-'^ing at the top of his
voice, and I occasionally heard the peculiar "whir-r-r-r.^ Later on
"way- too'' became less frequent, being replaced by the monotonous
"tew, tew,'' and other notes. A more careful and lengthened series of
observations would be of considerable interest. In spring the Bed
Bird commences to sing at daybreak, considerably before the Blue
Bird. A wounded Bed Bird can give the unwary collector a most
painful nip with his strong beak. In spite, however, of his strength,
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202 BIBDS OF BERMUDA.
he allows himself to be driven ignominioosly from his nest by the
smaller Blue Bird, as already mentioned. The skin of this species i»
remarkably delicate, almost resembling tissne-paper. The rich vermilion
plomage soon fades when exposed to light.
In proof of the migratory nature of this species Mr. Bartram writes-
to me, on the 27th of April, 1878, as follows: <^ Captain Tapper, of the
barque Continental, belonging to the State of Maine, pat in here in
distress on a voyage fit>m Brunswick, Oa., on or about the 12th of this-
month. He tells me that one of our Bed Birds came on board his ship
and was caught 360 miles to the westward of Bermuda; the wind had
been eastward for some days; they also caught a Sandpiper the same
day, and they were both confined together in a basket; but, as they
could not live together without fighting, they were turned adrift and
allowed to go their way."
Family ICTERID-^.
Sub-family AGELAIN^.
Genus Dolichonyx, Sw.
64. DoUohonyx oryzivaruSj (Linn.) Sw. Bob-o-link ; Bice-bird.
Emberiza oryzivora^ Linn., Gm., Lath., Wils.
Pauerina oryeivora^ Vieil.
DoUokomyx oryzivorus, Sw., Bp., And., Gould, Gir., and late aathon.
lotema agripennUf Bp., Natt., And.
Dolichonyx agripennii, Bioh.
Length, 7.70; wing, 3.83; tail, 3.16.
Sab. — ^Eastern North America, north to Saskatchewan, west to Bocky
Mountains and somewhat beyond ; Utah, Nevada, Wyoming ; soath to
Bolivia, La Plata, &c., Gkdapagos, West Indies, Central and South
America. (Cones.)
Mr. Hurdis says of this bird : " The Bice Bird is not known to visit
the Bermudas on its vernal flight, although in September and October
it seldom fails of being found there, generally in smaU flocks, and ou
one occasion in considerable numbers. They frequent the marshes,
where the ripe' panicles of seed from the reeds and sedge offer an ample
abundance of their favorite food.'^ And Colonel Wedderbum remarks :
'< During some years this bird is not uncommon, but always found in
winter plumage. They are so eictremely fat that it is almost impossible
to preserve them." I have little to add to the above notes, except that
one of Mr. Bartram's specimens is a male in imperfect summer plumage.
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BIBDS OF BERMUDA. 209
I never met with the species myself, but they were familiar to many of
my friends. They did not visit the Bermudas in the autumn of 1874^
but were numerous in September, 1875.
G^nUS MOLOTHBUS, Sw.
55. Molothrus pecariSj (Om.) Sw. Cow-bird; Oow Blackbird. .
FringiUa peoorUf Gm., Lftth.,Lioht., Sabine.
EniberiMa peoorii, Wils.
Pa8$erina peoorU, VieiL
letenu peooriSf B^,, Natt., And.
MoloihruspeeorUf Sw. ^ Bioh., Bp., And., Gir., Bd., Trippe, and of wiiten gen*
erally.
MolobruB peeoriif SandeyaU.
Moloikru9 ate$f Gray.
IHngilla ambigua,'Sntt,
Length, 8.00; wing, 4.42; tail, 3.40.
Hob. — ^Throughout temperate I^orth America, north to 68<^ ; winters
in great numbers in the Southern States. (Ooues.)
In Mr. Bartram's collection there is one example of this singular bird,
which takes the place of our European Cuckoo in I^orth America, build-
ing no nest, but depositing its eggs by stealth in the nests of Warblers,
VireoBy Sparrows, &c. This solitary specimen is a male. It was shot
at Stocks Point by Mr. Bartram.
Sub-famUy lOTBEUT^.
Genus Iotebtts, Auct.
66. Icteru8 baltimorej (Linn.) Daud. Baltimore Oriole; GK>lden Bobin»
Oriolus haltimare, Linn., Gm., Wils.
loUrua haltimore, Dand., Bp., Natt.> And., Bp., and of late writers generaUy^
Yphantea haUimare, YieiL, Bp.^ Woodh.
HyphanUs haltimare, Cab,, Lawr.
lotenu halUmorenaia, Bp., Scl. &, Saly., Cones, Trippe.
Length, 7.50 ; wing, 3.75.
Hab. — United States east of Bocky Mountains, north regularly to
British Provinces; passes to Mexico and Central America; Cuba (Coues)*
^'Captain Tolcher, Fifty-sixth Begiment, shot one of these birds early
in October, 1854, at Somerset. Mr. Hurdis found it amongst his collec-
tion of skins on the 20th of the same month, when Captain Tolcher as-
sured him that Mr. Harford, of his regiment, had killed another speci-
men about the same time, which, from being very much mutilated, he
had unfortunately thrown away.'' (Kat. in B., p. 27.) A third example^
a male in splendid plumage, is in my own collection. I shot it near
Hungry Bay on April 28, 1875. The bill and feet of this bird were
bright livid blue.
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204 BIRDS OF BEBMUDA.
FamUy CORVID^.
Snb-family COEVIN.ffi.
Glenas Gobyxjs, Liim.
til. CctvuB amerioanu9y And. American common Grow.
Ccfvu* eoronef Wila., Bp., Sw. ^ Rich., Niittr
Citrvui americamuMf And., Bp., Natt., Maxim., Gir., and of ftothon genenllj.
Lengthy 19.00 to 20.00; wing, 13.00 to 13.50; taU, about 8.00.
jECab. — ^Temx)erat6 North America^ excepting, probably, most of the
liigh central plains and the Soathem Bocky Mountains, where the
Baven abounds (Cones). Bermuda (resident).
The early histoiy of this bird, so &r as the Bermudas are concerned,
is somewhat obscure. In Smith's ^< History of Virginia" (to which colony
Bermuda at one time belonged), date 1623, Grows are mentioned as
being numerous in the islands. Golonel Wedderbum says, however
^at. in B., p. 33): <<A few of these birds are generally to be seen be-
tween the light-house and Hamilton. I have never found their nests,
but they are known to have bred, as a few young Grows were observed
near Warwick Ghurch during the first week of April, 1849. It is sup-
posed that they were introduced from Nova Scotia some few years
ago." Mr. Hurdis did not, apparently, find the 8i>ecies numerous, for
he says (Nat. in B., p. 66) : ^< In August, 1854, eleven of these Grows were
observed associating together at Oibbs Hill by the late Golonel Oakley,
Fifty-sixth Begiment. This was double the number which had hitherto
frequented those parts, and arose, doubtiess, from the young of that
jseason." It is somewhat difficult to reconcile the above evidence. Gan
the species, once numerous, have become extinct, and have then been
introduced again t This is possible, but I am inclined to the belief that
there have been Grows, more or less, in Bermuda since 1623, their wary
nature and their partiality for the dense cedar groves causing them to
have been but little noticed. However it may be, they are numerous
now; so much so that a price has been set on their devoted heads by a
recent enactment — half-a-crown a bird, and sixpence an egg. That this
is a wise and necessary measure is universally conceded, as they do
much damage in the breeding season by destroying young poultry, and
the eggs and young of the other resident birds. As is well known, this
«pecies is gregarious, except during the actual time of breeding. As
«oon as the young are well able to fly the scattered families consort
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BIRDS OF BERMUDA. 205
together. I hare seen as many as sixteen in one flock in Jnne. Three
or four are commonly seen together in winter, when they frequent the
rocky shores in search of shell-fish, &c. At the approach of the breed-
ing season they separate into pairs, and select the most retired cedar
groves for their nesting places, the same couple resorting to a particular
spot for many years if undisturbed. The nest is a bulky structure of
sticks and cedar bark, wafmly lined with the latter material and with
goats' hair;^ it is usually in a wide fork, against the trunk, and never
very high up. Eggs, usually four, exactly like those of our European
Grows. I have found as many as half a dozen nests, in vaHous stages
of dilapidation, in the same clump of trees — ^the work, doubtless, of the
same pair. They seem invariably to build a fresh one every year. Only
one brood appears to be raised, leaving the nest about the end of May.
The earliest nest I heard of was one containing four fresh eggs on April
3, 1875. Lieutenant Denison and I found five young birds in one nest^
two of which were somewhat less advanced in feathering than the re-
mainder; and, as we were mobbed all the time we were at the nest by
fiywr old Grows, we came to the conclusion that the nest must be com-
mon to both pairs; rather an odd thing when one considers the solitary
breeding habits of the species. Mr. Bartram has a specimen measuring
2\\ inches in length, which we at first thought must be a Baven, C.
ooraxy particularly as it did not mix with the other crows, and was shot
on a small island it frequented; but subsequent examination inclined
me to believe that it was only an unusually large bird, perhaps a little
stretched in stufDlng. Ordinary specimens measure 18 to 20 inches.
Suborder OLAMATORES.
Family TYRANNID^.
Sub-femily TTEANimJ^.
Genus Tybannxjs, Guv.
68. Tyra/nnus carolinenHsj (Om.) Temm. King-bird; Bee-Martin.
LaMus fffrtrnnui, Linn., Gm., Lath.
Laniua tjfrannus, var. oarolineHsU et ludovicianus, Qm., Lath.
Tjfrannui caroUnensis, Temm., Cab., Bd., and later writeis.
MuscioapareXf Bart.
MM9cioapa iyrannua, Wils., Bp., Nntt., And.
I)frannu9 pipiri, Vieil., Cab., Scl., Gundl., Cones, ScL &, Salv.
Tyrannus tntrepiduSj Vieil., Sw., Sw. ^Rich., Bp., Woodh., SoL
Mu8cioapa animosaf Licht.
J)frannu9 leuoogaster, Stephens.
T)frannu9vieiUoiH, Sw.
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206 BIBDS OF BEBMUDA.
Length, 8.50; wiDg, 4.65: tail, 3.70.
HaA. — ^North America at large, north to 57^ or £etrther, west to Bocky
Mountains, beyond which only observed in Washington and Oregon
Territories and British Colombia; winters on extreme southern border,
and thence into Mexico, Central and South America to Peru; Cuba.
<Coues.)
Eecorded as very numerous in all the swamps in 1850, but not men-
tioned as occurring at other times, though Mr. Bartram has one or two
specimens of a later date. It would appear to be only a spring visitant.
A considerable number appeared in April, 1875, a small band of these
attaching themselves to the Devonshire and Hungry Bay district^
where several specimen^, male and female, were obtained. These were
all immature, or rather in winter plumage, with the flame-colored head-
patch concealed by black tips to the feathers. Lieutenant Denison ob-
served several at Hungry Bay on the 22d September, 1875, but was
unfortunately unable to procure a specimen and thus establish the fiBMSt
of the species visiting Bermuda on its southward journey.
59. Tyrannus dominicensiSf Rich. Grey King-bird.
Tyrannus daminioensi$, Briss., Rioh.y3€l.
LafUu9 tyrannus, yar. p dominicen»U, Qm.
Muadcapa domtnioensiSf And.
Melittarchtu dominioenHa, Cab.
TyrannuB griieuBy Vieil., Sw., Bp., ScL
TyramnuB matuHnuB, Vieil.
Length, 8.00; wing, 4.65; tail, 4.00.
Hcbb. — South Carolina coast, accidental; Florida Keys and West In-
dies; Nicaragua; Kew Granada; Cuba; Jamaica. (B. B. & B.)
Only three specimens are on record, viz., one obtained by Colonel
Wedderbum in Mr. Hurdis's garden on March 30, 1850, and two others on
St. David^s Island on April 15, 1850.
Genus Oontoptjs, Cab.
60. Contopus borealiSy (Sw.) Bd. Olive-sided Flycatcher.
l)frannnB IwrealiB, Sw.
MyiohiuB horeaUSf Gray.
ContopuB harealiBf Bd., and later anthois.
SayamiB horBaliB, Wheat.
PyrooephdluB (ContopuB) horBaliSf Qray.
MuBoioapain<MmaUi, Coop. dsNatt., Kntt.
MuBcicapa axtperit Natt. AiKl.,Pntn.
!I)pronnuB eooperi, Bp., Natt., Seinch.
l)frannula oooperi, Bp.
ContopuB cooperif Cab.
CkmtopuB mcBoleuouBf Sol., Samih.
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BIRDS OF BERMUDA. 207
Length, 7.60 5 wing, 4.335 taU, 3.30.
Hoi). — ^Entire temperate North America ; Mexico ; Oreenland ; rare in
Middle and Soathem Atlantic States; South to Central America.
<Ooaes.)
Mr. Bartram has one, shot by himself on his farm not many years since.
61. ContopiM virens, (Linn.) Cab. Wood Pe-wee.
MusoieapavireM, Linn., Gm., Lath., Lioht., Bp., Natt, And.
Tyrannula virenSf Bp., Woodh.
Myiobina virena, Gray.
l)frtmnu$ virena, Nutt.
MjfiarchuB vireMf Cab., Scl.
Contopu$ virensj Cab., ScL, Scl. Sl Saly., Bd., and modem authors.
Pyrocephalua (Cantopua) virens, Gray.
Mnsdcapaguerula, Vieil.
Muaoicapa rapax, Wils.
Length, 6.15; wing, 3.50; tail, 3.05.
Hob. — Eastern Korth America to the borders of the high central
plains. Oaatemala (t), Mexico, Costa Bica, Texas, Vera Croz. (B. B.
&B.)
A single example was obtained by Mr. Hnrdis on April 30, 1852.
G^nos Bmpidonax, Cab.
62. Empidanax trailKiy (And.) Bd. TnOll's Flycatcher.
MuaoUsapa iraUlH, And.
Tyrannula traUUy Blob., Bp., Woodh.
Tjfraimui irakllH, Nntt.
Myiohiua traUlHj Gray.
Empidonax traillii, Bd., Cab., SoL, and late writen.
EmpUUmaxpuHlluB, var. traillii, B. B.^ B.
Length, nearly 6.00; wing, 2.d0 ; tail, 2.60.
HaA. — ^Eastern United States and British Provinces, west to the cen-
tral plains, whence to the Pacific replaced by vs^.pusillus; sonth to
New Granada. (Cones.)
One specimen is in Mr. Bartram's collection, shot at Stocks Point.
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208 BIBDS OF BERBiUDA.
Order PICARIA
Sub-order CYPSBLI.
Family CAPRIMULGID-^.
Sub-family CAPRIMULGIN^.
Oenns Ghobdeiles, Sw.
63. Ohardeilea virginianuSj (Om.) Bp. Kight-Kawk.
CaprimulgH$ virginiannSf Briss. (in part), Qin. Lath., Bp., And., Nntt.
CaprimviguB (ChordHlei) virginianuif Sw. &, Rich.
Chordeiles virginianuSf Bp., And., Gir., Woodh., Caas., Brewer, Kewb.» Scl.,
SalY., Goaee.
CaprimulguB popetuey YieiL, Bp.
Ckordeilea popetue Bd., Heerm., Coop. &> Sack., Lawr., Hayd., Allen, Coop.,
Aiken.
Ckiprimulgu$ amerioanuSf Wils.
Length, 9.50 ; wing, 8.20.
Sab. — Entire temperate North and Middle America, north to Hudson's
BayGuba and Jamaica, migratory; Bahamas; south to Brazil. (Goues.)
I cannot do better than quote from *< The Naturalist in Bermuda ^
the following : <^ These curious birds are sometimes very common in
April, and also in September and October, on their migration north and
south. The marsh below Government House was their great resort^
when, just as it was getting dusk, they would appear one by one, and
soon be skimming about in all directions, uttering every now and then
a sharp whirring sort of cry. They double and rush about in a most
wonderful manner, frequently depressing first one side, then the other.
Although flying close together, they seem to try and keep apart, each
having seemingly its ownhunting ground ^ (Wedderbum). " When this
bird visits the islands of Bermuda fh)m the north, it invariably appears
between the 20th of September and the 11th of October, and on its
vernal flight &om the south, arrives with wonderful precision between
the 23d and 30th of April" (Hurdis). Individuals of this species were
observed by officers of Prospect Ga-rrison on February 20 and 28, 1875.
It would almost seem probable that these wintered in Bermuda; but
the question requires further investigation. They are occasionally
picked up dead or in a dying condition. One was found dead in the
streets of St. Gteorge's on the 26th April, 1875, and a live one was
brought to me the same day. The stomachs of several I examined
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BIRDS OF BERMUDA. 209
in October, 1874, contained numbers of the highly-i)erfumed *' green
bug," Bhaphigaster prasintiSj so obnoxious to delicate olfactory nerves.
For this good service alone the poor birds should be religiously pro-
tected during their short visits.
Family CYPSELID^,
Sub-family CRMTTTRISM.
G^nus Ch-ETUEA, Steph.
64. OJuBturapelagicay (Linn.) Bd. Chimney Swift
J?trtifi(Io|)eZa^tca, Linn.
Chatura pelagioa^ B. B. & R.
Hirwido peUugidf Linn., VieiL, Wile.
Cifpaelus pelasgiuSf Bp., Nutt., And., De Kay, Maxim.
Chatura pelasgia, Steph., Bp., And., Bd., and authors generally.
Acanikylis pelasgia, Temm., Woodh., Brewer.
Length, 5.25 ; wing, 5.10 ; tail, 2.15.
iTofr.— Eastern United States and British Provinces. (Goues.)
One was shot on the 13th September, 1849. On the 24th of that
month Mr. Hurdis noticed several, left behind after the great flight of
the Swallow tribe, already alluded to, had taken its departure. Mr.
Bartram obtained one in Sept'Cmber, 1874, during my residence in the
islands, but I did not meet with the species myself.
Family TROCHILIDiE.
Genus Tbochilus, Linn.
65. Trochilus colubrisj Linn. Ruby-throated Humming-bird.
TrochUus oolubris, Linn^ Lath., VieiL, Wils., Jard., Bp., Sw. & Rich., Natt,
And. Gir., and later authors.
MelUsMga oolMhriSf Steph., Gray, Woodh.
Cynanthus ooluhrUf Jard.
Trochilus avreigaeter, Lawr.
Length, 3.25 5 wing, 1.60 ; tail, 1.25.
Sab. — North America, east of Rocky Mountains, north to 57<^ at least,
south to Brazil ; Cuba 5 winters in Florida (8). (Coues.)
I found the history of this bird's occurrence in Bermuda in a very un-
satisfactory state. Colonel Wedderburn writes : " There is a tradition
that the Humming Bird visited the islands of Bermuda in considerable
numbers about thirty years ago 5 but of late years they have not been
noticed till the 26th April, 1852, when Mr. Hurdis wrote to me, saying
that Mr. John Darrell (son of the attorney-general, now chief justice, of
those islands) had seen a HummingBird under the wiudowsof his father's
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 25 14
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210 BIRDS OF BERMUDA.
house, where it was busily employed entering the large white bell-
shaped flowers of the giant Stramonium, its tail only at times being
visible. Another was seen about the same time, and within about 2
miles of the same place, by a Miss Watson, in her brother's garden.'*
Eeferring to the above, Mr. Hurdis says : '' My endeavors to ascertain
the truth of the tradition alluded to by Colonel Weddet-bum ended in
disappointment. The bird seen by Mr. Darrell was described to me as
greenish in color, with the tail — the only part visible at times — ^tipped
with white. I need not observe that this characteristic appertains to the
female." 1 was, therefore, much pleased to establish its occurrence be-
yond a doubt, when going through Mr. Bartram's collection with him.
He has a genuine female specimen, shot with x>owdered rice by himself
close to his house, his attention having been called to the diminutive
stranger by one of his laborers, who thought it was a large moth. Two
others were seen at the same time, but not obtained. How these little
birds got to Bermuda is a marvel. They have powerful wings for
their size, calculated to keep up that humming vibratory motion neces-
sary for their mode of feeding ; but one would think that such a long
flight across the sea would induce weariness in so small a frame, and
leave them at the mercy of the winds and waves.
Family ALCEDINID^.
Genus Ceryle, Boie.
66. Ceryle alcyon^ (Linn.) Boie. Belted Kingfisher.
Aloedo alcyotif Linn., Gm., Lath., Vieil., Wils., Bp., Sw. & Rich., AncL,Natt.,
Gir., Maxim., Trippe.
Ceryle alcyon, Boie., Bp., Gray, and aatbors generaUy.
Ispida alcyoHy 8w.
Megaceryle alcyon^ Reich.
Chloroeceryle alcyon, Scl.
Alcedo ludovicianaf Gm.
Length of adult, 12.75 ; wing, 6.00.
Hob, — Over the waters of all North and Middle America and many of
the West Indian Islands ; resident or imperfectly migratory, being in
the north forced away by the freezing of the waters; accidental in Ire-
land. (Coues.)
"These birds arrive regularly about the middle of September, and are
to be found in all the mangrove swamps, creeks, and ponds in the islands.
Many remain during the winter, but they all disappear about the middle
of ApriF (Xat. in B., p. 33). I have seen these birds as late as the 2Cth
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BIRDS OF BERMUDA. 211
April, and at one time thought they must occasionally remain to breed;
but after much careful watching, in which I was assisted by my Mends,
I came to the conclusion that they all depart, sooner or latir, to breed
on the North American continent. Hungry Bay is a fiivorite resort of
these fine birds. I have seen six or seven there together, chasing one
another, darting at the little fish in the pools, and uttering their harsh,,
rattling cry. They affect the same hunting grounds, especially those
birds that remain for the winter, and day after day, as one drives past
the creeks and sheltered bays, one sees the same solemn-looking indi-
vidual on the accustomed rock or cedar-bough, one eye on the flah in
the water below, the other on the passers by.
Sub-order CUCULL
Family CUCULID-^.
Sub-family CoccYom^.
Genus Coccyzus, Bp.
67. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus, (Wils.) Bp. Black-billed Ouckoa
Cumins erythrophihalmuSf Wils., Stcph., Hart.
Coccyzus erythrophthalmus, Bp., Aud., Gir., Gray, and later writers.
Piaya erylhrophthalma, Less.
Erythrophrys erythrophtkalmuSf Bp.
CoccyguB erythropthalmvSj Cab., Bd., Hayd., Lawr., B. B. &, B.
Coccyzus dominicuSf Nutt.
Length, about 12.00; wing, 5.00 ; tail, 6.50.
Hab. — North America to Rocky Mountains ; north to Labrador ; south
through Mexico and Central America to the Valley of the Amazon ^
Cuba, rarely; no other Antillean record; said to winter in Florida;
accidental in Europe. (Coues.)
The first example recorded was shot by Gibbs early in October, 1874,
at the same time as a number of the succeeding species, C americanua^
from which its smaller bill, less white on the tips of the tail-feathers,
and red ring round the eye, at once distinguish it. Mr. Bartram also
obtained a specimen that autumn, and I found two others in his collec-
tion, labeled. C.ammcanw*. I saw one pear Devonshire Bay on the
19th April, 1875, and one (probably the same) was brought to me on
the 30th of that month from Hungry Bay. Lieutenant Ho[)egood, of
the Ninety-seventh Regiment, shot one of a pair in a potato-field near
Devonshire Bay on the 8th May, 1875. I imagine this species has
occurred more frequently than the records tend to show, not having
been distinguished from its larger-billed congener.
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212 BIRDS OF BEBMUDA.
68. Ooocyzm amerioanus:^ (Linn.) Bp. rellow-billed Gackoo.
Cueulus dominioentU, Briss. CucuIub domnicuif Linn., Lath., Qm.
Coooygu$ daminiouSf Bd.
Piaya domitUoOy Gray.
Cu(mlu9 oaroUnentiBf Briss., WilB.
ErythrophryB caroUnentiSf Sw.
Cucmlus americaitus, Linn., Om., Latb., Steph., Hart.
Coectfzus aw^erioanna, Bp., Natt., And., and later anthon.
PUiya amerioana, Less.
ErtfthrophryB americanus, Bp.
CoccyguB amerioanuMt Cab., fid., Hayd., Coop., Allcm, Tiippe, B. B. A B.
CoccyzuB pjfrrhopteruSf VieiL
Cuoulua oinfro8U9, Temm.
Coccyx M hiUrdiit Sol., Gray.
Length, 12.00; wing, 5.95; tail, 635.
Hah. — ^Eastern United States, to the Missoari plains, California and
Nevada, Jamaica, Porto Rico, Costa Bica, Lower Bio Orande. Acci-
•dental in Europe, (B. B. & B., Cones.)
A few specimens only are recorded previous to the 9th October, 1849,
when an extraordinary invasion took place. Thousands of these birds
suddenly appeared in all parts of the islands, most of them departing
as suddenly the next day. A few were seen in April, 1852. They were
numerous from the 12th to the 15th of October, 1874, and a few remained
behind for some time. I shot one near Devonshire Bay, in a potato-
field, on the 7th November; its stomach (like that of other specimens
examined) was full of green caterpillars collected from the leaves of the
potatoes. I was very angry with myself for having killed the poor bird
when doing such good service.
Sub-order PICI.
Family mVADB..
Sub-family PICIN^.
Genus Sphyrapicus, Baird.
69. Sphyrapicus varius, (Linn.) Bd. Yellow-bellied Woodpecker.
Piou$variu8, Linn., Gm., Lath., VieiL, Wils., Bp., Wagl., Nutt., Leas., Aud.,
Gray, Reich., Maxim., Scl., Reinh., Sund.
Pious (Dendrocopus) ranu«, Sw. & Rich.
Pilumnut varius, Bp.
Sphyrapicus varius, Bd., Malh., Coues, and most late writers.
Sphyropious rariuSj Scl. & Sal v., Scl., B. B. Sc R.
Picus (^SphryrapicHs) varius, Gray.
Picas atrothorax, Less.
Length, 8.25 ; wing, 4.75 ; tail, 3.30.
Hah. — ^The typical form in Eastern North America, north, to 61<^ at
least south to Guatemala, Mexico, Cuba, Bahamas, Greenland. (Coues.)
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BIRDS OF BERMUDA. 213
* Of this specie^Colonel Wedderburn says : "In general not very com-
mon. 1 first saw it in December, 1847 again in November, 1848; and
in April 1850, a great many suddenly appeared, several of which I shot.
Many of the palmetto trees are bored by this bird. It breeds in Mr.
Ballinghall's garden every year, and I should think that a few also breed
in holes in the large trees at Brackish Pond, and in some of the other
large swamps.'' Three examples occurred during my stay, but I could
not ascertain whether they bred or not in 1876. I don't think they did
so in Brackish Pond, where I kept a careftil watch for them. Mr. Bar-
tram has about a dozen specimens, scarcely two of which are alike, sq
variable is the plumage of the species. They are all in immature dress,
with the crimson patches more or less replaced by mottled gray, but all
possess the characteristic "yellowness" which distingdishes the bird
firom nearly all the other American Picidce.
Genus Colaptes, Sw.
70. Colapt^ auratusj (Linu.) Sw. Golden^winged Woodpecker; Flicker.
Cuculus auratttSf LiuD.
Picus auratus. LinD, Foret., Vieil., Wile., Bp., Katt., And.
Colaptea attratuMf Sw., Sw. Sl Rich., Bp., Bd., and most anthon.
Geopious auratuBf Malh.
Length, 12.50; wing 6.00.
Hdb. — Eastern North America to the slopes and foot-hills of the
Rocky Mountains, where in many localities it becomes milled with 0.
mexicanus; Alaska ; Greenland. Accidental in Europe. (Goues.)
The only specimens ever obtained were shot by officers of the Sixty-
first Regiment in Devonshire Marsh, as my friend Mr. J. M. Jones
informed me. One or two were shot in 1871, 1 think, but no others are
on record.
Order RAPTORES.
Family STRIGID^.
Sub-family STRIGIN^.
Genus Otus, Ouv.
71. Otu9 vulgaris var. wilsanianus, (Less.) Allen. American Long-eared
Owl.
Otu$ americanus. sp., Kaap., Maxim, Allen.
Strix peregrinaiorf Bartr.
Jsio peregrinatoTf Strickland.
Strix otus, Wils., Bp., Nutt., And. PeaL
Sfrix (Asio) otu$, Sw. Sl Rich.
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214 BIRDS OF BERMUDA.
Otus wiUanianuSf Less., Cass., Brew., Bd., Cooper, Cooes, Hayd.
Otus vulgari8f Jard., Aud., 6ir.
Otn$ vulgarus ameHcanuSf Schl.
Oius vulgaris var. tciUonianus^ Allen, Cooes, B. B. & R.
Female: Length, about 16.00; wing, 11 to 11 J; tail, 6.
Male, rather smaller.
Hob.— Whole of the temperate North America! (B. B. & R.)
This near ally of our European 0, vulgaris has occurred frequently,
but irregularly, during the winter months, generally on the highest part
of the islands, near the light-house. One in Mr. Bartram's collection
was caught alive at Mount Langton a few years ago. This bird did not,
to my knowledge, visit Bermuda during the year 1874-'75.
Genus Bbachyotus, Gould.
72. Br<Mhi/otU8 palustriSj (Bechst.) Gould. Short-eared Owl.
Strix hraekyohUf Gm., Lath., Dand., Bechst., Shaw, Temm., Mey., Vieil., Roax,
Brewer, Yair., Penn., Morris, Wils.,Bp.,Nutt., Aud.
(Hum hrachyotuBf Aod., Jard., 6ir., Cass., Reinh., Allen, Boie, Steph., Nanm.,
Eyt., Schl., Gray, Cuv., Less., Sw., Bp., Selby, Mont., Kanp.
A9io hrachyotu8f Macgil., StrickL
Ulula hrackyotuif Macgil.
Strix aocipitrinaf PaU., Gm., Dand.
A9io ulula, Leas.
Otus ulula, Cav.
Strix palu$tri$, Bechst., Lath., Shaw, Mey.
OtuB palu$tri8f DeKay, Gonld, Brehm.
Brackyotus palu8tri$f Bp., Cones, Gonld.
Strix hrachyuraf Nilss.
Strix ca$pia, Shaw.
Braohyotu$ gatapagoenMe, Gonld.
Otua galapagoenaiSy Darw., Bp., Gray.
• A9io galapagoen9i8f Strickl.
Female: Length, about 15 inches; wing, 12; tail, 6.
Male rather smaller.
Hab. — Europe, Asia, Greenland, America, West Indies. (Coues.)
Not so frequent a visitor as the preceding; but, like it, appearing in
the autumn and winter months, and usually seen on the south side,
near the light-house. The attraction presented by that part of the
islands would appear to consist of a plentiful supply of mice, which
inhabit the sandy scrub-covered hills near the shore. Mr. Bartram has
two specimens of this Owl, and I obtained two myself during my stay —
one at the Sand Hills, and another in Warwick Swamp.
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BIRDS OF BERMUDA. 215
Subfamily SYRNIN^.
Genus Sybnium, Sav.
73. Syrnium nebulosuniy (Forst.) (Boie). Barred Owl.
Strix nebulosa, Forst., Gm., Lath.. Daud., Vieil., Wils., Jard., Bp., Sw. A. Rich.,
Nutt., Aud., DeKay.
S^mium nehulo^um, Boie, Gray, Gonld, And., Cass., and later United States
anthers.
Ulula n^buloaa, Steph., Cnv., Less., Bp., SchL
Strix chichictliy Gm.
Strix rart'tw, Bart.
Strix femandicaf Shaw.
Length, about 20.00; wing, 13.00 to 14.00; tail, 9.00.
Sexes nearly of the same size.
Hab. — North America, east of the Rocky Mountains, chiefly United
States. (Coues.)
Mr. Hurdis observed one of these birds on the 2d April, 1851.
(}enus Nyctale, Brehm.
74. Nyctale acadica (Gm.) Bp. Saw- whet Owl.
Strix acadica, Gm., Daud., Vieil., Bp., Sw. &. Rich., Jard., Nntt., And., DeKay.
Nyctale acadica, Bp., Gray, Kanp, Strickl., Cass., Brewer, Sol., and later
authors.
Xyctala acadica, Gray.
Scotophilus acadicua, Sw.
JSoctua acadica f Rich.
riuJa acadica, And., Putn., SohL
Strix acadienMe, Lath., Shaw.
Strix alhlfrons, Shaw., Lath.
Buho alhifrons, Vieil.
Scops albifrans, Steph.
Xyctala albifrone. Case., Cones, Coop., Verr.
Xyctata aJbifrons, Gray.
Strix phalaenoides, Dand., Lath., Vieil., Shaw.
Athene wihoni, Boie.
Total length, 7 J to 8 inches; wing, 5J; tail, 2f to 3.
Sexes nearly the same size.
J3V/6.T— Temperate Korth America from Atlantic to Pacific, chiefly,
however, northern United States and adjoining British territory rang-
ing southward in woody, mountainous regions into Mexico. Oaxaca.
(Coues.)
A rare straggler. Colonel Wedderbum's notes contain all the infor-
mation we possess. He says (Nat. in B. p. 25) : " Only one specimen,
found on the 12th January, 1849, sitting inside the muzzle of one of the
guns at Ireland Island by an artilleryman. It is to be hoped that the
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216 BIBDS OF BERMUDA.
said gunner has more nerve when working a gun than ho displayed on
finding the little bird, being afraid to catch it, as, he said, 4t glow'red
at him.' It was caught by a man of the Forty-second, and lived in my
room for several days, getting quite tame. At night it always became
restless, and finally killed itself against the wires of the cage. Mr. Harry
Tucker saw another some short time afterwards, in a cave on the south
shore."
Subfamily NYCTELNIN^.
Genus Nyctba, Steph.
75. Nyetea S€andiaca.y (Linn.) Newton. Snowy Owl.
Strix •caiuliaoa, Linn.
Nifctea Bcandiaca, Newt., Dress.
Nyetea toandiaoa, var arclioa, Ridg., B. B. & R.
Strix nyetea, Lum., Briss., Brttnn., Forst., Gm., Lath., Daad., Vieil., Pall.,
WUs., Bp.y Temm., Natt., And., &c,
Noetua nyetea, Chy., Boie., Less., Brehm., Schl.
Sumia nyetea, Selby, Qoold, Jard., Keys. & Bias., Aad., Glr., Putn., Kaap.
Symia nyetea, Maogil., Jard., Watt.
Strix nivea, Thumb., Daad.
Noetua nivea, Brehm.
Nyetea nivea, Gray, Bp., Cass., Brewer, Bd., and many later authors.
Strix bubo, var. albue, Dand.
Strix eandida, Lath.
Nyetia eandida, Sw.
Strix erminea, Shaw.
Total length, 24 to 27 inches; wing, 16 to 17 ; tail, 10.
Sab. — ^Northern regions of both continents, migrating southward in
winter. Resident in Canada, Bermuda, South Carolina, Kentucky.
(Baird.)
Colonel Wedderburn observes (Nat. in B., p. 25) : Lieutenant Fayrer,
royal navy, shot two specimens at Boss's Cove in the autumn of 1843.
Another, a fine female specimen, was shot by a person named Llewellyn,
at Ireland Island, on the 29th November, 1853. This bird wa« only
wounded, and when examined by Mr. Hurdis, on the 13th December
following, appeared lively and well. When being fed, it frequently
erected a little tuft of feathers on each side of the head, so as to resem-
ble small horns. Two frequented the islands in the autumn of 1875 ;
one of these was shot by Lieutenant Tallents, Twentieth Regiment, the
other escaped, though it remained two months or more.
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BIBDS OF BERMUDA. 217
Oenii8 SuBKiA, Dum^ril.
76. Sumia uluUxy yar. hudsoniay (Om.) Goues. American Hawk OwL
Strix freti hudaonlif Briss.
Strix hudsonia, Gm., Wils, Shaw, Vieil.
Sumia hudaonia, James.
Sumia nlula var. Audaonia, Cones.
Sirix canadensis, Briss., Shaw.
Strix funer^f Sw. & Rich., ^nd,, Bp., Brewer, Peab.
Sumia ulula, Cass., Gray, Lord, Kaap, Dall & Baon., MayxL
Female: Length, 16 to 17 inches; wing, 9; tail, 7.
Male: Bather smaller.
Eab. — ^Arctic America, south in winter into Northern United States*
Wisconsin, Massachusetts, Dakota, and Montana. (B. B. & B.)
A single specimen was ^^ seen by Col. Drummond,at St. George's, quite
close to him, on a Sunday afternoon, otherwise it would have been shof
(Nat. in B., p. 55).
Family FALCONID^.
Sub-family MILVINiB.
Genus Gntous, Lac^pMe.
77. Circus cyaneus^ var. hudson%u8y (Linn.) Schl. Marsh Hawk ; Amer-
ican Harrier.
F^loo Kwd9<miu»y Linn., Gm., Lath., Daad.
Circus hudsonius^ Vieil, Cass., Heerm., Striokl., CouM, BUldtl.
CircM q/aneus hudsoniuSy Schl.
Circus cyaneus, var. hudsonius, Coues, Gray.
Sirigiceps hudsimius, Bp.
Falco spadiceuSf Gm., Forst.
Falco uliginosuSf Gm., Lath., Dand., Wils., Sab.
Circus uliginosus, Keil., DeKay, Max.
Sirigiceps uliginosuSf Bp. Kaap.
. lalco cyaneus, And., Bp.
Circus cyaneus, Bp., Jard., 8w. A Rich., And., Brewer, Niitt., Qlr., Gi»y.
Female: Length, 19 to 21 ; wing, 15}; tail, 10.
Male: Length, 16 to 18; wing, 14}; tail, 8} to 9.
Eah. — ^Entire continent of North America; south to Panama, Cuba,
Bahamas. (B. B. & B.)
This species is occasionally seen in Bermuda in the autumn. One
was shot by Mr. Pooley, Twentieth Begiment, in 1845, and one by Mr.
Hurdis in December, 1851. Mr. Bertram has a male and two female
specimens. As might have been expected, he was somewhat unwilling
to believe that they were of the same species. A female was picked up
dead in Warwick Parish in November, 1874, by a "colored^ boy, who
showed it to me tck) late for preservation, unfortunately.
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218 BIRDS OP BERMUDA.
Sub&mily ACCIPITEIN^.
G^nus AcciPiTER, Briss.
78. Acoipiter fuscuSy (Gm.) Gray. Sharp-shinned Hawk.
Falcofu9eu9j Gm., Lath., Daad., Bp., Natt.,Atid., Brewer.
Accipiier fu90U8f Bp.f Cass., Bd., Scl., ai\d most late aathon.
A$turfuscus, And., DeKay, Gir.
NUusfu8CU9f Kaop., Finsch., B. B. & R.
Falco dubius^ Gm., Lath., Dand.
Acdpiter striatuSy Vieil.
Falco relaXf Wils., Bp.
Aocipiter veloXy Vig., Steph.
Faloo pennsylvanUmSj Wils.
Nisus pennsylvanUmSf Cuv.
Acdpiter penmylvanioust Vig., Steph., Sw. A Rich., Jard., 8w.
Sparvius lineatuSj Vieil.
Aocipiter ardonaous^ Vieil.
Female: Length, 12 to 14; wing, 7 J to 8; tail, OJ to 7.
Male: Length, 10 to 11; wing, 6 to 6J; tail, 5 to 5^.
Hab. — The whole of North America; south to Panama. Bahamas.
(B. B. & E.)
Colonel Wedderbum has a specimen in his collection, shot near Pen-
nistOn's Pond on the 23d Febraary, 1853, and Mr. Bartram has another,
shot by himself near Stock's Point.
Genns Astur, Lac^pMe.
79. Astur airicapillusy (Wils.) Jard. American Goshawk.
Falco atricapillus, Wils., Wag , Nntt.
Hierofalco atricapillus, Guv.
Sparvius atricapiUu8y Vieil.
Aatur atrioapillusy Jard. & Selby; Bp., Kanp., Cass., and late authors.
Falco palumhariu9, Bp., And.
Acoipiter palumhariuB, Sw. & Rich.
Aatur palumhariuSt Aud., Gir.
Astur palumbarius, var. atrioapilluB, Ridg., B. B. &, R.
Falco regaliSf Temro.
Dcedalion piotwn. Less.
Female: Length, 22 to 24; wing, about 14; tail, lOJ to 11.
Male: Length about 20; wing, 12 J; tail, 9 J.
Hab. — North America, chiefly in the northwestern portions. (Baird.)
I examined two specimens in Mr. Bartram's collection, the only ones
that have occurred. One is a fine adult, shot on Somerset Island some
twelve years since; the other is in immature plumage, with the close
barring of the under parts only just commencing to appear on the thighs.
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BIRDS OP BERMUDA. 219
Subfamily FALCONING.
^^ G^nus Falco, Linn.
80. Falco communis^ Om. Peregrine Falcon; Dnck-Hawk.
Faloo communis, Qm,, Lath.^ Daud.^Savi., Wils., Less., Schl., Bp.
Falco peregrinu$f Ord., Sab., Rich., Bp., James, Woodh., Gir., Gray.
Falco orientaliSj Gii].,Lat.h., Daud.
Falco melanogenySf Gould, Gray, Bp., Kaup, Sfcrickl.
Falco anatumy Bp., Gosse, Cass., Brewer, Bd., Cab., Newt., Allen, Cones, Dall
<&J3ann. Coop., and most late American writers.
Falco nigricqf9f Cass., Strickl., Coop. & Suck., Gray, Coop.
Length, 18 to 20 inches; wing, 14 to 15; tail, 7 to 8.
Hab. — Nearly cosmopolitan, var. communis from most parts of the
Old World, var. melanogenys from Australia and Java, var. anatufn gen-
erally distributed in America. (Couesi)
This bird, which Bonaparte separated from the European ^^ communis^
or '^peregrinus,^ under the name ^^anatum^^ has now been restored, on
the authority of Schlegel and other distinguished ornithologists, to its
original position. It is a rare visitor to Bermuda. One was killed in
1846 by Dr. Oole, Twentieth Regiment. Another was wounded and
taken alive by a colored man on the 1st February, 1850, and presented
to Mr. Hurdis, who kept it for several months. A third was also cap-
tured, after a revolving gale, at the dockyard. I never saw this grand
bird alive while I was quartered in the islands, but I examined a speci-
men in Mr. Bartram's collection, and another, in the flesh, shot by Lieu-
tenant Tallents, Twentieth Regiment, at Penniston's Pond, on the 10th
October, 1874. Mr. Bartram informs me that a pair were shot by a man
named Hollis in October, 1875; the male was killed, but the female,
being only winged, was kept alive by Mr. Bartram till the end of March,
1877.
81. Falco columbariusj Liun. Pigeon Hawk.
Falco columbaritiSy Linn., Forst., Gm., Lath., Daud., Cuv., Wils., Jard., Brewer
Bp.,Nutt., Less., Sw. & Rich., Sw., And., Gir., Coop. & Suclc., Coop.,Ridg.,
Allen, Cones.
Falco (Hypotriorchis) columhariuSj of many authors, Cass.
linnunculus columbarius, Vieil.
yUu9 columbarius, Cuv.
Astur columhariusj Boie.
Hypoiriorchis columbarius, Gray, Bp., Woodh., Cass., Brewer, Heerm., Dress.,
Cones, Dall & Baun., Lawr.
JEsalon columbarius, Kaup, Gray.
Falco (JEsalon) lithofalco, var. columbarius, Ridg., B. B. & R.
Falco int€rmixtus, Daud., Latb.
Falco temerarius. And., Nutt.
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220 BIRDS OF BERMUDA.
Length: Female^ 12*to 14; male, 10 to 11 inches. Wing: female, 8 to
9 ; male, 7J to 8. Tail : female, 5 to 5J ; male, 5.
i/afc.— Temperate North America, Mexico, Central Aji^ica, North-
ern South America, Cuba, Jamaica, Bermuda, Ecuador, Venezuela.
A frequent visitor, always in the autumn and winter months. Hardly
a year passes without a few stragglers appearing. I saw one flying
over Devonshire Swamp on the 2d November, and obtained a beautiftil
male from the same place on the 3d December, 1874.
Sub-genus Tinnunculus, Vieil.
82. Falco 9parv€riu8y Linn. American Sparrow^Hawk.
Falco sparviriuSf Linn, Gm., Lath., Dand., Wils., Cnv., Jard., Brewer, Bp.,
8w. & Rich., Nntt., And., Vieil., and late anthors.
• Falco {Tinnunculus) iparveriudf of some anthors, Ridg., B. B. d&R.
Tinndticulvs 8parveriu$, Vierl, jGray, Bp., Cass, Cones, and many authon.
CerchneU $parvenu9f Boie, Bp.
Pcectlonis sparveriti8f Kanp.
Length, 11 to 12; wing, 7 to 7J; tiail, 5 to 5^.
Eab. — ^The whole of North America and southward (Goues).
Only one recorded, shot near the Sluice Ponds on the 9th December,
1853, while in the act of pouncing on some chickens (Nat. in B., p. 24).
Subfamily BUTEONINJE.
Genus Butbo, Guv.
83. But€0 borealis^ (Gm.) Vieil. Eastern Bed-tailed Buzzard; Hen-
Hawk.
Falco horealU, Gm., Lath., Dand., Wils., Sabine, Bp., Wagl., Natt., And.
Butto horealiSf Vieil, Sw. & Rich., Vig., Less., Jard., Brewer, Bp., Aiid.,QoMe^
Cass., and late aathors.
Astur horealUf Cuv., Sw.
PcBcilopternis horeali$f Kaup.
Buteo (Craxirex) borealU, Gray.
Falco leverianus, Gm., Lath, Daad., Shaw, Wils.
Falco jamaicen9i8y Gm.
BuUo ferrugineicauduSj Vieil, Cut.
Accipiter ruficauduSf Vieil.
Buteo fulvuSy Vieil.
Buteo americanuSy Vieil.
Female: Length, 22 to 24; wing, 15 to 16; tail, 8). Male: Length,
19 to 21 ; wing, 14 ; tail, 7^ to 8.
Sab. — Whole of 2Torth America, Mexico, Guba, Jamaica (GQues).
Mr. Bartram has one specimen, an adult, with fine chestnut tail, shot
at Baylis's Bay, about twelve years ago, by a man named Hollis, who
is still residing in the islands, the same who shot the two Peregrine
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BIRDS OF BERMUDA. 221
Falcons alladed to in the notes on that species. About the same time
a nest of this bozzard containing yonng is said to have been found in the
cliffs of Harrington Sound, but what became of this nest and its occu-
pants history saith not. I see no reason to doubt the story, especially
as it is corroborated by an authentic specimen of the bird ; but I unfor-
tunately did not see the man Hollis, as I meant to have done. Large
hawks are mentioned as common in Bermuda by the old historians,
and this species may have once been resident and numerous. The high
cliffs on the north side of Harrington Sound offer great attractions to
raptorial birds, in default of large timber, for nesting, and this species is
known to breed in Jamaica (Gosse, B. of Jamaica, p. 14).
Gtenus Arohibuteo, Brehm.
84. Archibuteo Ugopus^ var. sancti-johanniSy (Gm.) Bidg. American
Rough-legged Buzzard.
Faloo Sanoti-Johanniaf Penn., Gm., Latb., Dand., Shaw, Bp., And., Gir.
Butes Sancii-Johanni9f Jard., Nntt., De Kay.
ButaStea Sancti-JohanniSy Cnv., Bp.
Archibuteo SanoH-JohanniBf Gray, Bp., Ca88., Kaup., Striokl., Brewer.
Falco spadiceus, Gm., Latti, Daud.
Butea spadiceua, Yieil.
Faloo lagopuSf Wils., Brewer, Bp., Aud.
Buieo lagopuB, Rich., And., Jard., Nntt.
Archibuteo lagopus, Cass., Brewer, Coop. & Luck., Cones.
Maloo niger, Wils., Lath.
Buteo niger, Steph., Vig., Cuv.
Buteo atsTf VieiL
Female: Length, 22 to 24; wing, 17 to 17^; tail, 9.
Male : Length, 20 to 22 ; wing, 16 to 16J ; tAil, 8 to 8J.
Hab. — ^Typical lagopuSj European. Var. SanctiJohanniSy in North
America at large, rather northerly; the melanoticcondition chiefly ob-
served in the Middle Atlantic States, New England, and northward
(Coues).
A dingy old specimen in Mr. Bartram's possession, covered with dust
and cobwebs, and with all the quills and tail-feathers nibbled oft* short
by rats, appears to belong here. Its measurements and fully -feathered
tarsi are, I think, unmistakable. The bird was originally dubbed an
^' Eagle." It was shot near Prospect Gamp by a medical gentleman,
who gave it to Mr. Bartram.
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222 BIRDS OF BERMUDA.
Subfamily AQUILINJE.
Genus Pandion, Savigny.
85. Pandion hali<ietu8j (Linn.) Cuv. Osprey.
Aquila haUatMy Briss., Mej., Jen.
Faloo haliaetus, LIdq.. Gm., Lath., Daad., Shaw, Temm., Wils., Bp., Nutt.,
And., Gir., Nauiu.
Aecipiter haUaiuSf Pall.
Pandion halUetus, Cuv., Leae., Steph., 8w., Kanp, Eyton, Bp., Keys dr Bias.,
Schl,, Gray, Strickl., Couee, and of authors. /
Falco arundinaceuSj cayanenaiBj caroHnennSf Gm., Daud.
Pandion oarolinenHSy Bp., De Kay, Strickl., Cass., Brewer, Heerm., Coop. A
Suck., Lord, Coues, Dall & Bann., Coop., and most late U. S. authors.
Pandion halicetusj var. carolinensiSf Ridg., B. B. &, R.
Pandion fluvia2i8f Savi., Less., Vieil., Degl., Roux, Baill., Puch.
Pandion americanvs, Vieil., Sw., Vlg.
Pandion indicn$, Hodges.
Pandion leucocephaluSf Gould, Gray, Bp., Strickl.
Pandion hali(Etu8f var. leuoocepkaluSf Ridg., B. B. & R.
Female : Length about 25 inches ; wing, 21 ; tail, 10}.
Male rather smaller.
• Hob. — Cosmopolitan. American and Australian, respectively, under
the names of P. carolinensis and P. leucocephalus^ have been currently
regarded as distinct races or species (Coues;.
The movements of this cosmopolitan species in Bermuda are some-
what mysterious. In 1874 I saw the first on April 22 5 in 1875, one was
observed on the 17th of that month. During May they are often to be
seen, especially about the Great Sound, along the south shore,, and at
Peniston's Pond, but whether these are old or young birds I cannot say,
as I religiously abstained from shooting one. During the summer
months I lost sight of them, though I believe they were occasionally
observed, but in autumn 1 met with one or two specimens. On May 2,
1875, 1 watched for some time two of these fine birds circling over
Devonshire Swamp. This gave rise to the question, ** Do they breed
here I " I took eggs in Southern Spain, slightly incubated, on March 29 ;
and there being but little difterence of latitude between the two places,
it would be only natural to suppose that if they were going to nest in
Bermuda they would have arrived earlier. Probably, therefore, they
are young birds from early nests on the mainland. They are said by
Newton to be found on the island of St. Croix at all times except dur-
ing the breeding season, and the same remark doubtless applies to
Bermuda. I could hear nothing of nests in former years. I must
leave the question to be solved by future visitors to the islands.
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BIBDS OF BERMUDA. 223
Genus Haliaetus, Savigny.
86. Haliaetus leucocephalusj (Linu.) Sav. White-headed Eagle; Bald
Eagle.
Aquila leucooephaluSf Briss., Vieil., PalL, Sw.
Falco leucocephaltiSf Linn., Gm., Lath., Shaw, Wils., Bp., Nutt., And., Brewer.
Haliaetus JeucocephaluSj Savig., Cuv., Lees., Steph., Bp., And., 6ir.,«Gray,'
Cass., Brewer, and of aathors generally.
Aquila {haU<iStu8) leucooephaluSf Sw. & Rich.
Falco pygargus, Dand.
Faloo assifraguSy Wils.
Falco wodhingtonii, And., Nutt., Brewer, James.
Haliaetus washingtoniif Bp., And., Cass.
Female : Length, 35 to 40 ; wing, ^3 to 25 ; tail, 14 to 15.
Male : Length, 30 to 34 ; wing, 20 to 22 ; taU, 13 to 14.
Sab, — The whole of North America; Greenland (Cones).
This fine bird was se^n by Mr. Hurdis, in Hamilton Harbor, on the
8th June, 1853, and an undoubted adult example was frequently ob-
served in Pembroke Marsh and other places between the 2d and 11th
March, 1854. Mr. Bartram informs me that he came upon one perched •
on an old turret of the Castle, at the entrance of Castle Harbor, on the
1st May, 1877. He at first thought it was an osprey, but soon noticed
the white head and neck of the Eagle. He had no gun with him at the
time. Again, on the 10th October, 1878, he was told of a strange bird
on a tree near his house, and on proceeding to the spot " it flew past
me quite low, and slow, nob more than twenty or thirty yards from me,
and I was so much occupied in taking stock of it that I never once
thought of pulling the trigger until it was out of reaeh. Its head and
neck were clear white ; all the other parts dark-brown.'^ In a subse-
quent paragraph of his letter he adds : " I have just (14th October,
1878) got word that one of my gunners was after the Eagle on Long-
bird Island this afternoon, but a carriage came along and scared it
away. I hope that some of us will get a chance yef As I have not
since heard from Mr. Bartram, I am unable to state anything definite
regarding the capture of the bold stranger, and the White:headed
Eagle must still be included in the Bermuda lists as " seen but not
obtained." Nevertheless, the evidence is so very strong and clear that
1 have not hesitated to give a place to the species in this work.
Mr. Bartram writes, under date 9th December, 1878, that this fortu-
nate bird made good his escape after all. (S. G. E.)
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224 BIRDS OF BERMUDA.
Family CATHARTIDiE
Oenns Oathartes, III.
87. Oathartes aura^ (Linn.) HI. Turkey -buzzard.
VuUurauraf Linn., Gm., Lath., Bartr., Vieil., Wila., Licbt., And., Darwin,
Wagl.
Caiharies aura^ lU., Onv., Vig., Less., Bp., Jard., 8w. &. Riob., Nntt., 8w.,
And., d^Orbig., and antbors generaUy.
Caikariita aura, Viel., Gray.
PeronopteruB aura, Stepb.
BMrnogryphus aura, Ridg., B. B. d& R.
Vuliur aura p, Latb.
Vultur iota, Molina, Gm., Dand.
Caikaries {ota, Anct.
Length, 30; wing^ 23 ; tail, 12.
Hab. — All of North America, except the Arctic Begions (Baird).
A male of this ill-favored species appeared during the yellow-fever
epidemic of 1853. Was its coming accidental, or did some marvelous
instinct lead it there t It was shot in the latter part of November, and
subsequently examined by Mr. Hurdis.
Order COLUMBil
Family COLUMBID^.
Sub-family COLUMBINES.
. Genus Ectopistbs, Sw.
88. Ectopistes migratoria^ (Linn.) Sw. Passenger Pigeon.
Columha canadensis, Linn., Gm.
Columha migratoria, Linn., Gm., Forst., Wils., Bp., Nntt., And.
Ectopistes migratoria, Sw., Bp., Reicb., And., and late writers.
Peristera migratoria, IScbL
Length, 17; wing, 8.60; tail, 8.40.
Hab. — ^The greater part of North America, but scarcely west of Rocky
Mountains; Cuba; accidental in Euroi>e (Coues).
Colonel Wedderbum records that one was seen by Dr. Cole; but no
date is given. Mr. Bartram shot one as he lay on a sofa in his mu-
seum with "broken-bone'' fever, on October 24, 1863; it was sitting on
a tree close to his house. Mj' fHend Mr. J. M. Jones was informed by
Mr. J. H. Trott that, previous to 1831, small parties of these birds were
resident in the islands, breeding in the caves at Walsingham, and along
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BIBDS OF BERMUDA. 225
the south shore; but I am inclined to think, with all deference to the
authority given, that these must have been escaped << Blue Books" from
dove-cotes in the islands.
Subfemily ZBNAIDDf^.
Genus Zenaiduba, Bp.
89. Zenaidura oarolinensiSy (Linn.) Bp. Carolina Dove.
Columba caroUMntis, Linn., Gm., Lath., Wils., Bp., Nutt.^ And.
JBctopUim oarolinensia, Rich., Bp., And., Heerm.
Zenaidura carolinensis, Bp., Bd., Scl., Coop. A Lack., Hayd., CoUBBf Dress.,
Allen, Lawr., Coop.
Periawra oarolineims, Cab.
PerUtera oarolinenaiSf Sohl.
Chlumba marginata, Linn., Gm., Wag.
Ectopi8tm marginaiaf Gray.
Zenaidura marginelUuy Bp.
Length, 12.86; wing, 5.75; tail, 6.70.
iTofc.— United States, from Atlantic to Pacific; Canada West; Cuba;
south to Panama (Goues).
Specimens are recorded in The Naturalist in Bermuda. One was shot
by Captain Harvey on March 20, 1850, and another was taken alive
at Spanish Point on October 30, 1854. I saw one at the Sand Hills on
November 5, 1874. A small flock frequented the fields near Whale Bay
all through the winter of 1874-'5, and specimens were obtained, one by
Lieutenant Hussey , Royal Engineer, on February 11, 1875. I hear from
Lieutenant Denison that two were seen as late as June 20, 1875. Can
they have remained to breed t These pretty birds are fond of associat-
ing with the next species, feeding with them on the newly-turned fields,
conspicuous, when the flock is disturbed, by their larger size and
long tails. Their flight is very strong and rapid.
Genus OHAMi&PELIA, Sw.
90. Ohamapelia passerinoy (Linn.) Sw. Oround Dove.
Coluniba paseerina, Linn., Lath., WUb., Wag., And., Ltmd.
CoUmba (Oinura) pa$$erinaf Bp., Nutt.
ChawuBpelia paeserinaf 8w.
ChamcBpelia paeeerina^ Bp., Goese, Bd., Sol., Cab., Lawr., Coop.
Ckam(»pelia graiMHnaf Bp.
ChanuepeUa alhUnta, Bp.
Length, 6.30; wing, 3.50; tail, 2.80.
Hab. — South Atlantic and Oulf coasts ; accidental near Washington;
Lower Oalifomia, West Indies, New Grimada, Venezuela) Bermuda
(Baird).
Bull. Nat Mus. No. 25 15
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226 BIRDS OF BERMUDA.
Resident and abundant. It nests twioe^ laying two white eggs^ *85^
inch by .64 inch, in a small, flimsy coDstraction of twigs and cediir
bark, generally placed on the bushy horizontal bough of a cedar tree,
from eight feet to twenty feet above the ground. The earliest eggs I
saw were on April 4, the latest on June 27; but there are instances of
its breeding even in the winter months. When disturbed from its nest
it falls like a stone to the ground, where it commences to flutter about,
as if in the agonies of death, to deceive the intruder. Should the lat-
ter be taken in by the good acting of the poor little bird, and attempt
to seize her, she shuffles away along the ground just out of reach, farther
and farther from her nest, and when she thinks her home is safe, away
she dashes into the trees with a joyful " whir-r-r-r " of relief. My terrier
used to be completely ^^sold" in this way, and had many an exciting but
fruitless chase after the little doves. The "colored^ people have an
absurd superstition about this bird, and say that when it utters its
^^coo-oop" (this is an extraordinarily loud and sonorous call for so small
a bird, and can be heard a long distance), it is scratching up the ground
for somebody's gravel The habits and mode of feeding of the species
are too well known to need description. The male is larger, and has
the sides of the neck and the under parts of a much warmer purplish
red than the female.
Order GALLINiL
Family PERDICID^.
Sub-family OETTGEN^.
G^nus Ortyx, Steph.
91. Ortysovirginianusj (Linn.) Bp. Virginian Partridge or QoaiL
Tetrao virginianuSf Liim., Gm.
Perdix virgiiUanaf Lath., Wile., Bp., Aud.
Oriyx virginianus, Jard., Bp., Aud., Gould, Bd., and late authon.
Tetrao marUaruUous, Linn., Gm.
Perdix marilandioaf Lath.
Perdix horealisj Vieil.
Ortyx borealiSf Steph., Jard., &, Selby.
Oriyx castaneuSf Gould.
Length, 10.00; wing, 4.70; tail, 2.85.
Hob, — Eastern United States to the high central plains (Baird).
This bird (known to English sportsmen as a comparatively recent
introduction, under the name of Virginian " Colin'') is tlie gamebird of
Bermuda; but whether it originally found its way there from the Amer-
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BIRDS OF BERMUDA. 227
lean continent without the agency of man is doubtfol. It is not men-
tioned by the old historians. It is certain, however, that, though common
some few years previous to 1840, it became extinct in the islands from
that year till 1858 or 1859, when, thanks to the enterprise of Mr. Eich-
ard Darrell, an importation took place from the United States. Several
pairs were turned out, and these, increasing rapidly, soon spread over
the islands to such an extent that the species may now once more be con-
sidered common. The manners and customs of this handsome bird are
too well known for me to venture on details. From my notes, however,
I extract the following, which may prove of interest: It is extremely
prolific. Mr. Samuel Harvey told me of a nest near his garden contain-
ing eighteen eggs, every one of which hatched off; there are seldom
less than twelve eggs in a nest; they sit in the cedar trees on wet days,
and during the mid -day heat, roosting there at night. When once flushed
they aire very hard to put up a second time, even with good dogs, being
able, according to popular superstition, to conceal their scent at will ;
they run rapidly, and squat closely in the thick sage-bush, the strong
smell of which is calculated to puzzle a dog. Their call note is triple,
"hoo-woo-wooit,^ the "hoo'' indistinct and audible for a short distance
only. I don't think ** Bob White,^ the familiar American name, fairly
represents the call; it is too sharp and well defined. These birds are
fond of the ripe berries of the sage and cedar; the latter give the fle^h
a decidedly unpleasant aromatic flavor. They also eat the sweet potatoes
in small pieces. Great numbers of the young are destroyed by the
swarm of cats which infest the islands. An old '* colored'' lady once
accosted a gallant officer of the Fifty -third Regiment, who was beating
some likely ground near her cottage, and asked him what he was look-
ing for. "Partridges!" cried she, with a sneer on her sable features,
"J don't want a gun to get them. Why I my cat brings me in one every
morning ! " Cats, however, are not the only foes to be dreaded. The ''col-
ored" sportsmen take the eggs and eat them, while a white "sports-
man" resident on the islands was once overheard to say, "It's all very
well for the officers; they get lots of practice — can shoot Partridges at
any time — ^but the only time I can get them is when they have nests,
and I can kill the old birds." No wonder the poor birds are kept down,
and increase with lamentable slowness. If it were not that they are so
hard to put up and shoot in a workmanlike manner (two brace being
quite a "bag" in one day), their extermination would be a matter of a
few years only.
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228 BIBDS OF BEBKUDA.
Order GRALLATORE&
Sub-order LIMICOLJB.
Family CHARADRIIDJfl.
Sab-family CHARADRITN^.
Oenus Sqitatabola, Cuv.
92. Squatarola helvetica^ (Linn.) Brehm. Black-bellied Plover; Gray
Plover.
Tringa helvetioa, Linn., Font.
SgMatarola helvetica^ Brehin., Bp., Gray, and of most late aathora.
VaneUus helretiouSf Vieil.
Charadrius helveticus, Licht., Bp., Natt., And.
JHnga varidf Linn.
Charadrius variuSf Finsoh & Hartl.
PluvidUs variuSf SchL, Degl. d& Gerbe.
Trimga Bquatmrola, Linn.
Charadriu$ $quatarola, Nanm.
Vanellui Bguatarola, SohL
Vandlui metanogasterf Bech., Temm., Sab., Bich., 8w. A Ridh*
Squatarola australis, Bp.
Length, 11.50; wing, 7.50; tail, 3.00.
JJofc. — ^Nearly cosmopolitan.
Unlike the next species, this is by no means a frequent visitor to the
Bermudas. One was killed and another seen by Colonel Wedderbum at
Mangrove Bay in September, 1848. I shot one on the beach below the
Sand-hills on the 5th, and another near Warwick Oamp on the 13th No-
vember, 1874. Both these birds were alone.
Genus Ohabadbius, Linn.
93. OharadHu8fukuSyYQT.virginiouSy{BoTlL.)(^neB. American Golden
Plover.
Charadriua dominumSt MUller, Cass.
CharadriuapUwidUs, Wils., Sab., Bp., Sw. A Bioh., Natt.| And.
Ckaradriui pluviaUBy var. vft^iotM, Ridg.
CkaradHus virginUme, Bork., Lioht., Bd., Coop. ALndk., Hajd., Dnm., BeinlLt
Ster., Snow, Trippe, and of nearly aU late local lists.
PluvialU virginicuBf Bp.
Ckaradriua marmoratua^ Wag., And., Patn.
Pluvialis ftUvuB amerioanu$j Sohl.
Charadrius Mvus, var. virgkiieus, Cones.
Length, 9.50; wing, 7.00; tail, 2.50.
Hdb.—A31 of Forth America; Greenland; accidental in Europe.
(Ooues.)
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BIRDS OP BERMUDA. 229
Dr. Gones is of opinion that the American bird cannot be specifically
separated from the Asiatic C.fulvus (an undoubted specimen of which
has been recently obtained in the Prybilov Islands). It can always be
distingnished from our European G. pluvialis by its gray axiUaries. An
excellent account of the appearances of this species in Bermuda is given
by Mr.Hurdis (Nat in B., pp. 71-77), who goes carefully and thoroughly
into the question of its wonderful migrations. Colonel Wedderbum
says (p. 36) : '' During some years large flocks of these birds pass over
the islands in the months of September and October; but, unless in
stormy weather, they do not alight in any great numbers. I have seen
it as early as the 21st August, 1847, at Ireland Island; again, on the
25th July, 1848, at Hamilton. The latter was a single bird sitting on
the road close to the house in which I lived, but by the time I got out
it was gone. On the 9th March, 1852, one was shot in beautiful plum-
age, on the north shore ; and this is the only instance of its appearing
in spring.'^ Numbers appeared in September, 1874, frequenting the
grassy slopes of the north shore — ^their favorite haunt — and even the
parade grounds, during the continuance of a three days' revolving gale.
Many were shot, all in the mottled dress which procured for the species
the specific name '^ marmoratus.'^ Small flocks continued to arrive at
intervals during the autumn, remaining only a few days in each case.
I obtained specimens on the 14th and 23d November in complete winter
dress. The arrival of the Golden Plover in August or September is the
beginning of the shooting season in Bermuda, and is eagerfy looked' for
by the British officer, who forgets all the heat and discomfort of the
summer in the pleasure of once again handling his gun and cartridges.
And a nicely-cooked Golden Plover for breakfast is by no means to be
despised, as those who have been trifling with tough fowls and doubt-
ful eggs for months can well testify. The note of this species differs
from that of O.pluvialis; it sounds like " wee-o-wee,'' shar^dy but clearly
pronounced.
Genus ^EgtaTiTTIS, Boie.
94. JEgioMUs vooiferusy (Linn.) Bp. Elildeer Plover.
Charadriiu voc{feni$, Linn., Gm., Lath., Wils., Bp., Sw. A Rich., Nutt., And.
Sohl., and of earlier authors generally.
^gialitU vociferus, Bp., Cab., Sol., Coop. A Suck., Dress., Lawr., and of most
later writers.
Oxyeckus vodferuSf Reich.
CharadriuB tarquatus, Linn.
Ckaradrius JamaioeMiSf Gm.
Length, about 9.50; wing, 6.50; taU, 3.50.
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230 BIRDS OF BERMUDA.
IToA.— All of temperate North America; West Indies; Gentral and
Soath America in winter; accidental in Europe. (Cones.)
The latest of the southward migrants, but regular in its visits. First
seen about the middle of November, in small flocks, which remain till
February, attaching themselves principally to the grassy bottoms and
moist places on the south side. Persons living on this side hear tiieir
sweet wild note all night. A few remain till March or even later.
95. JEgialitis semipalmatuSy (Bp.) Gab. Semipalmated or Bing Plover.
Tiinga hiatUmla, Wils.
Charadrius hUUioula, Ord., Sab., Rich.
CharatbriuB (.^gialitU) hiatioula var. semipalmaiuM, Ridg.
Charadrius §&mipalwuUu§f Bp., Kaap., Wagl., 8w. A Rich., Nntt., Aud., SohL,
Gray.
JBgidUiis semipalmaiua, Bp., Cab., Bd., Coop. A Sack., Cones, Dims., Dall A
Bann., Mayn., Allen.
JSgialeui •emipaZmaiMf, Reich., Allen.
Length, about 7.00; wing, 4.75; tail, 2.25.
Hob. — Continent of North America, breeding chiefly in higher lati-
tudes, wintering from our southern border to Brazil. (Goues.)
Arrives in small numbers early in August, with the annual invading
army of Stints and Sandpipers, remaining till October, and frequenting
the sandy bays on the south shore, also the muddy edges of Peniston's
Pond.
96. JBgialitxB mdoduSy (Ord.) Bp. Piping Plover.
Chartl^Hus kiaiioulay Var., Wils.
Chradrius meloduSf Ord., Bp., Nutt., And., Schl., Gray, Finaoh.
Charadrius (jSgiaHHs) mehdu$f Ridg.
.SffialitU meMuMf Bp., Cab., Bd., Bryant, Scl., and late anthors.
.^gialeuB melodus, Allen.
Charadrius okmi, Wagl.
Length, about 7.00; wing, 4^; tail, 2.
Hab. — ^Eastern coast of North America, Ouba, Bahama, Jamaica.
(Cones.)
Bare. Colonel Wedderbum shot one at Mangrove Bay in September,
1848, and two were seen on a rocky island in Hamilton Harbor in Sep-
tember, 1850. Mr. Bartram has one specimen. Not observed in 1874.
Family H^MATOPODIDiE.
Genus Strepsilas, HI.
97. Strepsilas interpresj (Linn.) Bl. Turnstone.
TringainterpreSf Linn., Gm., Lath., Wils.
Strepsilas interpres, IlL, Leach, Steph., Bp., Sw. A Bioh., Nutt., Eji., Keys.
A Bias., Schl., And., and anthors generally.
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BIRDS OF BERMUDA. 231
CineluB interpreSf Gray.
Dringa morinella, Linn., Gm.
StrepHUu ooUarU, Temm., Brelun., Sab., Rich.
Chatadrius dnduB^ PalL
Lengthy 9; wing, 6; tail, 2}.
^ofr.— Sea-coast of nearly all countries, less frequent in the Interior.
<Genes.)
This cosmopolitan species is a frequent visitor. It has been shot as
«arly as the 3d August. I obtained two on the 23d December, 1874,
but it probably remains all the winter.
Family RECURVIROSTRID^.
Genus Himantopus, Briss.
-98. Himantopus nigrieoUiSj Yieil. Black-necked Stilt
CharadriuB mexicanuif MtlUeTy Cass.
Bimantqpua mea^oaniu, Ord., Max., WagL, Bp.
Ckaradriu$ himantopuSf Lath.
BecurviroBtra himantopu$, Wils.
HimantqpuB nigrioollUf VieiL, Bp., Natt., And., and most authors.
Hypsibates nigrioolliSf Cab.
Length, 14; wing, 8^ to 9; tail, 3.
Ea^* — From United States generally, Mexico, part of West Indies,
Oentral America, and South America to Peru and BraziL (Ooues.)
The American representative of our H. meUxnopterus. Only one has
occurred, shot at Warwick Pond on the 3d June, 1853, by Mr. Hinson,
■and sent to Mr. Hurdis.
Family PHALAROPODID^.
Genus LOBIPBS, Cuv.
M. Lobipes hyperhoreusy (Linn.) Out. Northern Phalarope.
Tringa Xyperbwrea, Linn., Brttnn., Fabr., Gm.
PAoIofoptif hyperhorem^ Lath., Temm., Sab., Bp., Natt., And., Bd., Saly.,
Coop. d& Sack., LawT., Allen, Sohl.
Lohipe9 hyperbin'euSf Cay., Steph., Brehm, Jen., Eyt., Bp., And., Gir., C<raat|
Dall. Sl Bann., Bidg.
Tringa lohata, Linn.
Dringafusoaf Gm.,
Phalaropus ftucuSf Lath.
Phalaropus rufioollis, Pall.
PhalaropuB cinera»cen$f Pall.
Phalaropua dnereus, Mey. Sc Wolf., Keys. &> Bias., Sohl., Finsoh.
Length, about 7 ; wing, 4^ ; tail, 2^.
Hctb. — Northern hemisphere, penetrating to very high latitudes to
breed ^ migratory sometimes into the tropics in winter. (Ooues.)
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232 BIRDS OF BERMUDA.
One found dead^ floating in Kiddle's Bay, March 21, 1848, sent to
Bey. H. B. Tristram. A female, partly in ruddy plumage, killed with
a stick in Hamilton Harbor on the following day, and a third example
captured on the edge of Devonshire Swamp by Mr. Hurdis on the 8th
March, 1852. <<It is remarkable that all the specimens were obtained
without the aid of a gun'' (Hurdis).
Family SCOLOPACIDiE.
Sub-family Scolopacin-B.
Genus Philohela, G. E. Gray.
100. Philohela minovy (Gm.) Gray. American Woodcock.
SooUfpax mincTf Gm., Lath., Wils., Bp., Aud.
BusHcola minor, Vieil., Bp.
Buatioola (Microptera) minoTf Nutt.
PhUokela minor, Gray, Bd., and of most late aathors.
Microptera amerieanaj And., Gir.
Length, about 11 ; wing, 5^ ; tail, 2^.
Hob. — ^Eastern United States and British Provinces, north to Kova
Scotia and Canada, northwest to Fort Sice, Dakota; west to Kansas
and Nebraska. (Goues.)
<< A single specimen was shot near Hamilton in October, 1842, and one
was supposed to have been seen at Hungry Bay a few years afterwards
by Mr. Poiard'' (Nat. in B., p. 42).
Genus Gallinago, Leach.
101. QaUinago wilsonii^ (Temm.) Bp. American or Wilson's Snipe.
Soolopax gallinagOf Wile.
Scolopax toiUonH, Temm., Bp., 8w. &. Rich., Katt., And., Gir., Trippe, and
of many earlier authors.
Odllinago wilMnU, Bp., Sol., Bd., Salv., and later anthon.
Oallinago gallinaria var. wiUoni, Bidg.
Oallinago brekmiif Bp.
Soolopax dolicatulaf Ord.
Soolopax drumwMmdiif 8w. &. Bloh., Nutt., And.
Gallinago drummondii, Bp.
Soolopax douglasiiy Sw. A, Rich., Nutt.
Length, about 10^ ; wing, 5 ; tail, 2^.
Hob. — ^The whole of Noi-th America, southward to South America;
Mexico; West Indies. (Cones) Bermuda.
Usually makes its first appearance at the beginning of October, a*
straggler or two remaining till January, and occurs also in March,
April, and May in limited numbers on its' northward journey. It has
been seen as early as the 13th September (Hurdis). It seems rather a
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BIRDS OP BERMUDA. 233
farce to talk of the smpe'Shooting in Bermuda ; but occasionally large
flights come in, and really fair bags are made, such as six or nine couple
a-day to two guns. Pembroke Marsh is the great place for them, and a
few usually take up their quarters in Devonshire Swamp. They are
very good eating at first, but soon become rank from feeding in the
brackish mud. They lie closer than our European 8nix>e, and a dog is a
sine qud mm in the thick scrub-grown marshes. Their note is very sim*
ilar, but they differ somewhat in plumage, especially in having sixteen
tail-feathers instead of fourteen like our bird.
102. Oallinago mediUj Leach. European Snipe; Oommon Snipe.
Soolapax gMintigo, Linn., Gm., Brifis.
GallinagoiMdiaf Leach.
Gallinago 9oolopaoina, Bp., Naum., Qonld.
GdlUnago uniclavata, Hodgs.
OaUinago hrehmif Kaup, Jard.
Gallinago delamotH, BaiL
GdlUnago §dlnni, Vig., Gk>nld.
We have Colonel Wedderbum's authority for the occurrence of this
bird iu Bermuda. He says (Nat. in B., p. 43): "I shot one of this spe-
cies on the 24th December, 1847. It precisely answered to the descrip-
tion of the S. gallinago and had but fourteen tail-feathers. I shot an-
other specimen also with fourteen tail-feathers on the 29th December,
1847. Both these birds I got in Pembroke Marsh, and there cannot be
the least doubt about the bird and the propriety of adding it to the
Bermuda list."
Oenus Maobobhamphus, Leach.
103. Macrorhamphus griaeusy (Om.) Leach. Bed-breasted Snipe; Grey
Snipe.
Soolopax gr%»6ay Gm., Lath., Temm., Flem., Jen., Schl.
Soolopax {Maororlujmphus) grisea, Bp., Nutt.
MaororhamphuB gri$eu$, Leach, Stepb., Eyt., Keys. & Bias., Gray, Bp., Bd.,
Coop. A, Suck., Salv., and late authors.
Lknoaa gri9ea, Sohl.
Soolopax naveboraoenBis, Gm., Lath., Wils., Sw. A Rich., And., Gir.
Ibtanua novtboraoenHSf Sahine.
Maororhamphu$ ioolopaoeuB, Lawr., Bd., Elliot, Cones, Dall A Bann.
Length, 10; wing, 5|; tail, 2^.
^ofr.— The whole of North America, Greenland, Mexico, West Indies^
Gentral America. Much of South America, Brazil, Chili. Of frequent
casual occurrence in Europe. (Goues.)
One ^*shot by Oaptain Orde on the 29th September, 1847, at Harris's
Bay; another was killed by Mr. 0. Fozard on the 21st August, 1848 '^
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234 BIRDS OF BERMUDA.
(Xat. in B., p. 43). A third was obtained on Pearl Island on Septem-
ber 10, 1874, by Captain Kirkwood, Fifty-third Regiment. This speci-
men was preserved by Captain Booke, who kindly presented it to me.
Three were shot at Peniston's Pond on the 17th September, 1875, by
Lieutenant Festing, Twentieth Begiment, and examined by lieutenant
Denison, Boyal Engineers.
GtenuS MiCBOPALAMA, Bd.
104. Mioropalama MmaiUapuSy (Bp.) Bd. Stilt Sandpiper.
Dringa hiwuintopuBy Bp., Less., Sw. Sl Rich., And., Gir., BdhL
Tringa {Hem^lavM) MmantapuSf Bp., Kntt.
Hemipalama kimantopw^ Bp., DeKay.
JlHerapahma hinMntopuSf Bd.» SalT., Cones, Lftwr., 8dL, DrMi., SeLA Salr.,
Allen, and later authors.
Ereunete$ hinmnUfpuBf Snnd.
Mioropalama himantopu$, Gray.
Hemipalama mulUBtriaiaf Gray, Pels.
JHnga (Hemipalama) audub<miy Kntt.
Length, 8} to 9^ wing, 5^; tail, 2^; tarsus, 1}.
Eab. — North America generally; not observed west of Bocky Mount-
ains; rare in the United States. West Indies; Central America; most
of South America. (Ooues.)
Colonel Wedderbum killed two, one of which he unfortunately lost,
in the beginning of August, 1848. Lieutenant Denison, Boyal Engi-
neers, records another, shot by Lieutenant Festing, Twentieth Begi-
ment, at Peniston's Pond, early in September, 1875.
Oenus Ebbunetbs, niiger.
105. JEreunetes puHUuBy (Linn.) Cass. Semipalmated Sandpiper.
Tringa pwiila, Linn., Gm., Lath., Schl.
EreuneUe pvsiUuSy Cass., Cones, and most late U. 8. anthors.
Ereumetee petrifieatus, III. , Cass. , Hayd., Trippe, Snow.
lYimga iemipalfnaiOt Wils., VieiL, Sw. A Rioh., And., Gir^,New1»»
IHmga (Hemipalama) eemipdlmata, Bp.
Dringa (Heteropoda) eemipalmataf Nntt.
Heierapoda eemipalmataf Bp., DeKay, Gray.
Ereunetee eemipalmata, Cab., Bp.
PeUdna hriemmi, Less.
Heteropoda maurif Bp., Gnndl.
Hemipalama minor, Lemb.
Ereunetee oeoidentali8f Lawr.
Length, 6J; wing, 3f ; tail. If.
Hob, — ^The whole of North, Central, and most of South America.
(Coues).
A regular visitor, arriving about the 1st August, or a few days earlier,
and found in small flocks in the sandy bays, and on the margins of the
open brackish ponds throughout the islands. They do not remain long.
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BIRDS OF BERMUDA. 235
QenvLQ Tbinga, Linn.
106. Tringa minutillay Yieil. Least Sandpiper; American Stint.
Tringa nUnuHlla, Yieil., Gray, Sh. &. Drees., Cones, Finsch.
Aotodromus minuUllaf Bp.
AotodnmM minutillaf Coaes, Drees., Lawr., Allen, Verr., Newton, Dall A Bann.,
Mayn., Ridg.
THngapuHlla, Wils., Ord., Brewer, Bp., Bw. & Rioh., And., Gir.
Pelidna pusilla, Bp., Gosse.
Tringa wiUoni, Nntt , Bd., Coop. A, 8nck., Caes., Trippe.
Actodromus wilmmi, Bp.
IHnga nana, Lioht.
Length, 5^ to 6 ; wing, 3j to 3|; tail, If.
Hob. — ^North, Central, and South America and West Indies; acci-
dental in Europe. (Ooues.)
Arrives about the same time, and frequents the same localities, as the
preceding species. I shot one as late as the 23d December, probably a
straggler left behind. I also obtained a solitary example on its north-
ward flight on the 29th April, 1875, at Peniston's Pond.
107. Tringa maculataj Vieil. Pectoral Sandpiper. " Jack Snipe.'^
Tringa ma^mlatai Vieil., Wheat., SohL, Blae., Dreee., Snnd., Hart., Cones, Scl.
&, SalT.
Tringa (Actodramas) maoulaiaf Caee., Ridg.
Actodramaa moottZato, Conee, Allen, Verr., Lawr., Coop., Mayn.
PelidnapeoU>rali8j Bp., Caee.
Tringa peehraliSf Say, Bp., Nntt., Gm., £yt.. Keys. A Bias., And., Temm.,
Gir., DeKay, 8chl., Gray, Meyer, Reinh., Snnd.
Tringa daminioenmSf DegL
Length, 9; wing, 5^; tail, 2^.
Eab. — ^North, Central, and South America, West Lidies, Greenland,
Europe. (Ooues.)
ITot uncommon in September and October. The first I met with was
feeding with a small flock of Semipalmated Sandpipers at Peniston's
Pond, on August 3, 1874. It was tolerably abundant till towards the
end of October, being usually found singly. Colonel Wedderbum says
of this species (Nat. in B., p. 44) : " On the 9th October, 1849, they ap-
peared suddenly in thousands, particularly at St. George's, after a
heavy gale of wind ; the parade ground at that place was swarming
with them, and I think Colonel Drummond killed some thirty or forty
couple before breakfast ; but, with the exception of a few stragglers,
they were all gone by the following day.''
108. Tringa fu8cicolli8y Vieil. Bonaparte's or White-rumped Sandpiper.
Tringa fiucioolli8y Vieil., Dress.
Tringa cinoZiM, var.. Say.
IHnga sohinziif Bp., Nntt., Sw. & Rich., Aud., Eyt., Gray, Gir., DeKay.
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236 BIRDS OF BERMUDA.
Pelidna acihinziif Bp.
THnga honapartiij Schl., Gray, Cones, ScL A Saly.
Actodromas (Heteropygia) honaparUi, Cones.
Actodromas bonapariiif Coaes, Allen, Lawr., Verr., Mayn.
Tringa melanoiuSy Bias.
Actodromus melanotoSf Bp.
Pelidna melanotos, Degl.-Gerbe., Bp.
Tringa doTMlis, Licht.
Length, 7^; wing, 4.7; tail, 1.8.
Hob.— ^oxth America, east of Becky Mountains; not observed in
Alaska (where, however, its occurrence may be anticipated). Breeds
in the far north. Migratory through United States in the Eastern
Province. Winters in the Southern States, Greenland, West Indies,
Central and South America. Accidental in Europe. (Cones.)
This bird did not occur in the autumn of 1874, to my knowledge. It
is recorded by Colonel Wedderbum, and is, I believe, sufficiently nu-
merous at times, especially in the Great Sound and Castle Harbor.
109. Tringa maritimaj Brnnn. Purple Sandpiper.
Tringa mariUmaf Briinn., Gm., Lath., Vieil., Temm., Less., Sab., Rich., Sw.&
Rich., Bp., Natt., Nanm., Aad., Keys. A, Bias., Sohinz, SchL, Oir., and many
later authors.
Tringa (Arguatella) mariHmaf Bd., Gray, Ridg.
Arquatella mariUmaf Coues, Verr., Allen, Lawr., Hayn*
Pelidna maritima, Bp.
Totanu9 maritimu8f Steph.
(1) Tringa etriata, Linn., Gm., Fab., Lath., ilem.
Tringa undata, Briinn., Gm., Lath., VieiL
IHnga nigricans, Mont., Leach, Brehm.
Trynga arquaieHa, Pall.
Tringa eanadenM$f Lath., Vieil.
Tringa liUoralia, Brehm.
Length, 8 to 9 ; wing, 5 ; tail, 2}.
Hob — North America, northerly and chiefly coastwisei south to the
Middle States in winter. Great Lakes. Greenland, Europe, Asia.
(Coues.)
One was seen by Colonel Wedderbum at the entrance to St. Qeorgefs
Harbor.
Genus Calidris, Cuv.
110. Calidris armaria^ (Linn.) HI. Sanderling.
Tringa arenaria, Linn., Schl., And.
Calidrii arenaria, lU., Leach, Tenmi., Licht., Bp., Flem., Brehm., Sw. & Rich.,
Nntt., Nanm., and authors generally.
Ckaradriua calidrie, Linn., Wils.
Charadrius rubidui, Gm., Wils.
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BIBDS OF BERMUDA. 237
Arenaria vulgaris, Bechst., Temm., Steph.
Dynga tridadylaf Pall.
(kOidrii tringaide$, Vieil.
CaUdrU amerioana, Brehm.
Length, 7f to 8 ; wing, 5 ; tail, 2.
Hdb. — Sea-coasts of nearly all countries. (Ooues.)
Generally to be found in the aatnrnn months, especially on the sandy
beach below the sand-hills, where I obtained sx>eciinens in November,
1874. One of these I lost temporarily, and on recovering it the next
day I fonnd that not only the body, bat the webs and shaft$ of the
feathers had been devoured by a swarm of voracious ants.
Sub&mUy TOTANm-aS.
CrewjB LiMOSA, Briss.
111. Limasa hudsanioaj (Lath.) Sw. Hudsonian Godwit.
Soolopax alba et Candida, Linn.
Scolopax lappanioa, var. p, Gm.
Scolopax kudaonica, Lath.
Limoaa hudBonica, Sw. d& Bioh., Natt., Aad., Bp., Gir., Bd., SoL, Cab., SoL &
Saly., and later authors.
Limoaa melanuraf Bp., not of authors.
Limosa mgocephala, Bp., not of authors.
lAmoBa auBtraliSf Gray.
Length, 15; wing, 8; tail, 3.
Hob. — Northern and Eastern North America; West Indies; South
America; not noted west of Bocky Mountains; rare along Atlantic.
(Ooues.)
A specimen of this bird in Mr. Bartram's collection was shot near
the Causeway at St. (George's in the autumn of 1876.
Genus SYMPTTEMTA, Bafin.
112. Symphemia Bemipalmata^ (Om.) Hartl. WiUet.
Scolopax BcmipalmaUit Gm., Lath., Wils.
T6tanu8 Bemipalmaius, Temm., Bp., Sw. Sl Bioh., And., Gir., Couei.
Tetanus (Catopirophoru^) semipdlmaiusj Bp., Kutt.
Catsptropkorus sem^lnMtus, Bp., Bias.
OlotUs «mipaIifiata,Nil88.
JSodites semipalnuita, Kaup.
Sifmphmia semlpalmatat HartL, Bd., Cah., Sol., Cass., Coop. & 8aok., andlate
authors.
Totanus orassirostris, Vieil.
Symphemia atlanUoOf Rafinesque.
Length, about 15; wing, 8^; tail, 3|.
^ofr.— Temperate North America, north to 66<^, but chiefly United
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238 BIRDS OP BERMUDA.
States; resident in the Southern States, West Indies^ Central and
Soath America. Accidental in Europe. (Ck>aes.)
One was shot by Colonel Wedderbum on Pearl Island on July 3, 1848 ;
doubtless a young bird driven by stress of weather from the breeding
haunts of the species on the North American shores.
Gtonus Gahbbtta, Eanp.
113. Oambettamelanoleuoaj (Gm.) Bp. Greater Yellow-shanks; Tattler.
Soolopax melanoleuoa, Gm.,Lath.
Totanu$ melanoleucus, Vieil., licht., Bp., And., Coues, Finsch.
Gamhetta metanoleuca^ Bp.. Bd., Coop. &, Sack., Coues & Prent., Hayd., Yeir.^
Allen, Dress., Lai^rr., Dall A, Bann., Mayn.
Soolopax vodferus^ Wils.
Tbtanui vodferuBy Sab., 8w. &. Rich., Nutt., And., Gir., Pntn., Trippe.
TotanuB $Ma»hew, Vieil.
Totanus chilenMSf Philippi.
Lengthy about 14; wing, 7J to 8; tail, 3J to 3J.
Hob. — ^The Western Hemisphere; breeds mostly in high latitudes;
abundant. (Cones.)
More or less common, arriving early in August, Remaining for a month
or so. Much in request among the energetic sportsmen who brave the
heat and mosquitoes for the sake of a "bag'^ of "snippets." Its quad-
ruple note, "thew-thew-thew-thew,'^ is very loud and striking. Mr.
Hurdls mentions one killed, when on its northward migration, on the
5th June, 1852. Another was shot by Lieutenant Denison on the 27th
April, 1875, and one seen at the same time, but not obtained.
114. Oambetta flavipea, (Gm.) Bp. Yellow-shanks; Lesser Tell-tale.
Soolopax flavipea, Gm., Lath., Wils.
Totanns ftavipes, Vieil., Bp., Sab., Sw. &. Rich., Kott., Aud., Gir., Moschl.,
Putn., Reinh., Yarr., Newton, Trippe, Coaes, Ridg.
OambettaftavipeSf Bp., Bd., Coues & Prent.,yerr., Allen, Cones, Dress., Lawr.^
Dall &, Bann., Mayn., Trippe, Snow.
Totanus fu8cooapillu8 et natatOTf Vieil.
Length, 10 to lOJ; wing, 6 to 6J; tail, 2J.
Eab. — Western Hemisphere j many winter in Southern States^ acci-
dental in Europe. (Coues.)
The most conspicuous and noisy of the August arrivals. It has been
seen as early as the 13th July, but usually disappears towards the end
of September. Considerable numbers fall victims to the gun, as they
are not bad eating. If a wounded one falls into the water it is possible
to shoot the whole of the flock, as they hover over their unfortunate
companion. This murderous proceeding is alluded to, I think, by Wil-
son. The only instances of the occurrence of this species in the spring
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BIRDS OF BERMUDA. 239
took place in 1875, when I saw one on the 26th, and obtained two at
Peniston's Pond on the 29th April. These were, of course, in beautiful
plumas^
Genus BHYAOOPHiLns, Eaup.
115. Bhyacaphilua solitarius (Wils.), Gass. Solitary Sandpiper.
Tringa ockropuSy var fi. Lath.
Tringa Molitariay WOs.
Totanua BoHtaritUj And., Gir., Hoy, SchL, Gray, Hart., Couea.
Bhyaoophilus aolttoriua, Cass., Cones & Prent., Hayd., Yerr., Allen, ConeSy
Dress., Lawr., Dall & Bann., Mayn., Stey.
IbtoniM oKloropuSf var. aolitariuif Ridg.
Totanu$ oholoropygius, Vieil., Bp., 8w. & Rich., Wagl., Nntt., And.
Eh}facophU%L9 chlarophygiua, Bp.
Totanu9 glareola, Ord.
TotanuB macroptera, Spix.
Length, 8 to 8J5 wing, 5 ; tail 2J.
Edb. — ^Western Hemisphere ; accidental in Europe ; North to Alaska ;
winters in Mexico, Central and South America, and West Indies. (Cones. )
I observed one on the 19th July, 1874, but they generally come with
the other species in August. They soon betake themselves to the
wooded swamps, where they may be found singly or in pairs through-
out the autumn. Fresh arrivals sometimes take place in the spring.
Their habit of bobbing the head and body when alarmed is very comical.
Gtenus TRiNaoiDES, Bp.
116. Tringoides maculairiusy (Linn.) Gray. Spotted Sandpiper.
IHngamuculariay Linn., Gm., Lath., Wils.
Toianiia maoularius, Temm., Boie, Flem., Eyt., Brehm, Bp., Nntt., And., Gir.,.
Hoy, Trippe.
AoUtis maeHlariu$j Boie, Nanm., Bp., Keys A Bias., Sohl., Finsoh.
IHngoides maoulariuSf Gray, Bd., Coop. A, Snek., Cones, Hayd., Dress., DaU
&. Bann., Mayn., Allen, 8tev., and most late U. S. anthers.
IHngites maculariuSf 8cl. Sc, Salv.
IW^iia notaia, 111.
Length, 7 J to 8 j wing, 4J5 tail, 2.
Rob. — ^North America at large; winters in Southern States and be-
yond; Central and South America to Brazil; West Indies; casual in
Europe. (Coues.)
Flocks of youngbirds appear early in August, followed soon after by a
limited number of adults. They frequent the same places as the other
**snippets,'' and serve to swell the "bag'^ of the gunner in August and
September. A few remain all the winter, and several examples have
been observed in spring, presumably strangers on their way north. The
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240 BIRDS OF BERMUDA.
^^ weet-weet " of this bird, as it skims over the water like the Earopeaa
Ck>inmon Sandpiper, is very familiar to residents in the islands.
Gtenus AoTiTURUS, Bp.
117. Actituriu bartramius^ (Wils.) Bp. Bartram's Sandpiper.
Drimga bartramiaf Wils., And., Gir., Patn., Trippe.
IHnga (Euliga) fraHramiay Nutt.
Totamu hariramiitUf Temin.» Bp., Sw. Sl Rioh., Aud., Hoy.
AeUturuB hartramiu$, Bp., Bd., Coaea A Pteot, Hftyd., Yerr., Alleni Cwum,
LawT., Sol., Dress., Cab., and late anthon.
Tringoides bartramius, Gray, Pels.
AoHtis bartramiMf Schl.
THnga longioaudaf Beohs., Naom.
AeUtunu longioaudua. Bias.
BartramUu longioauduSj Bp.
Tetanus V€uriegatu8, Vieil.
Bartramia laticauda, Loss.
Length, about 12; wing, 6J; tail, 3}.
^oft.— Korth America, north to the Yukon; not observed in United
States west of the Bocky Mountains ; Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia ;
winters in Mexico, West Indies, Central and Soutb America to Brazil ;
casual in Europe; Australia. (Cones.)
No early records. One in my collection was shot by Oibbs at Penis-
ton's Pond on September 20, 1874. It was a single bird, and was in
company with a flock of small Sandpipers at the time. Lieutenant
Denison, Royal Engineers, shot a second specimen in afield near Penis-
ton's Pond on the 18th September, 1875.
Genus Numbnius, Linn.
118. NumeniuB hudsonicusj Lath. Hudsonian Curlew.
Soolopax bortaliSf Gm., Wils.
Numeniua horealis, Ord., Brewer.
Numeniu9 hud$(miou8, Lath., Bp., Sw. &. Rioh., Kntt., And., Gir., Bd., ReinlLi
Dress., and late authors generaUy.
Numeniug intermediuSj Natt.
Numeniui r^ventriSf Vig.
Xumenius ph€Bapu8, Cab., Pels.
^tiffieiiiiM hroBiliensia, Maxim.
Length, about 18 ; wing, 9 ; tail, 4 ; bill, 3 to 4.
Edb. — North America ; Oreenland; Central and South America; no
West Indian record ; migratory through United States ; winters in South-
em States and far beyond. (Cones.)
Appears early in August, in limited numbers, and is so wary that very
few are ever obtained. Mr. Hurdis says: "In August and September
the loud whistle of this Curlew is sometimes heard on the shores of Ber-
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BIRDS OP BERBfUDA. 241
mada. It is generally seen alone, and from its wary habits is difficult
to approach. Of the foor specimens which I examined, one was shot on
the 14th Aagost, and the remainder in September. Daring the dark
nights of this season of the year flocks of this Oorlew occasionally pass
at a low elevation toward the south, disturbing the profound tranquil-
lity which reigns by their oft-rei>eated, clear, whistling note."
119. Ifimenius horealiSj (Foist.) Lath. Esquimaux Ourlew.
Seolopax harealis, Forst.
Numenius harealia, Lath., Bp., Sw. &, Bioh., Kntt., Aud., Qir., Bd-rCones, Yen.,
AUen, Salv., and modem authors generally.
NumeniuB JrrwiroBtrii, Lioht., Darw., Pebs.
^tMi^iiiiM microrhynohus, PhiL & Landh.
Length, about 13} ; wing, 8^; tail, 3; bill, 2^ to 2^^.
Hab. — ^North and Middle America; not recorded west of Bocky
Mountains; Alaska; winters in Middle and South America; no West
Lidian record; accidental in Europe; breeds within the Arctic circle.
(Ooues.),
Commoner and easier to approach than the preceding. Locally termed
^^ Wood Snipe.'^ A good number accompanied the Gk>lden Plover on
their arrival in September, 1874, and several were killed along the north
shore. Both 8i>ecies of Curlew remain but a short time. The Esqui-
maux is easily distinguishable from the Hudsonian Curlew by its smaller
size and comparatively short and weak bilL
Sub-order HER0DI0NE8.
Family TANTALIDiE.
Sub-family IBIDrU-aS.
Genus Ibis, Mohring.
120. IbisfalcinelluSf Bp. Glossy Ibis.
Tantalus mexicanuSf Gm., Lath., Qrd.
IHa faloinelluBf Bp., Nntt., Aud., Allen, Bidg.
JbU faldnelhts vor. ordH, Coaos.
Ibi$ ordti, Bp., Bd., AUen, Imvtt., Cones, Hayn.
FalcineUuB ordU, Bp., Cones.
Length, 25; wing, 12; tail, 4f.
^a&.— United States, southerly, straying north to Massachusetts and
Ohio. (Cones.)
An inhabitant of the Southern United States, separated from the Eu-
ropean species by Bonaparte in 1838, but now considered indentical vdth
it. One example only has occurred in Bermuda, seen by Mr. Hurdis,
but not obtained.
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 25 16
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^242 BIRDS OF BERMUDA.
Family ARDEID^.
Sub-fomUy ABDEmiB.
Gtenns Ardea, Linn.
121. Ardea herodioB^ Linn. Oreat Blae Heron.
ArdM hero^^oi, Linn., Om., Lath., Wils., Temm., Bp., Sw.^ R1o1L| Katt,
And., Gir., Bd., Sol., Newton, and anthon generally.
Ardea hmdaimiiu, Linn., Gm., Lath.
Length, 42; wing, 18}.
Hob, — ^North America to Hudson's Bay and Sitka; south to Ghiate-
mala and Galapagos ; West Indies ; breeds thiougbout its range ; win-
ters in tbe soutb. (Goues.)
Of tbis fine species Colonel Wedderbum says (Kat. in B., p. 38):
^Many of tbese birds arrive in autumn, and a few remain throughout
the year. In 1846 tbe nest of this bird, containing two eggs, was found
amongst the mangrove trees at Hungry Bay. The Bev. H. B, Tristram
kept one of tbese Herons alive in his garden (at tbe parsonage in Ire-
land Island), whicb was once seen to seize a Ground Dove and swallow
it entire." I made numerous inquiries, and kept a careful lookout, but
ursA unable to ascertain whether any second instance occurred of the
-nest being found. Most of the examples obtained or seen during my
stay were in immature plumage. A few were always to be seen singly
among the islands in the Great Sound and GasUe Harbor, being very
^ary and hard to approach.
122. Ardea egretta^ (Gm.) Gray. Great White Egret.
Ardea egretta, Gm., Lath., Wils., Nntt., And., Cones.
Herodiae egretta. Gray, Bd., Conet A Ptent., AUenj Couei^ l>ntB^ Lawr.»
Mayn.
Herodiae alba yar. egreUa, Ridg.
Herodiae egretta var. oalifortUoOf Bd.
Ardea lenoe, III., Licht.
Egretta leuee, Bp.
Herodiae leuoe, Brehm.
Ardea alba, Bp.
Length, 39; wing, 16}.
Mob.— TJmted States southerly, straggling northward to Nova Scotia^
Massachusetts, Canada West, and Minnesota; West Indies, Mexioo,
Central and South America. (Ooues.)
Two were killed at Hungry Bay in 1840; several were subsequently
«een, but not obtained. A colored youth described two of these birds to
me as having been seen by him in Warwick Swamp in October, 1874,
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BISDS OF BERMUDA. 243
adding that lie shot one, bnt it was too much knocked about to keep*
These may have belonged to the next species; bat, from the size men-
tioned, I fancy them to be referable here. Mr. Bartram has obtained
one specimen. Lieutenant Denison, Boyal Engineers, informs me that
one was shot in Devonshire Swamp by Gaptain Hussey, Twentieth Beg-
iment, on the 6th October, 1875, and presented to him.
123. Ardea candidissimaj Om. Snowy Heron.
ArdM %iwaf Jaoq., Lath., Lioht.
EgreUa nivaa, Cab.
Ardea eandid^Bt^ma^ Gm. , Wils. , Bp. , Nntt. , Aud. » GIr., Conea.
BgrtMa oandHdMMa, Bp., Goese.
Herodiae eandidiiwi^a^ Gray, GandL
OoTuMa candidiMima^ Bp., Bd., Caaa., Allen, CouM, SoL & Salr., Dreoa., Lawr.,
Mayn.,Ridg.
Ardta oaroWMiMiB, Ord.
Length, 24; wing, 10.20.
Sab4 — ^United States southerly. Forth, regularly to Middle States;
casually, to Massachusetts and even Nova Scotia. Kansas; Mexico;
West Lidies; Central and South America to OhilL Besident in Oulf
States and fieurther south.
l?wo beautifiil specimens, in Ml plumage, were shot by Colonel Wed-
derbum in April, 1850, and several were seen in September following.
Thus it seems that it visits the islands both in spring and autumn at
the usual periods of migration. Mr. Bartram has a pair In his coUeo-
tion.
124. Ardea ocerulea^ Linn. Little Blue Heron.
Ard&i emuUoy Linn., Gm., Lath., Wils., Old., Bp., And.
ArdM {Botawnu) oosrulea^ Bp.,Nntt.
EgreUa ocvmlaa, Bp., GkMse.
Florida ooertiUa, Bd.
Herodiaa ooBruUa^ Gray, GondL
Ardea oosnUesoeiM, Lath., Lioht., WagL
Length, 22; vdng, 11.
Hob. — South Atlantic and Oulf Coast to Mexico. (Baird.)
Mr. Hurdis says: <<0f seven specimens of this heron which came
under my observation, four were shot in April and May, and three in
September and October; it may therefore be considered both a vernal
and autumnal visitor to the Bermudas. Three of the spring specimens
were beautiful exemplifications of the change from the white plumage
of the young to the rich vinous purple of the adult bird.'' Several of
these examples are alluded to by Colonel Wedderbum in his notes. I
do not think the bird visits the islands regularly. I obtained a beau-
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244 BIRDS OF BERMUDA.
tiftil male firom Hungry Bay on the 4th of May, 1875. It was in oom-
pany with a white bird, perhaps an immature specimen of the same
species.
126. Ardea virescensj Linn. Green Heron.
Jrdea virmeeiu, Linn., Gm., Lath., Wils., Bp., WagL, Kntt., And., Qir., BfmLf.
Cones.
Ardea (Botaunu) vireiemu^ Bp.
HerodUu viretceHt, Boie, Bp., Goase.
Egretta vireaoena, Sw.
BuUnideB riretofna, Bp., 8cl., 8cL A Stir., Bd., Newton, md moit leoeni
ftnthon.
Ardea ludavieUmaf Gm.,Lath.
Ardea okhroptera et wMcutata, Bodd. .
Lengthy 15 ; wing, 7}.
jjaft«^United States generally, breeding throughout and wintering
in the south; Canada West; Mexico; West Indies; Central America
to Venezuela. (Coues.)
Occurs on both migrations, sometimes in considerable numbers in
the spring, frequenting the dense mangroves, and being uncommonly
hard to obtain. Lieutenant Denison and I each shot two beautifiil
specimens in April, 1875.
Genus Nyotiardea, Sw.
126. Nfctiardea grUea var. nrnviOj (Bodd.) Allen. Amarican Night HeroiL
Botamrui WBviui, BriBS.
Ardsa lunia, Bodd.
NjfcHardea ncsvea, Gray.
NycUoorax wevia, Gray, 8oL dt Saly.
NyoHardea grUea Tar. nwvia, Allen, CooM.
NjfeUoorax griteuB, Beinh, Allen.
Ardea hoaetUy Gm., Lath.
Ardea gardeni, Gm., Lath.
Njfoticarax yordeiti, Jaid., Sp., GnndL, 8oL, SoL db 8aly.
NyoHardea gardeni, Bd., Coop. & Snok., and many late U. 8. anthoai
NgcHardea grieea Tar. gardeni, Ridg.
Ardea ngoHoorax, Wils., Bp., And.
Ardea dieoors, Kntt.
Nyotioorax amerieanue, Bp., Tsoh., Gosae.
Length, about 25; wing, 12.50; tarsus, 3.15; bill, 3.10.
Sab. — United States and British Provinces ; breeds abundantly in
Kew England ; winters in the South and beyond. Part of West Indies^
Mexico, Central America, South America.
Immature birds are not uncommon in the larger mangrove swamps
in the autumn and winter, but none have yet been obtained in adult
plumage. One examined by Mr. Hurdis, shot on the 9th Februaiyt
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BIRDS OF BERMUDA. 245
had the irides bright carmine, and the long fllamentoas plumes of the
occiput beginning to appear. These birds sit motionless among the
mangroves, and when disturbed fly into the tops of the thickest trees^
whence they are very hard to dislodge* I obtained a few specimens
during my stay.
127. NycHardea violacea^ (Linn.) Sw. Yellow-crowned Night Heron*
ArdML violaoeaf Linn., Gm.> Lath., Wils., Bp.| And.
Ardea {Botaums) vioXaoea^ Bp., Nutt.
Npatiardea violacea, Sw.
Nyotioorax violaceus, Bp.
JV^otA«rodiiM violaocm, Reich., Bp., GhuidL
ArdeajamaiceMia, Gm.
Ardea oayanmsiSf Gm.
Ardea aexaetacea, YieiL
Ardea oallocepkalaf WagL
Length, 24; wing, 12; tarsus, 3.70; bill, 2.78.
JSToft.— South Atlantic and Gulf States. South America. (Baird.)
Unlike its congener, this Heron has occurred in the plumage of the
adplt. Mr. Bartram has obtained several fine specimens. I obtained
two myself, but both were in the spotted garb of youth. There is a
great similarity between the young of these two species, but violaoea
may always be distinguished in any plumage, by its longer tarsus and
shorter bill. Occurs pretty regularly in small numbers, usually in
autumn, but occasionally in spring. One of my specimens was shot aa
early as the 3d August
OtenuB BoTAURUS, Steph.
128. Botwums lentiginosusy (Mont) Steph. American' Bittern.
Botanrm freti-hudtonU, Briss., D^L
Ardea freti-hudBonUf 8ohL
Ardea hudeoniae, Merr.
Ardea eteUarie var., Font.
Ardea etellarie Tar. /).
Botaurue fretUhudeonie, Lath.
Ardea $tellar%$ Tar. p. minor, Gm.
Ardea minor, Wils., Bp., And.
Botawrui minor, Boie., Bp., Gnndl., Gray, Cones.
Ardea lenUginosa, Mont., Jen., Leaoh., Temm., Flem., Eyt, Keys. A BIm^^
Sab., Sw. &, Rich., Nntt., And., Gir., Trippe.
Botawrui tentiginosue, Steph., Gray, Bd., Coop, db Snok., Coofii, Hayd., Ca«^
Mayn., Drew., SalT., and many recent anthers.
Sutor UmtiginoBus, Jard.
Butor americana, Sw.
Ardea mokoko, Vieil., WagL
Ardea adeperea, Licht.
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246 BIRDS OF BEBMUDA.
Lengthy 26.50; wing, 11.00; tarsus, 3.60; bill, 2.75.
Hob. — ^Entire temperate North America up to 58^ or60^ ; Cuba ; sontb
to Guatemala; regularly migratory; accidental in Europe. (Cones.)
A regular -visitor in the autumn, and occasionally in March, frequent-
ing the sedgy patches on the edges of the mangrove swamps. Mr.
Hurdis says: ^'The stomach of one, shot in the Pembroke Marshes,
contained an eel 6 inches long, a mouse, a dragonfly, a grasshopper,
and iMurt of a small golden carp.^ To show how plentifully they arrive
in certain years, I may mention (though a cold shudder passes through
me as I do so) that no less than thirteen were shot by one officer, who
shall be nameless, in the autumn of 1875.
Genus Abdetta, Gray.
129. Ardetta exiliSy (Gm.) Gray. Least Bittern.
Ardea exilU, Qm., Lath., Wila., Wagl., Natt., Aad., Gir., NewtK
Ardea (Ardeola)eaU$, Bp.
Ardeola exUis, Bp., Goase, Hoy.
Butar exilia, Sw.
Ardetta eooUia, Gray, Gnndl., Bd., 8cL, Conee A Prent., Veir., Allen, CfmM,
LawT., Dress., Mayn., Salv., Bidg., &g.
Length, 13.00; wing, 4.75; tarsus, 1.60; bill, 1.75.
Hob. — ^United States and British Provinces; breeds throughout its
United States range, wintering in the South, Cuba, Jamaica, Central
(and Southt) America. (Cones.)
Has occurred both in spring and autumn, but, from its frequenting
the thick mangrove swamps and hiding among their tangled roots, ha»
not very often been obtained. Colonel Wedderbum procured several
specimens between 1847 and 1850. I shot a female near the Sluice-
gates on March 1, 1875, and Lieutenant Denison records one 0lM>t al
Basden's Pond in December, 1875.
Sub-order ALEOTORIDES.
Family RALLIDiE.
Snb&mily BALLISM.
Gtenus Ballus, Linn.
180. BaUua inrginianusy Linn. Virginian Bail.
Bonus virginianuSf Linn., Gm., Wils., Bp., Nntt, And., Gir., GondL, Bd^
Coop. A; Suck., Scl. & Salv., Drees., and modem anthon.
Aramua (PardiraUus) virginianuSf Gray.
BaUus aquaiUms var. /3, Lath.
BaVu$ Umioola, Vieil.
Length, about 7^; wing, 4^ tail, 1}.
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BIRDS OF BERMUDA. 247
J3a5.— Entire United States and British Provinces; breeds commonly
in Kew England; winters in Southern States and beyond. South to
Guatemala; Cuba. (Goues.)
One was shot by Mr. Hurdis on the 6th November, 1851. He re-
marks: ^' This is the only genuine Bail met with — a singular* circum-
stance, when we bear in mind that all the Gallinules and Grake-Galli-
nules known to the continent of North America have been obtained
in the Bermudas." No other instance of this bird's occurrence is on
record.
Genus Porzana, Vieil.
131. Porza/na Carolina^ (Linn.) Cab. Sora Bail; Carolina BaiL
BaUus oaroUnuB, Linn., Gm., Bp., Sw. A, Rich., And.
RaXlu$ (Crtx) oaroUnua, Bp., Kntt
OalUnula oaroUna, Lath., Sab.
Ortygometra oaroUna, Bp., And., Ck>fl8e, Gir., Reinh.
PcTgana oaroUna^ Bd., Gundl., SoL, Newton, Dress., Hayd., BdL A Salv.^
Lawr., Sund., and of all late U. S. writers.
Aramides {Mu9teliraUu$) oaroUna, Gray.
Ores oaroUna, Hart.
BalltLB 9tol%du8, Vieil.
Length, about 8J; wing, 4J; tail, 2.
Eab. — Entire temperate N. A., winters in Southern States and be-
yond. South to Venezuela. Various West Lidian Islands. Greenland..
Accidental in Ecgrope. (Coues.)
Visits Bermuda regularly, arriving early in September (one has been
shot on the 24th August) and remaining till November, a few lingering
on through the winter. On their vernal migration they frequently ap-
pear in considerable numbers in March and April. I have seen thenv
as late as the 1st May. An extraordinary large flight visited the isl-
ands in October, 1849, departing in a body after a three-weeks' stay..
These birds are a great nuisance to the gunner in search of snipe and
other denizens of the marshes, as they bother a dog sadly both by their
numbers and their skulking habits; and they themselves are not worth,
powder and shot, except immediately after their arrival.
132. Porzana noveboracensiSy (Gm.) Cass. Little Yellow BaiL
Fulioa novebaracensis, Gm.
OalUnula navebaracenBiSf Lath.
Ortygometra natfebor€U3enirU, Steph., Bp., And., Gir., Patn.
Ballua naveboraoenBis, Bp., Natt., Sw. &, Bieh., Aad.
OotwnUcopB noveboraoensiSf Bp.
Pareana naveboracen9i$, Cass., Cones &, Frent., AUen, Conof, Dress., Sol* ^
Saly., Lawr., Mayn., Ridg.
Ara$iUdes (Cotumioops) iiove&oraoeiMit, Gray.
Perdix hudsonicaf Lath.
£dUu8 rufioolUa, Vieil. *
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248 BIBDS OF BEBMUDA.
Lengthy about 6; wing, 3|; tail, 1}.
JSTo^.— Eastern North America, north to HadBon's Bay, but in New
England not observed beyond Massachusetts. Apparently nowhere
abundant. Winters in Southern States.
Two obtained in Pembroke Marsh by Oolonel Wedderbum in October,
1847, but not since recorded.
133. Porzanajamaioetms, (Gm.) Cass. Little Black BaiL
BdUm$ JamaiceiMua, Gm., Lath., Aad.
Ortjfgimetrajamaio&nHB, Steph., Bp., And., Gone., UtAr,
Cred90u$jamaioen9i$, Cab.> Gnndl.
PwrMoma JamaUiensii, Cass., Cones A Frent., Sol., 8oL A Saly., SohL, 00066,
Ridg.
Aramide8(Cr6oi9<m9)JamaiiOen9iif Gray.
CrejBpjfgvMBa, BlaokweU.
. OrtifginMira okUeiuUf Bp.
Length, about 5; wing, 3^; tail, 1^.
ffab. — South America to Chili. Central America. West Lotdies.
Forth America to New Jersey and Kansas, rare.
Observed, and also obtained, by Colonel Wedderbum in 1847 and
1818, and by Mr. Hurdis in 1851, always in the autumn.
Oenus Cbex, Bechst.
134. Crex pratmsiSy Bediat. Land-Bail; Com-Crake.
Ballu$ crex, Lisn., Degl.
Gallinula orex, Lath.
Crex praten9i9y Bechst., Caas., and authors generaUy.
Length, about 10; wing, 5^; tail, 2.15.
Hab. — Europe; Greenland; Accidental on Atlantic coast of United
States. (Baird.)
Colonel Wedderbum shot the only specimen of this European bird
•ever obtained in Bermuda, on the 25th October, 1847, and sent a notice
of its occurrence to <*The Zoologist^ in 1849. At that time it was prob-
ably not known that the species is a straggler to the United States, but
laterally several instances of its appearance there have been recorded,
■SO that the fact of its being killed in Bermuda has lost much of the mys-
tery which was originally connected with it.
Sub-family FULICIir.S5.
G^nus GAI.LINTJLA, Briss.
135. Oallinula galeata^ (Licht) Bp. Florida Gallinule.
Crexgaleatay Lioht.
GaUinula galeaUif Bp., Nutt., Maxim., Tsch., Gosse, Gnndl., Bd., Newton, and
most late authors.
GalUnula chloropuSf Bp., And., Gir.
QdlUnula chk^opus, Tar. gdleata, Hartl. &, Finsch, Bidg.
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BIRDS OF BERMUDA. 249
Length, aboat 12^; wing, 6|; tail, 3.
Eab. — Soathem countries of S'orth America; Louisiana, Florida^
Texas; Sonth America. Accidental in Middle and Nori^em States.
(Baird.)
Besident, tolerably abundant, breeding in the flags and sedges in the
deepest and most inaccessible parts of the marshes. Also migratory,
visitors appearing in October. Like the '^Sora,'' this is a sad pest to
the. snipe-shooter when working the thick places, unless his dog be as
steady as old Time.
With regard to the specific distinction between this bird and 0. ohUh
roptis of Europe, it would appear that there is so little difference that
^^ doctors disagree" on the question. I never compared specimens my-
self, but Mr. Hurdis says, in his MS. notes : <^ On a carefiil comparison of
British specimens with those shot in the Bermudas the resemblance of
the two was so strongly marked that, in my humble opinion, they are
identical."
Oenus PoRPHYRULA, Blyth.
136. Parphynda martinica, (Linn.) Blyth. Purple Oallinule.
FuUoa marUnioa, Linn.
GtUlinula mariinioOf Lath., Bp., Nntt, And.
Crex martinioa, Llcht.
ParphifHo WMrHnioOf Gosse, Cab.
Fuliea martinioensia, Jaoq., Gm.
IcnamU martiMoeMitf Reich.
J^UoaflavirosMa, Gm.
Porphyria tavona, Vieil.
Porphyrio oyanioolliSf VielL
€^<UUnulaporpkyriOf Wils.
Porphyria americanuBf Sw.
Martinioo gaUimulef Lath.
Length, 12^; wing, 7; tail, 3.
fTofr.— Southern States of North America, Louisiana, Florida. Aooi-
dental in Middle and Northern XJnit^ States. (Baird). .
Several were obtainedin 1849 and 1850, in the month of April, and one
on the 30th May, 1851. Mr. Hurdis's notes contain the following: ^<On
the 22d October, 1851, 1 shot one of these Oallinules in the olive-green
plumage of the young, and as these birds never remain to breed in the
Bermudas, this specimen must have found its way over sea. I know of
no other instance of the young being met with. In April, 1852, this
Oallinule was again observed, and in June, 1853, 1 examined a speci-
men preserved by W. Clutterbuck, esq., Fifty-sixth Begiment; date of
its occurrence unknown. Its appearance, with one exception, has been
vemaL"
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250 BIRDS OF BERMUDA.
Mr. Bartram has several specimens. I am almost sure I saw one Id
Devonshire Swamp in Febmary^ 1875. The shy habits and natore of
the haunts of this species doubtless prevent many examples being
recorded in the visiting list.
G^nus FULIOA, Linn.
137. FuUoa amerioanoy Om. American Coot.
FMoa amerioanaf Gm., Lath., Bp., Sw. A, Rich., Sab.^ Kntt, And., Bd.^
Conee, and of all late American wiiten— Sol., ScL 4b Salv., Snnd., Rftlnh.^
Goflse.
JMioa wiUimi, Steph.
FuUoatOra^Wila.
Lengthy about 14; wing, 7; tail, 2.
Hab. — ^Entire temperate North America, Alaska, Greenland, Mexico^
West Indies, Central America. (Goues.)
A regular visitor in autumn, but never in gi'eat numbers. It also oc-
curs on its northward journey, for Mr. Hurdis records one killed at
Somerset on the 28th May, 1847, and I watched one close to me at Back
den's Pond on the 27th April, 1875.
Order LAMELLIROSTRES.
Family PHGENICOPTERIDiE.
Oenus Phcenicopterus, Linn.
138. Phcmioopterus ruber j Linn. American Flamingo.
P^<»nioopUnu rubtr^ Linn., Gm., Wils., Bp., Natt., And.
Length, 45 inches; wing, 16.50; tarsus, 12; bill, 5.90.
Hob. — Warmer parts of America. Bare on the Florida Keys*
(Baird.)
Though never actually obtained in the Bermudas, I think the follow-
ing interesting account from Mr. Hurdis's MS. notes entitles this fine
bird to a place in the island list: <^On the 24th September, 1849, being
two days after the occurrence of an extraordinary flight of the Swallow
tribe, I happened to be skirting the shore of Hungry Bay in search
of novelties, when, peering through the roots of the belt of mangrove
trees by which the shallow water of the bay is surrounded, a large white^
or greenish- white, bird, which I took to be some tall species of Heron^
was discovered standing in a very upright position within long shot of
me. In the hurry of the moment I unfortunately discharged the barrel
of my gun which was loaded with small shot, and the stranger was soon
afterwards seen topping the mangroves in an easterly direction.
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BIBDS OF BERMUDA. 251
<^ Two days afterwards I met Stone, the town constable, who was in
pursuit of the tall white bird when I fired at it, and, from being con-
cealed among the mangroves, had a fair opportunity of observing its-
form and appearance, who confidently asserted that it was ^ no Heron.^
He described the bird as brownish-white in plumage with a very long
neck, equally long legs, and a peculiar bill something like a parrot's*
Beferring to Wilson's print of the Wood Ibis {Tantdlu$ loeulatar)^ he
at once said it was too long in the bill and too heavy in the formation
of the neck and body for the bird he saw. £Us eye then caught sight
of Wilson's figure of the Flamingo, which he said was precisely the
shape and make of the bird in question, and the form of the bill ex-
actly similar. Now, the only part of the tall stranger concealed from
my observation was the head; I have therefore no doubt whatever,,
judging from Stone^s testimony, and from what I observed myself, that
this bird was a Flamingo in the immature greyish- white plumage of the
first year. Stone informed me that he followed this Flamingo to Pen-
iston's Pond, distant about two miles, where he shot at it without suc-
cess. As the bird was not met with afterwards it no doubt took its
departure from the Bermudas."
FamUy ANATID^.
Sub-family OYGNnTJB.
G^nus Otgnus, Linn.
139. Of/gnua amencanusy Sharpless. American or Whistling SwaiL
C^gnue mH9ieu$f Bp., LinsL
Cjfgnna hewiokUy Sw. <& Rich., Natt
Cygnu$fBru8f Nntt.
C^gnuB amerieaHuSf Sharpless, Aad., Qir., Coop. A Sack., Bd., Conee AFrant.^
Cones, Lawr., and authors generally.
Olor americanna, Bp.
Length, 65; wing, 22.00; tarsus, 4.25.
Hob. — Continent of North America; breeding only in the fiar north;
wintering in United States. (Cones.)
One was shot in White's Marsh, near Hamilton, in 1835 or 1836, aa
related to Mr. Hurdis by credible witnesses in 1850. It was observed in
the marsh for three or four days before it was obtained (by a man named
Dunscomb), and was by no means shy or difficult of approach. It was
sold, as might have been expected, as an article of food, and realized
the sum of $3. (Hurdis.)
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252 BIBDS OF BERMUDA.
Sub-fomUy ANSBBIKiB.
G^nns Anssb, LiniL
140. Anser hiiperbareus^ Pall. Snow Gk>ose.
AnBer hffperhareuif PalL, Vieil., Steph., Bp., Sw. A Bioh., Nutt, And., Tenmu,
Gir.y SchLy Gray, and most late aathon.
Jna9 hyperhoreuSf Gm., Lath., WUb., RioIi.y Tenim.
Ckm hyperboreuB, Boie, Bp., Gosse, Blat., GnndLi DegL A Qerbe.
Ckhmoohen hfp^bcreaf Beioh.
Ana$ tUivaUif Font
Amer moeuB, Biiss., Biehm.
Tadoma nioeOy Brehm.
Length, abont 30; wing, 16.40.
Hob. — ^Whole of North America; breeds in higher latitades, wintering
in United States; abnndant in the interior and along Pacific coast, rare
on the Atlantic; Greenland, transient. Gnba» Bare or casual in Enrope.
<Oones.)
Golonel Wedderbnm's notes contain the following: ^^On the 19th
October, 1848, Mr. Hodgson Smith shot two of thes6 birds, in their
young plumage, at Riddle's Bay; but, unfortunately for the ends of
science, they ftimished the dinner-table instead of the cabinet.'' Mr.
Hurdis adds: ^^A wing pertaining to one of the specimens mentioned
by M%jor Wedderbum was fortunately saved by Mr. Smith, which re-
moved all doubts as to the species it belonged to. In October, 1849, two
* White Gteese' were observed in Mangrove Bay, and on the 9th S'ovem-
ber, 1851, four dark grey-coloured Geese were seen on the wing near
Peniston's Pond. , These were doubtless A. hyperboremP I may here
remark that the Blue Goose, A. cwrulescensy much resembles the young
of A. hyperhoreusy and that consequently the birds aem may possibly
liave belonged to the former species.
Gtenus Bebnicla, Steph.
141. Bemiola ca/nadensisj (Linn.) Boie. Ganada Goose.
Anas canadenHi, Linn., Gm., Font., Lath., Wils., and all earlier anthoxB.
Anser oanadensia, VieiL, Flem., Keys A; Bias., Bp., Sw. &, Bioh., Nntt., And.,
Eyt., De Kay, Gosse, Gir., Bd., Maxim., 8ohL
CygniM oanadensis, Stepli., Eyt., Jen.
Bemida oanadeti9i$f Boie, Gray, Bp. , Coop. A 8aok.,Con6e,Vexr.,Beiii]i.| DnoB.^
Dall &, Bann., and most late anthers.
Brania panadeMta, Gray, Bann., Cones.
JBemiola (Leuooblepharon) oanadenHif Bd.
JBranta (LeuoobUpharon) oanadeMU, Gray.
Anser parvipw, Cass.
liCngth, 36; wing, 18; tarsus, 3.10.
Hob, — ^The whole of !N^orth America; breeding in United States, as
well as further north; accidental in Europe. (Goues.)
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BIBDS OF BEBMUDA. 253
Incladed in the list given in <<The Naturalist in Bennuda^" bat with
no information appended. It has been occasionally seen, bnt rarely
obtained, in the islands. It was obesrved on three occasions daring my
stay, one being seen on Peniston's Pond in the autamn of 1874, one in
the Great Sound on the 10th January, 1875, by the officers of the Fifty-
third Begiment as they were leaving the islands on their homeward
Journey, and a third near Daniel's Head by Lieutenants Denison and
Hussey, Boyal Engineers, early in February, 1875. A man of colour
was seen by these two officers to Are at the last-named bird; but he
stupidly let drive at it, with small shot too, at a hundred and twenty
yards, instead of paddling much nearer to it, as he might have done*
A wild Goose, weighing ten pounds when plucked, was shot in South-
ampton parish on the 7th January, 1875, and eaten forthwith by the
fortunate gunner or his friends. This undoubtedly belonged to the
present species, but cannot be definitely recorded.
Sub-family ASATISM.
QenvLB Anas, linn.
142. Anas bosokasy Linn. Mallard.
Ana9 hoBokoi, Linn., Gm., Lath., PaU., WUb., Bole, Ledht.| Bp.| TeaaiLf Vlg.,
And., SohLy and authors generally.
Anasadunoa, Linn., Gm., Jen., Donovan.
Anas d<me$iica, Gm.
Ana$ (BoBchoB) domesHoa, Sw. A Rich., Kntt.
Anas eurviroBtra, PaU.
AnoB freffeineUy Bp.
AnoBfera, Briaa., Leach.
Length, 23 ; wing, 11 ; tarsus, 1.70.
Hob. — ^Nearly cosmopolitan; wild throughout the whole of STorth
America; breeding sparingly in United States as well as ftirther north*
Oreenland, Cuba, Bahamas, Panama. (Ooues.)
A female was shot by an officer of the Fifty-sixth Begiment at War-
wick Pond on November 3, 1854. It was in company with some tame
ducks, always taking the wing moment any one approached the water
(Kat. in B., p. 48). Four— a Mallard and three ducks— were observed
in the Great Sound by Lieutenant Hussey, Boyal Engineers, on the 23d
Becember, 1874.
143. Anas obsouraj Gm. Black Duck ; Dusky Duck.
AnoB ohBouraj Gm., Lath., Wils., Vieil., Steph., Bp., Nntt., Giaji And., Eyt.,
Gir.y Cab., Bd., Cones, Sohl., Lawr., and all authors.
Length, 22 ; wing, nearly 12 ; tarsus, 1.80.
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254 BIRDS OF BERMUDA.
Hah. — Eastern North America, especially along the Atlantic coast,
from Labrador to Texas; Iowa, Kansas, Caba. (Ck>aes.)
XJsaally visits Bermuda in small numbers in the aatnmn, remaining
till the end of January or even later. A flock of twenty frequented
Harrington Sound and Peniston's Pond from Christmas, 1871, to Feb-
i*nary 15, 1872 (J. M. Jones). Specimens were obtained by Lieutenant
Denison and myself in January, 1875, when there were a good many
about. They are always very shy, and when disturbed frequently fly a
long way out to sea.
Oenus Dapila, Leach.
144. Dafila aoutaj (Linn.) Bp. PintaiL
Anas acuta, Linn., Gm., Lath., Temm., Boie, Lioht.| Less., Flem., Bre]im.y
Wag]., Jen., Keys. 4b Bias., DegL, Schl., Wils., Bp., Nutt, Aad., Gir.
Dq/Ua oottto, Bp., Gray, Gosae, Beioh., CasB., Bd., Cab., Sol., Heemi., Coop, d^
Sack., Newton, Hayd., Jerd., Cooes, and authon ge&eiraUy.
Querquedula aouta^ Selby.
Ana$ $pamMnniif Lath.
Anas oaudaoutaf Pall., Leach.
Dafila candacutay Steph., Gar., Eyt.
Querquedula oaudacuta, Macgill.
Anas Ufngioauda, Briss., Brehm.
Ana» oaudaia, Brebm.
Dafila aoutaj var. anMfioatia, Bp.
Length, 30; wing, 11; tail, 8.60; tarsus, 1.76.
Hob, — ^North America and Europe; breeds chiefly in high latitudes;
in winter south to Panama; Cuba. (Goues.)
Several specimens were obtained, all in immature plumage, in the
winter of 1847-^48. Mr. Bartram has a male in full plumage, shot by him-
aelf near St. Gtoorge^s. A female was shot by Oibbs in Smith's Marsh
on the 26th October, 1875, as recorded by Lieutenant Denison, Boyal
Engineers.
Genus Chaxtlelasmus, Gray.
146. Ohaulelaimug streperusy (Linn.) Gray. GadwalL
Asuu strepeo'^t Linn., Gm., Lath., Wils., Temm., Boie, Bp., Steph., Hem.,
Brehm., Nntt., And., Naum., Keys. ^ Bias., Gir., De Kay, SchL, DegL, Swin.,
and of most earlier authors.
Anas (CKauUodus) strepera, Sw. & Bleh.,Gen., Sw.
Ckauliodus streperaf Sw.,Eyt.
CkauUlasmua Btreperus, Gray, Bp., Gosse, Beioh., Bd., Heenn., Jerd., Conas^
Dress., and of authors generally.
Qncrquedula sirepera, Macgill.
Anas sirepera amerieana, Maxim.
Chaulelasmus avMricana, Bp.
Length, 22; wing, 10.50; tarsus, 1.64.
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BIBDS OF BERMUDA. 255
jSob.— North America generally; Europe, Asia, AMca. (Ooaes.)
A female Gadwall was captujred alive in December, 1849, and was in
the possession of Mr. Hordis till May, 1851, associating with some tame
dncks and laying several nests of eggs, none of which, however, proved
fertae (Nat. in B., p. 47).
Genns Mabega, Steph.
146. Mareca america/na^ (Gm.) Steph. American Wigeon.
Ana8 americanaf Gm., Lath., Wils., Bp.,NQtt., And., Gir., SchL, Finsoh.
Mareoa amerioana, Steph., Sw. A; Rich., Sw., Bp., Eyt., Gray, Qoise, Bd., Cab.,
Cass., Sol., and late aathors generally.
Mareca pendope fi, BIab.
Length, 21.75^ wing, 11$ tarsus, 1.42.
Hab. — ^North America, south of Guatemala; Cuba. Accidental in
Europe. (Coues.)
After a revolving gale in October, 1854, several of these birds were
shot and brought for examination to Mr. Hurdis, who obtained one him-
aelf in the following month (Nat. in B., p. 49). Two were shot at Dev-
onshire Bay by Corporal Alder, Boyal Engineers, in October, 1874.
G^nus QuEBQXJEDULA, Steph.
147. Querquedula caroKnenHsy (Om.) Steph. Green-winged TeaL
Anaa oreoca var,, Forst.
Anas (Bosohaa) oreoca var,, Sw. & Rich., Nutt.
Anaa oreccaf Wils, Bp., And.
Anaa earolinenaiSf Gm., Lath., And., Gir., Relnh., Maxim., Trippe.
Querquedula oarolinensiSf Stepb., Eyt., Bp., Gray, Bd., Cass., Sol., Sd. 4b Salr.,
Cones.
Nettion caroUnenaie, Bd., Coop. & Sack., Cones, Hayd., Cab., ScL, Dress.,
Gnnd!., and of late American anthers.
AnoB amerioana, Vieil.
Length, 14; wing, 7.40; tarsus, 1.14.
Hob. — ^Whole of North America; Greenland, Mexico, Cuba; south to
Honduras. (Coues.)
This is an occasional visitor in autumn. One was shot at Peniston's
Pond on October 10, 1874, and a few days later I stalked another in
vain at the same place. Captain Booke, Fifby-third Begiment, shot one
in Devonshire Swamp in November, 1874. I am not aware of the occur-
rence of the European Q. creoca^ or common Teal, in Bermuda. It occurs
as a straggler in North America.
Lieutenant Denison informs me that four examples of Q. caroUnensis
were shot by Lieutenant Tallents, Twentieth Begiment, in the autumn
of 1875.
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256 BIRDS OF BERMUDA.
148. Querquedula disoorsj (LiniL) Steph. Blae- winged TeaL
Anaa di$oor8f Linn., Gm., Lath., Wils., VieiL, Bp., WagL, And., Qii., DeKay,
Trippe, Sohl.
Atuu (AkmAo*) di$oor$, 8w. A; Rich.,Xntt.
Quer^^udula di$omr$, Steph., Qray, Bd., Cab., SoL, SoL A Saly., DnaB^Yezr.,
Lawr., Sand., Cones, Dall Sl Bann., Allen, Trippe.
Cjfanoptenu di$oor$f Eyt., Bp., Qoase, Bias.
FteroojfQnea <U«oor«, Bp., Gray, Newb.
Length, 16; wing, 7.10; tarsus, 1.20.
Hob. — ^North America, chiefly east to Bocky Moontaius; to the Pacific
Coast in Alaska; West Indies, Mexico, Central and Soath America to
Ecuador. (Cones.)
A frequent visitor on its way south, but rarely seen on its northward
journey ; most numerous in October. Nine couple were killed in Pem-
broke Marsh after the gale of the 22d October, 1864, and many more at
St. David's Island, where a native sportsman is said to have killed
sixteen couple during the gale (Hurdis). I obtained several si^edmens
in October and November, 1874, and saw two, one of which I knocked
down, but unfortunately lost, in the mangrove swamp near the Sluice-
gates, on April 30, 1875.
€^u8 Spatula, Boie.
149. Spatula olypeata^ (Ijinn.) Boie. Shoveller.
AuM eljfpeata, Linn., Scop., Gm., Lath., IlL, Pall., VieiL, Biehm, Lioht.,
Wils., Temm., Bp., and of earlier anthers generally.
Spatula eljfpeataf Boie, Gray, Cass., Bd., ScL, Cab., Coop. A Suok., Hayd.,
Lawr., Cones, and most late writers.
Spathulea olj^peatay Flem.
Ehynekatpii oZjipeoto, Leach., Steph., Sp.
Aims rubeiu, Gm., Lath.
Length, 20 ; wing, 9.50 ; tarsus, 1.38.
Hob.— TSoTth America, Europe, Asia, Australia, southward to Guate-
mala, Cuba, Jamaica, Mexico. (Cones.)
<^A single female specimen was shot in December, 1844, by Mr. C. B.
Fozard'' (Nat. in B., p. 47).
Gtonus Aix, Boie.
150. Aix ^ansoj (Linn.) Boie. Wood Duck; Summer Duck.
Anaa $p<m$a, Linn., Gm., Lath., Wils., VieiL, Licht.| Steph., Bp., Kntt., And.»
Vig., Gir., Keys. & Blas.,De Kay, Maxim.
Aix epansat Boie, Eyt., Bp., Gray, Gosse, Cab., Bd., Coop. A Snok., Terr., Cones,
Hayd., Dress., and most late writers.
Den^bwieasa aponaa, Sw. &, Rich.
Lamproneaaa apanaaf WagL
Coamoneaaa aponaaf Beich.
Length, 19; wing, 9.50; tarsus, 1.40.
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BIRDS OF BERMUDA. 257
Hob. — ^North America, especially United States ; breeding throaghont
in suitable places, and wintering chiefly in the sonth; Ouba (Cones).
<< A female bird of this species was shot by Dr. Cole, Twentieth Begi-
ment, on the 16th December, 1846'' (Nat. in B., p. 48).
Subfamily FULIGTJLIKJS.
Genus FuLiauLA, Steph.
151. Fuligula affiniSj Eyt. Lesser Scaup Duck; Blue-bill.
Anaa fnariUif Forst.
Fuligula marilaf And.
Fuligula affinU, Eyt., Gosse, Tomb., Cones.
Marila affinisj Bp.
FulixaffinUf Bd., Scl., Lawr., Dress., Salv., Newton, DaU A; Bann., Conee A
Prent., Verr., Cones, Mayn., Aiken.
Fuligula niariloide8f' Yig.
Fuligula minor, Gir., Bell.
Length, 16.50; wing, 8; tarsus, 1.34.
Hob. — ^The whole of North America, and south to Guatemala in
winter; part of the West Indies (Cones).
To make matters clear, in treating of this species, I must call in the
aid of Dr. Cones, who says, in his "Birds of the Northwest^ (p. 574):
^'Authors are at variance concerning the relationship of the bird to the
preceding {F. marila)^ and the question is not yet settled. For myself
I am rather inclined to keep the two apart, notwithstanding their veiy
close resemblance, and admitting the probability that intermediate ex-
amples may be found. There appears to be something different in their
range, the F. affinia being the more southerly. Not that it does not In
the breeding season reach as high latitudes as the other, but that its
autumnal movement is pushed to the West Indies and Central America,
where the true F. marila is not recorded as occurring. It is improbable
that two varieties, if they be really such, should preserve this differ-
ence.'' Armed with this authority, I think I may safely refer the speci-
mens of the Scaup chronicled in "The N'aturalist in Bermuda," all of
which measured only 16 to 16} inches in length, to this smaller species,
jP. affinis. The length of F. marila varies trom 19 to 20} inches. The
specimens alluded to are one killed by Mr. C. Abbott, Twentieth Begi-
ment, on the 19th December, 1846, and two others by Colonel Wedder-
burn, at Warwick Pond, on the 8th January, 1849. Lieutenant Deni*
son, Boyal Engineers, shot a female specimen at Tucker's Town on the
25th February, 1876, measuring 16 inches in length.
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 25 17
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258 BIBDS OF BEBMUDA.
152. FuUgula ooUuriSy (Don.) Bp. Bing-necked Daok.
Anas coUariSf Donoyan.
FuUguUi oollariSf Bp., Gray, Bias., Sohl., Degl., Gerbe, Tomb., Coaea.
Fulix collariSy Bd., Bryant, Verr., Coaes, Salv., Dress., Gondl., Aiken, Trippe,
Snow, and of most United States writers.
Marila collarU, Bp.
AfULS fuliguUif Wils., Temm.
Ana$ (Fuligula) rufitorqueSf Bp.
Anas rufitorqueSf Ord, Schl.
Fuligula rufitorgueSf Bp., Sw. & Rich., Nntt., And., Eyt., Gir., DeEay, Gosse,
Cass., Maxim.
Length, 18 J wing, 8; tarsus, 1.28.
Hob. — The whole of North America, breeding far north, wintering in
United States and beyond^ south to Guatemala; Cuba; Jamaica; acci-
dental in Europe (Cones).
One was captured, and kept for a short time alive, by Mr. Hurdis, on
the 13th November, 1850. He was anxious to watch the change of the
plumage, but the poor bird fell a victim to a cat (Nat. in B., p. 50).
Genus Aythta, Boie.
153. Aythya vallisneriay (Wils.) Boie. Canvas-back Duck.
Anas vallisneriaf Wils., Donght.
Fuligula vallisneria, Steph., Bp., Sw. & Ricb.,Xntt., Eyt., And., Gir., DeKay,
Cones.
Ayikya f>alli»Mria^ Boie, Bp., Newb., Bd., Coop. Sc Snck., Dreas., Salv., DaU
A, Bann., and most late writers.
Nyrooa valUsneriaf Gray, Woodh., Heerm.
Arisionetta vallisneriay Bd.
Anas vallisneriana, Sab.
Length, 20.10; wing, 9.30; tarsus, 1.70.
Hob. — Wboleof North America; breeds from Northern States north-
ward; winters from Middle States southward to Guatemala (Cones).
Mr. Hurdis purchased a specimen of this Duck from some boys,
by whom it was captured alive in a marsh near James's Cottages, on
the 30th October, 1851. It was destroyed by ants soon afterwards.
On the 23d November following he observed a very fine specimen
in White's Marsh.
Genus Clangula, Flem.
154. Clangula glauciony Brehm. Golden-eye.
Antu clangula, Linn., Scop., Forst., Gm., Lath., ni., Wils., Temm., Leaoh.,
Vieil., Naum., Scbl., Swinb.
Clangula olangula, Boie.
Olaucion olangula, Kaup, Keys. & Bias.
Fuligula olangula, Bp., Kutt., And., Gir., Degl., Maxim., Finsob.
Buoephala clangula, Cones.
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BIBDB OF BEBMUDA. 259
Ana$ glaueUm, Linn., Gm., Lath.
Clangula glauoUmf C. L. Brehm, Bp., Gray.
Clangula vulgaris, Flem., Sw. &. Rich., Sw., Eyt.
Clangula afnericana, Bp., Eyt., Gray, Newb.
Buoephala americanat Bd., Coop. & Suck., Yerr., Conee, Blak.
Length, 18.75; wing, 8J0; tarsus, 1.50.
jaoft.— Whole of North America, Cuba, Europe (Ooues); Forthem
Asia (Dresser).
^<A male specimen was shot on the 10th April, 1854, in Pembroke
Marshes" (Nat. in B., p. 49). There were several of these Ducks about
the islands in the winter of 1874-^75, and I succeeded in obtaining two,
both males, in immature plumage, at Peniston's Pond, on the 29th De-
cember, 1874, and 5th i^ebruary following. A flock of seven frequented
Shelly Bay Marsh, and were also seen by Lieutenant Hussey in the
Great Sound, but I am not sure that any other specimens were pro-
cured. Lieutenant Denison records one shot in Devonshire Swamp
on 22d January, 1876.
155. Clcmgnla dlbeola^ (Linn.) Steph. Bufi9e-head; Butter-ball.
AnM alheolaf Linn., Font., Gm., Lath., Wils., Schl.
FuUgula albeola, Bp., Nutt., And., Gir., De Kay, Schl.
Clangula alheola, Steph., Boie, Sw. & Rich., Jen., Eyt., Bp., Yig., Gray, Bd.,
Heerm., Reinh., Newton, Hart
Buoephala albfola, Bd., Coop. & Snck., Drees., Cones, DaU A Bann., Aiken,
Cones, and most late writers.
Anas huoephalaf JAnu,, Gm.
Anas rusUca, Linn., Gm.
Length, 15^ wing, 6.65; tarsus, 1.25.
Hab. — ^North America; Mexico; Ouba; Greenland; accidental in
England (Cones).
One was obtained in Pembroke Marsh in December, 1845, and others
have been occasionally observed subsequently. A male was shot by
Lieutenant Tallents, Twentieth Begiment, at Peniston's Pond in Novem-
ber, 1875 (Denison).
Genus CBdemll, Flem.
156. (Edemia perspioillataj (Linn.) Steph. Surf-Scoter.
Anas perspidllata, Linn., Forst., Gm., Lath., Wils., Temm., VieiL, Nanm.,
Schl.
Oidemia perspicillataf Steph., Flem., Sw. & Rich., Gm., Sw., Bp.. Keys. &
Bias., Gray, Gosse, Cass., Reinh., Newton, Cones, Hart.
Pelionetta perspMllaiaf Kaup, Reich, Bp., Bd., Coop. & Snok., Cones, Yerr.,
Blak., Lawr., Dall & Bann.
Fuligula p^spioillataf And., De Kay, Gir., Degl.
Length, about 20; wing, 9.50; tail, 3.6; tarsus, 1.8.
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260 BIRDS OF BERMUDA.
Hob. — ^North America, coastwise; Jamaica; Europe, rare (Goues).
Two i*ecorded in "The Katoralist in Bermuda" — one killed with a
stick in Hamilton Harbor on the 8th January, 1849, and another shot
in Pembroke Marsh on the 7th October, 1854. Lieutenant Hussey,
Boyal Engineers, shot one (a female) on a small pond near the light-
house, on the 17th November, 1874, and kindly presented it to me.
Sub-family EEISMATUBDr^.
G^nus Ebismatura, Bp.
157. Erismatura rubiday (Wils.) Bp. Buddy Duck.
Anaa rubidat Wils., Sab.
AnM (Fuligula) r%MUi, Bp.
Fuligula (Oxyura) rUbidaf Bp.
FiUigula (G^fmnura) rubida, Katt.
FuUgula rubida, 6w. &. Rich., And., Gir., De Kay, Lemb.
Erismatura rubida, Bp., Eyt., Gray, BcL, SoL, Heerm., YeiT., Coues, GimdL|
Stev.
Bitfiura rubida, SoU., Giebel.
Ana$Jamaioen9i$, Ord.
Length, 16.00; wing, 5.80; tarsus, 1.26.
JJofr.^North America, at large; south to Guatemala, where found
breeding at DueEias; Ouba (Goues).
A young male of this species was shot by Dr. Oole, in a marsh near
Hamilton, on the 24th November, 1846.
Sub-family MEBGINiB.
G^nus Mergus, Linn.
158. Mergus merga/nser^ Linn. Goosander.
Mergus merganser, Linn., Gm., Lath., Wils., Temm., Bp., Flem., Jen.| 8w.&
Rich., Natt., And., Gir., Naum., Sohl., and authors generally.
Mergus castor, Linn., Gm., Lath., Keys. &, Bias., Gray.
Merganser castor, Bp., Maogill.
Merganser castor yar. americanus, Bp.
Merganser rati, Leach.
Merganser gulo, Steph., Leach.
Mergus americanus, Cass., Bd., Coop. &. Sack., Hayd., Dall, Dall &, Bannu,
Snow, Finsch, and of many late United States writers.
Length, 26.50; wing, 11.00; tarsus, 1.84.
Hob. — ^North America; Asia; Europe (Ooues).
Included in Colonel Wedderburn's list as having been seen, but not
obtained.
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BIBDS OF BERMUDA. 261
169. Mergus aerrator^ Linn. Bed-breasted Merganser.
Mergus serrator, Linn., Gm., Lath., Pall., HL, WHb., Temm., Boie, Lioht.,
Brehm, Bp., Flem., Sw. &. Rich., Nutt., And., Keys. & Bias., Naom., Gray,
Sohl., and nearly all authors.
Merganser serratory Vieil., Steph., Bp.
Mergus niger, Gm.
Mergus cristatusy Bninn.
Mergus leucomelas, Brehm.
Length, 23.25 5 wing, 8.60 5 tarsus, 1.80.
-Haft. — ^Northern hemisphere (Coues).
Mr. Bartram has an undoubted specimen, obtained by him near St.
George's.
160. Mergus cucullatusy Linn. Hooded Merganser.
Mergus oucullatus, Linn., Gm., Lath., Bp., Sw. & Rich., Natt., Jen., And.,
£yt.. Keys. & H^., Temm., Gray, Schl., Gir., Cass., Scl., Cones.
Merganser ououllaiuSf Steph., Bp., Macgill.
Lophodgtes oucullatuSf Reich., Bp., Bd., Scl., Coop. A Snck., Yeir., Cones,
Gnndl., Dress., DaU &, Bann., Allen, and of many writers.
Length, 17.50; wing, 7.90; tarsus, 1.20.
Hob. — Whole of l^orth America; Europe; Cuba (Coues).
A female was caught near Ireland Island by one of the crew of H. M.
8. Scourge, on the 10th of January, 1849, and one was shot near St.
George's on the 23d December, 1850. A third example was obtained
by Mr. Bartram, and is now in his collection.
Order STEGANOPODES.
Fanuly SULID^.
Gtenus SuiiA, Briss.
161. IMa fiber y Linn. Booby Gkuinet.
PeUoanus fiber, Linn.
Peleoanus sula, Linn.
Dgsporus sula, Bl., Bp.
Sula hrasiliensis, Spix.
Sulafusoa, Vieil., Bp., Nntt., And.
Length, 31.00; wing, 16.50; tarsus, 1.70; tail, 8.60.
Hob. — Gulf of Mexico ; Atlantic coast from Georgia southward (Baird).
Colonel Wedderbum records the occurrence of one oi these birds,
which flew into one of the barrack-rooms at Fort Catherine on October
3, 1847. Another, in Mr. Bartram's collection, was shot by an ofQcer
with a revolver, curiously enough, very near the same fort, and a young
bird in Lieutenant Denison's collection was caught alive on the rocks
near Fort Cunningham (at no great distance from Fort Catherine) on
the 26th September, 1875, living for a short time in confinement.
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262 BIRDS OF DEBMUDA.
Family PELECANID^
Genos Peleoanus, LiniL
162. Peleeanu8/u$eu$y Liim. Brown Pelican.
PeUcamui fu$eu$, Linn., Bp., Nntt, And.
LeptopeUoamu Jk$eu$, Belch.
Onoorotdlui fuicus, Bp.
LeugOij 66; wing, 22; bill, 13.60; tarsus, 3; tail, 6.60.
J9a&.— From Texas to North Carolina; California coast (Baird).
Two examples are recorded by Colonel Wedderbnm, who says (Nat.
in B., p. 61) : ^^ One of these birds was shot at Hungry Bay, many years
ago; and another was killed near St (George's in April, 1860, which
was given to me by Colonel Drummond.''
Family PHALACROCORACID^.
Grenus Gbagulus, Linn.
163. Oraeulus dilophus^ (Sw.) Gray. Double-crested Cormorant
Peleoanui (Carbo) dilopKus, Sw. A, Bioh.
Cwrbo dilaphui, Gamb.
Phalaorooorax dUopkui, Kntt., Bp., And., Gir., Bd.
Oraoulus tUlopkuif Gray, Bp., Bd., Coop. & Suck., Cones, Allen, Yeir.^ Lawr.,
Dall &. Bann., Bidg.
Phalacrocorax flaridtmuB, Maxim.
Length, 33; wing, 13; tail, 6.76; bill, 2.86; tarsus, 3.60.
Hob. — ^North America at large, in the interior as well as coastwise
(Coues).
Three instances of the occurrence of this species are recorded in ^^The
Katuralist in Bermuda,'^ viz, one shot by Captain Orde, at Pitt's Bay, on
the' 10th October, 1847 ; one by Colonel Wedderburn, on Grace's Island,
on the 8th February, 1848 ; and another, mentioned by Mr. Hurdis, which
frequented the islands for some little time, but was not obtained.
There is a specimen in Mr. Bartram's collection, and another in that of
Mr. Lane, of Hamilton. There were several of these birds about the
islands in the winter of 1874-'5, but they were so wary that none were
obtained. One was repeatedly seen, and once fired at, in the Great
Sound; one attached itself to St. George's Harbor; and a pair fre-
quented the ^^Stag" Bocks, near Shelly Bay, all the winter, conspicu-
ous to the passers-by as they sat in solemn security on their accustomed
pinnacle. I tried in vain to obtain one of these, but never got a shot
One of them flew close over my head one morning, but I had not my
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BIRDS OF BEBBCUDA. 263
gun in my hand at the moment One was shot, as recorded by Idea*
tenant Denison, Boyal Engineers, at Basden's Pond, in tbe antomn of
1876.
Family TACHYPETID^.
Genns Tachtpbtbs, Vieil.
164. Toekjfpetes aqmlus, Yieil. Frigate Bird ; Man-cf-War Biid«
Tachjfpetei aquUus, YieiL, Bp.
PeleoanuB aquUus, hum,, Nntt., Aad., Gamb.
Attagenaqvilaf Gray.
Length, 41; wing, 25; bill, 5.50; tail, 18; tarsus, .&
J7a&.— Texas to Florida ; Oalifomia (Baird).
Two were obtained at Ireland Island, on the 27i3i and 30th Sep-
tember, 1848, respectively, by Golonel Wedderbnrn. One was shot
by Oaptain Glntterbnck, of the fifty-sixth regiment, on September 30,
1852, and another by Oaptain Tolcher, of the same regiment, on April
2, 1854. Mr. Bartram has three specimens in his collection, obtained
by himself. The latest of these he shot in October, 1876, when there was
a very strong gale from the northwest, lasting some days, and a great
inflnx of Terns, Frigate-Birds, Ospreys, &c.
Family PHAETONID-SI.
Oenns Pha£ton, Linn*
165. PhaMonflamrastriSj Brandt Yellow-billed Tropic Biid«
Lepiurus oandidus, Brias., Bp.
PhaStOH oandidui, Gray.
PhaBUm (BthereuSf Bp., Natt., And.
PkaBianflaviro9tri8f Bruidt, Scl.
Length, 30; wing, 11; tail, 18.50; bill, 2.06; tarsus, .9.
Hab. — Florida coast (Baird) ; Onba; Bermuda.
The geographical distribution of the three known species of G^ropic-
bird, P. (BthereuSj P. flavirastria^ and P. rubricaudaj seems not yet well
defined, and ho doubt their extensive wanderings will render any at.
tempt at precise limitation extremely difScult, certainly until we are
in possession of a larger series of observations than at present. P.flavi-
rostris (the <^ Boatswain-bird" or ^^ Long-tail" of the Bermudas) is a
fomiliar and abundant summer visitor to the islands, arriving at the end
of February or beginning of March, and departing early in October.
An occasional straggler is said to have been seen in Bermudian waters
in winter time, presumably an eariy arrival, or backward young bird
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264 BIRDS OF BERMUDA.
left behind. One was shot as tax north as the coast of ITova Scotia,
after a violent ^e ficbm the soath, on the 4th September, 1870. I saw
this bird in the Halifax Mnsenm. The excellent accounts of the habits
and nidification of this species given by Mr. Hordis and Colonel Wed-
derbom have left me but little to say. The single egg, which in color-
ing is not unlike that of a Kestrel, is deposited in holes in the rocks,
always in those which have a flooring of sand, preference beiug given to
steep and overhanging cliffs on the south shore and the islands about
Castle Harbor. A few pairs nest on the northern shore, where the cliffia
are much lower. Sometimes one can see the sitting bird's long tail-
feathers protruding from the nest ; while in another case the nest may
be so £Eur in, horizontally, that one can only tell there is one by the
harsh grating cry of the disturbed occupant. Both male and female
sit, fighting vigorously with their formidable bills in defense of their
home. The young also show fight; in fact, the si>ecies is peculiarly
fierce and untamable. Three young ones I kept alive for about two
months maintained their savage nature till the last, refusing to feed
themselves, striking viciously at any one who approached them, and
even at one another. Their fiight is peculiar, but graceful, and they
never seem tired of their perpetual wheeling and maneuvering. They
take beautiful headers, like a Tern or Gannet, in pursuit of small fish*
It is rare to meet with a specimen possessing two good long central tail-
feathers ; one is generally smaller and shorter than the other. Some
of these feathers are of a lovely orange-pink. They get rubbed off
during incubation, and may be picked up near the breeding places.
Two broods are reared, fresh eggs being found as early as the 10th
April, and again at the end of June ; there are intermediate examples,
probably laid by birds whose first nests have been visited by the
spoiler. That these birds revisit their breeding stations year after year
is, I think, clearly shown by the following circumstance: Mr. Bartram,
by way of experiment, slit the two webs of one foot, and cut oflf one or
two claws, of a young bird in a nest near his house. I^ext year this
bird turned up again, and made its nest close to the same spot. This
attachment to the family residence is, I fancy, far from unusual with
migratory birds. Swallows and other familiar visitors to England are
known to possess it in a marked degree. On a calm day the bright
greenish blue tint of the Atlantic waters, as they gently rise and fall
above the white sands below, is reflected on the glossy white breasts
and under parts of the Tropic-birds in a most remarkable manner as
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BIBDS OF BEBMUDA. * 265
they cruise about^ at no great height, along the shores or among the
islands. Daring the breeding season the parent birds ^^off duty" are
to be seen in the neighborhood of their nesting places all the morning
till about noon, when the greater part disappear in a rather mysterious
manner. I came to the conclusion that they proceed to a considerable
distance out to sea, returning at dusk, and this opinion was much
strengthened by seeing two old birds sitting on the water one after-
noon, at least 100 miles from the Bermuda shores. This was during a
voyage from Bermuda to Few York, on the 7th August, 1874, when the
second ** young hopeftil'' had probably left, or was about to leave, the
nest, and therefore does not prove much ^ but it shows that these strong-
winged birds, who would probably do their 100 miles in three hours, or
even less, do travel to such distances from land long before they have
thought of quitting their breeding haunts. In Gastle Harbor, where
there are a great number of Tropic-birds continually on the wing, and
where they are left comparatively undisturbed during the daytime, this
disappearance is, or appears to be, on a somewhat smaller scale.
Order LONGIPENNES.
Family LARID-SJ.
Sub-family LABIN^.
Gtonus Labus, Linn.
166, Larua marinusy Linn. Great Black-backed GuU.
Zaru$ WMrinua, Linn., Gm., Lath., Temm., Boie, Steph., Flem., Bp., Natt,
Brehm., Jen., Eyt., And., Kanm., Keys. & Bias., BchL, QtBjf Lawr., Coaes.|
Yeir., and of other anthois.
DomMoanuB marimUf Bmch, Bp.
Larua niger, Briss.
LaruB navim, Linn., Gm., Lath.
Zarm albu$, Mtill.
Zam$ maculatuSf Bodd.
LaruB maximui, Leaoh, Brehm.
Length, 30; wing, 18.60; biU, 2.50; tarsus, 3.
J9a&.— American and European coasts of the Atlantic ; south in win-
ter to Long Island, Great Lakes, and Mississippi (Coues).
Mr. Hurdis mentions an immature example of this GuU, which was
captured alive in the Great Sound in December, 1851, and Mr. Bartram
has a fine specimen, also in immature plumage, shot by himself near
Stocks Point, on the 27th December, 1862.
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266 BIBDS OF BEBMUDA*
187. JArMM argeiUatus^ Gm. Herring GulL
Lttr%8 fiuoui, Peim.1 Mont.
Zanu argeniatus, Gm., Sohl., GondL, HartL, Drtm., Conea.
Jxurui marwuif yar. 0, Lath.
Laru$ glaucHif Betz., Meyer A W.
Lturui oin$r0U9, Leaoh.
Lotus argeniaUAdei, Brehm.
Lturui argenieuBf Bfacgill.
Zmroidm majnr^ ar§mU4Uu$f argmiieu§, argmUUMm et argmiaetiUf BieliiiL
Olaumu argentahu, argentataides, Bmoh.
Larui marinuSf Gandl., Lemb.
Lanu $mUk$anianu$, Cones.
Length, 23; wing, 18; tail, 7.60; bill, 2^; tarsus, 2^.
Hob. — ^Northwest Europe; Baltic ; western coasts down to Korth Af-
rica; Azores; Madeira; Canaries; Greenland; Hudson's Bay; Labrador;
down the coast as £ftr as Texas ; Guba ; Bermuda. (Saunders.)
These Gulls occur frequently, not regularly, and many specimens
have been obtained. One in my collection was shot in Devonshire Bay
on the 4th November, and they have been seen as late as the 19th
March. They were numerous in the autumn of 1875, and Lieutenant
Denison obtained several specimens, all immature.
Larui ooddentalisj And., has been included in the Bermuda lists by
Colonel Wedderburn (Sat in B., p. 54), but I think the geographical
distribution of this species [Pacific Coast of North America (Saunders),
(Cones)] precludes all possibility of its having occurred in the islands.
168. Lariu ddawareimsy Ord. Bing-billed Gull.
Zanu delawarensUf Ord, Lawr., Coop. St Snck., Cones, Yerr., Sohl., AUen.
Larui oamui, Bp., not of antbors. ^
Larui MinuMrhynohui, Bich., Kntt., And., Gir., Bp., Bias.
GlauouM gonarhynchuSf Bruoh.
Outina Monorkyncha, Bp., Bmch.
Gavina hruckUy Bp., Brnoh.
Length, 19.75; wing, 14.75; bill, 1.70; tarsus, 2.05.
Hah. — ^North America ; generally throughout the interior as well as
coastwise; Cuba (Cones).
Only one on record killed by Colonel Wedderburn, near the Dock-
yard, on the 1st January, 1849, during a northwesterly gale.
169. Larus atriciUay Linn. Laughing Gull.
LaruB airicillat Lmn.,Temm., Steph., Flem., Bp., Nutt., Gm., And., Keys. St
Bias., GIr., 8chl., Gray, Pelz., Snnd., Sol. St Salv., Cones.
Xema atrtcUla, Boie, Bp., Cab.
Oavia atrioiZla, Maogill., Bias.
Chraicocephdlu9 atricUla, Lawr., Sol., Newton, Bryant, Conea, Yetr., AUen,
Dress., Gnndl.
Lar%$ ridibundua, Wils., Ltet.
AUrieilla oatesbjfi, Bmcb.
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BIRDS OF BEBMUDA* 267
Lengthy 16.50; wing, 13; tail, about 5; bill, 1.75; tarsus, 2.
Edb. — ^America, from Maine on the east coast down to the month of
the Amazons and the West Indian Islands; on the west coast, Oalifor-
nia, Mexico, Guatemala, and as fieur south as the northern firontier of
Peru. (Saunders.)
One seen, flying close past him, by Colonel Wedderbum, at Ireland
Island. Mr. Hurdis records that one was taken alive by a fisherman in
the winter of 1851-'52, and was confined for some time in a spare room,
eventually effecting its escape.
170. Larus Philadelphia^ (Ord.) Gray. Bonaparte's GuU.
sterna Philadelphia^ Ord.
CkrcdoootphaluB philadelpMa^ Lawr., Coop. &. Suok., Cones, yeEr.^AUen, DaU
&Bann., May n., Newt.
Lar%9 pKiladelphiat Gray, Hart., Cones, Ridg., Saunders.
LaruBpMlaMphicm^ Tumb.
LaruB oapistratuB, Bp.
Laru$ bonapariei, Rich., Natt., And., Jerd.,SohL
Xema henapariei, Bp.
Chroicooephdlu9 honaparteif Bmch.
Gavia hanaparteif Bp., Bias.
Length, 14; wing, 10.25; bill, 1:20; tarsus, 1.40.
Hab. — ^British North America and Alaska ; breeding on the Yukon,
and in neighboring localities. In autumn descends as far as Oalifomia
on the west and North Carolina on the east coast; Bermuda. Acci-
dental in the British Islands. (Saunders.)
Three are recorded by Colonel Wedderbum. One was shot by him-
self on the 27th January, 1849 ; a second was seen by him on the 15th
December, 1849 ; and another was killed on the 24th February, 1850.
Mr. Bartram obtained two specimens in St George's Harbor in Jan-
uary, 1876.
Oenus BissA, Leach.
171. Bissa tridaotyUiy (Linn.) Bp. Eittiwake.
Lanu rissa, Linn., Gm., Leaoh, Flem.
Laraides risaaj Brehm.
LaruB riga, Gm., Lees.
Laru9 tridactjfluB^ Linn., Gm., Lath., Betz., Nils., Mey. A Wolf; Temm., YieiL,
Brehm., Bp., Sw. & Rich., Nntt, And., Naom., Keys. A Bias., SohL, Qir.,
Cones.
Chivia tridaoiylaf Boie.
Cheimonea tridaolyUif Eanp.
Laroides tridaotyUif Brehm.
Ei9$a tridactyla, Bp.,Graj, Bmch, Lawr., Cones, Ridg., Verr., Allen, Newt.,
Dal) &, Bann., Finsch, Bias., Sannders.
Lartu iKPPttM, Sohaff.
LaruB torquatuB et LaruB gavia, PalL
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268 BIBDS OF BERMUDA.
Bii$a hrwmiehU, Steph. ex Leach.
Bisaa cinerea, Eyt.
Laroidea minor, Brehm.
Bi8$a koUiebuif Bp.
hengOiy about 17; wing, 12.26; bill, 1.45; tarsus, 1.30.
Hab. — ^Arctic regions of both hemispheres, south in winter on the
Atlantic coast to the Middle States. (Goues.)
I cannot do better than quote from Mr. Hurdis' MS. notes, as follows:
<< There is no part of the world, perhaps, whose shores are so little fre-
quented by Gulls and other sea-birds, as those of the islands of Bermuda.
"During the violent westerly gales of winter, the Kittiwake is prob-
ably seen there oftener than any other species, being met with from the
6th January to the 4th April. About a dozen specimens came under
my observation.'^
Most of the examples obtained are in immature plumage.
Ctenus Xema, Leach.
172. Xema sdbiniiy (Sabine) Leach. Sabine's Gull; Fork-tailed Gull.
Laru9 sdbinHf Sab., Gm., Wils., Sw. & Rich., Nntt., AncL, Keys. A Bias.,
Temm., Nanm., Sohi., Degl., Hart.
Xema MiMitii, Leach, Eyt., Bp., Gray, Braoh, Bias., Lawr., Newtoo, Coaes, Ball
A, Bann., Allen, Saunders.
Oavia adHniy MaogiL
Length, 13.75; wing, 10.75; bill, 1; tarsus, 1.25.
Hob. — Arctic regions of both hemispheres; Spitzbergen; inAmerica,
south in winter to New York, and Great Salt Lake, Utah. (Goues.)
Colonel Wedderbum says: ^< A single specimen was shot by Colonel
Drummond, near Saint George's, but the date I do not recollect."
Sub-famUy STEEOTNiB.
Genus Stebna, Linn.
173. Sterna anglica^ Mont. GuU-billed Tern.
sterna anglioa, Mont., Leach, Temm.,Flem.,Katt., Aad., Gir., SehL, Gray,
Degl., Maxim., Coues, Ridg., Saunders.
Tkalaseeue anglicM, Boie.
Viralva anglica, Steph.
Laropis anglioa, Wagl.
OelockeUdon anglica, Bp., Boie., Cones, Salv*
Sterna aranea, Wils., Vieil., Bp., Lawr., Cones & Prent., Allen, Dress.
GelochelitUm aranea^ Bp.
Sterna macrotarea, Gould.
Sterna affinis, Horsf.
Gelochelidon paluatrUf Macgil.
Gelochelidon halthica, agraria, meridUmalie, Brehm.
Length, 13 to 14.50; wing, 11.75 to 12.25; tail, 5.60; bill, 1.40; tar-
sus, 1.30.
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BIRDS OF BERMUDA. 269
Hah. — ^ITearly cosmopolitan. In North America, chiefly Eastern Uni-
ted States; not detected on the Pacific side; Patagonia. (Cones).
Oneonly has occurred, taken alive in the Boyal Engineer workshops
at Boaz Island, on the 29th April, 1875. This bird, which proved to be
a female, lived only a short time. It is now in Lieutenant Dennison's
collection.
174. Sterna fluviatilis, Kaum. Oommon Tern.
sterna hirundOf Linn, (in part), and most authors.
Larus bioolor, sterna, oolumbinue, Soop.
Sterna fluviatiliSj Naum., Gray, Sharpe & Dresser.
Sterna senegalensis, Sw., Schl.
Sterna wiUanii, Bp., Gray.
Sterna macrodactyla, et maoraptera. Bias., Gray.
Sterna dongalli, Layard.
Length, 14.60; wing, 10.60; tail, 6; bill, 1.36; tarsus, 0.80 to 0.86.
Hob. — ^Throughout temperate Europe, Asia, and America, except Pa-
cific coast. In winter visits Gape of OtooA Hope. Has been found as far
to the southeast as Oeylon, northward as far as Pekin. (Saunders.)
These Terns used to visit Bermuda annually and breed in consider-
able numbers on Gurnet Head Bock and other small islands at the east-
em end of the group, but they have now given up their former breeding
places and are only occasionally seen in the autumn or winter months,
sometimes in considerable numbers. Doubtless the increase in the p|op-
Illation of the islands and the continual plundering of their nests have
driven them away. They were sufficiently numerous in 1860, but there
is no record of their having bred since that date. In 1864 many ap-
peared in Hamilton Harbor (Hurdis), and in October, 1876, during a
strong northwest gale, St. George's Harbor was alive with Terns, Mr.
Bartram obtaining specimens of the common and black kinds. Not a
single Tern of any species, to my knowledge, was seen in the autumn
of 1874 and winter following.
176. Sterna dougalUj Mont. Boseate Tern.
Sterna paradiaea, Keys. A, Blaa., 8ohl., DegL, Gray, Bp., Lawr., Cones, Salv.,
Gondl,. AUen, Mayu.
Sterna dougalU, Mont., Leaoh, Yieil., Temm., Boie, Stepli., Mem., Brehm., Natt.,
Gm., Eyt., Bp., And., Kaam., Gir., Cab., Sol. & Salv., Saunders.
Sterna macdougallif Macgil.
Sterna dauglaei, Bias.
Sterna gradUe, Gonld.
Length, 14 to 16; wing, 9.26 to 9.76; tail, 7.60; bill, 1.60 ; tarsus, 0.86.
Hab. — Europe. In Korth America, from Massachusetts to Florida,
thence to Central America. Various West Indian Islands. Ko United
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270 BIRDS OF BEBBHIDA.
States record of wintering (Ooues). Gape of Gkx>d Hope, Natal, Anda-
man Islands, Ceylon, Malayan Is^ds, west coast of Australia. (Saan-
ders.)
The same remarks apply, nnfortnnately, to this species as to the pre-
ceding, it being no longer found, except, perhaps, as an aotomn strag-
gler, in the islands. At one time it ased to breed in considerable num-
bers on Gurnet Head Sock (sometimes called the Black Bock). Mr.
Hurdis says : ^<On this rock, difQcnlt of access on account of the ocean
swell, as many as 40 or 50 of this elegant species of Tern have been
observed in the middle of June, and from the circumstance of both eggs
and young having been obtained there on the 1st August, I conclude
that it must rear two broods in the season."
Both species were called ^^Bedshanks" by the Bermudians.
176. Sterna fuliginosaj Gm. Sooty Tern.
sterna fuUgino$a, Qm., Lath., Wils., Bp., Nutt., And., Cab., Lawr., HartL,
Dress., Sand., Hart., Saunders.
Sterna (Onychoprion) fuligino9af Gray.
Sterna (Haliplanes) fiUiginoeaf Bias.
Sterna ( Haliplana) fuliginosa, Cones.
Onychoprion fuliginoBa, Wagl., Gonld, Sol., SoLdt Salv.
Haliplana ful%giH09ay Wagl., Bp., Cones, Salv., Gnndl., Lawr., Allen.
Sterna eerrata, Forst.
Hydrochelidon fuliginoeumj Bp., Gosse.
Sterna guttata, Forst.
AnouB Vherminieri, Less.
Sterna gauldii, Reich.
Sterna luctuosa, Phi}. A Landb.
ThaUueipora infuBcata, Gray.
Sterna fuliginoea yar. crisaaliSf Bd., apnd Lawr.
Length, 16.60; wing, 12; tail, 7 to 7.50; bill, 1.80; tarsus, 1.
Hab. — ^Throughout the warmer portions of the world (Saunders).
Of rare occurrence. Colonel Wedderbum says: "Dr. Cole shot a
specimen of this Tern in October, 1846. During the whole time I was
quartered in Bermuda I only saw one of these birds, and that in the
year 1848. I was walking on the sand-hills, and saw a bird apparently
dead on the ground. I put down my gun, and picked the bird up, and
was just putting him carefully in paper when my prize thought At to
come to life and flew away, taking me so much by surprise that I never
thought of using my gun. It was a most beautiful specimen, and must
have been driven on shore by some heavy gale." Mr. Hurdis records
that a third example was found in an exhausted state in Devonshire
parish, on the 23d October, 1854, after a severe gale the previous day.
Lieutenant Denison, Boyal Engineers, received a young male in curl-
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BIBDS OF BERMUDA. 271
ous plmnagey caught near Paget Qaarry^ on the south shorOi on ihe 19th
September, 1875.
Genus Hydboohelidon, Boie.
177. Hydrochelidon nigra^ (Linn.) Boie. Black Tenu
Siema nigra^ Linn., Mey. &, Wolf, Teinm.
Stema nceviay Linn.
Sterna JUsipetf Linn., SohL
Lartu meruUnui, Scop.
Sterna surinameneUf Gm.
Sterna plumhea, Wils.
Hydrookelidon nigra, Boie.
Viralva nigra, Steph.
Anoue plumbeOf Steph.
HydrocheUdonfiaeipes, Gray, Bias., Degl. & Gerbe, SoL & 6alT.| OOQM.
SydrooKelidan plumbea, Lawr. and other Am* aathoEB.
Pelodea ewrinameneia, Gray.
Sydrochelid<m lariformis. Cones.
"Sterna e<B9ia, Linn.," Gnndl.
Length, 9.26 ; wing, d.26; tail, 3.75 ; bill, 1.10; tarsus, ,68.
Hdb. — ^Europe, Palestine, and North Africa to the Nile. Across the
continent of North America, yisiting West Indies and Spanish Main
on the one side, and going as fieur south as Peru and Ohili on the Pacific
coast in winter (Saunders).
Mr.Bartram obtained the only recorded example of this Tern in St.
Gtoorge's Harbor in October, 1876, after a severe gale from the north-
west It was in company with many other Terns of various species,
but only one other, 8. fluvioHUSj was identifiod.
Glenus Angus, Leach.
178. Anous atolidus (Linn.), Gray. Noddy Tern.
Sterna etolida, Linn., Gm., Lath., Less., Bp., Nntt, Aud., SohL, Hart, Maxim.
MegaJopterus etolidua, Boie, Bp., Keys. A, Bias.
Anous etolidus, Gray, Cab., Lawr., SoL, Cones, Sol. A Salv*., Saunders.
Anoue niger, Steph., Eyt.
Oavia leuooeepe, Sw.
Sterna piUata, Soop.
Anas roueseavi, Harti.
AnauB fueoatue et $p<idioea, Steph.
Length, 16 ; wing, 10 to 10.50 ; tail, 6 ; bill, 1.75 ; tarsus, 1.
Hob, — ^Banges from the Gulf coast of North America to the shores of
Australia, throughout Polynesia, and occurs in fact in aU tropical waters.
A straggler to the British seas (Saunders).
A solitary example was killed near Ireland Island by Captain Tolchery
Fifth-sixth Begiment, on the 12th September, 1854.
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272 BIRDS OF BEBBCUDA.
Faunly PROCELLARHDiE.
Sub-famUy PBOOELLABIINiB.
Grenus Ooeanitbs, Keys. & Bias.
179. Oceamtes oceanious^f KahL Wilson's FetreL
ProceUartaptlagioOy Wils.
Prooellaria ooeanioa, Kohl.
FtooeUaria wilsoni, Bp.
Thaloisidroma wiUoni, Bp., Natt., And.
Thdla$Hdroma ooMnioa (Knhl.), Sohinx.
OoeanUes wiUoni (Bp.), Keys. A Bias.
OodonitM ooeanioa (Kohl.), Bp.
Ooeanitea ooeanioui (KnhL), Sal v.
Lengthy 7; wing, 5J5; tail, 3; tarsus, 1.3; bill, .65.
Hob. — On both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, and in the Indian Oceans
from the coasts of North America and those of the British Isles down
to Kergnelen Land and South Australia, and is by no means uncommon
on the ocean off the Azores. (Dresser.)
Colonel Wedderbum says : ^^ I have often seen these birds flying about
near the Korth Bock, and once or twice inside the outer reefs in stormy
weather, but never succeeded in shooting any of them.'' One was shot
by Mr. Harford, Fifty-sixth Begunent, some distance from the shore, on
the 30th June, 1853. Mr. Bartram's collection contains a specimen, con-
cerning which he writes as follows : ^< Wilson's Petrel is not such a rara
a/vis around the islands as you may be led to think through reading the
Naturalist in Bermuda. In May, June, and July there are numbers to
be found around the fishing boats a mile or two outside the castle ; some
days there are ten or twelve flying rounds other days none at all. The
one that I have was caught by Mr. John Swainson, on St. Catherine's
Flat; he was fishing and three or four were flying round the boat and
he kept washing in bait ; this one came so close that he grabbed it in
his hand. At another time it was blowing a strong gale from the north-
west, and I saw four so close up to the north shore that the boys threw
stones at them. I could have shot them, but if I had I could not have
got them." I am not aware that this species has ever been found breed-
ing in Bermuda. I searched in vain for nests, but should not be sur-
prised to hear of them being discovered there some day or other, as the
sandy cUSb and debris on the south shore are most suitable for them.
* In a letter dated 9th December, 1878, Mr. Bartram informs me that twelve of these
Petrels were seen flying about the inside of the Flats Harbor in the middle of October,
1878(S.G.E).
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BIBDS OF BERMUDA. 273^
Genus PuFFmus, Biiss*
180. Puffifum iMQOTj Fab. Greater Shearwatec
FufflMU nu^, Fab.
Puffinua cinereuB, Bp.
Neotrii cHoMrea, Keys. & Blaa.
CptkoUmMB arcHeu9f MaogiL
Puffinui areHcu9, BfacgiL
Jrdeima major (Fab^y Beioh.
PtwMaria mqfcr (Fab.)} SohL
PtiitHiima obwmruSf Hart
Length, 19 ; wing, 12.16 ; taO, 4.7 ; tarsnB, 2.38; bill, 2.36.
£a(.— Thronghoat the whole of the Atlantic Ocean, from the coasts
" of Greenland to the Gape of Good Hope and Tiena del Fuego (Dresser).
Two obtained by Mr. Hordis, on the 2d Jane, 1861 ; one picked up,
unable to fly, in the road on the south side of Hamilton Harbor, and
ano&er caught alive in the water near the town of Hamilton. The
former measured 19.2 inches in length, with an expanse of wings of 44
inches ; the latter was an exact duplicate of it, according to Mr. Hurdis;
there is no doubt that the birds belonged to this species, and not to the
following one.
181. Pufflnus griseus, (Gm.) Finsch. Sooly Shearwater.
Neotria fuUginosa, Solander.
Ptocellaria grisea, 6m.
Prooellariafuliginoaa, Foist., KnhL
Fuffiwus fuHgino»u$, Strick.
Pufflnus cinereus, Gould.
Nectria fuUginosaf Keys. A, Bias.
Puffi/nu8 major ^ Temm.
Proeellaria triai^, Foist.
Pufflnus frUtis (Foist.), Giay.
Neolris amawrosoma, Cones.
Pufflnus amauTOSoma (Cones), (^lay.
Puff/nus griseus (Gm.), Finsoh.
Length, 16; wing, 11.86; tail, 3.7; tarsus, 2.22.
Hob. — In the Atlantic from the coast of Greenland to the extreme
south; in the Pacific from the coast of Galifomia down at least to Ohili,
and off the coast of New Zealand. (Dresser.)
One specimen in Mr. Bartram's collection obtained by Ji^mBAlf,
182. Puffinus anglamm^ Temm. Manx Shearwater.
Prooellaria pufflnus, Linn.
ProoeUaria anglarum, Temm.*
Pufflnus anglorum (Temm.), Bole.
Pufflnus arciieiM, Fabei.
Prooellaria yelhouan, Aoeibi.
Thalassidroma anglorum (Temm.), Sw.
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 25 ^18
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274 BIBDS OF BEBMUDjL
ir$olri$ p^ffiMiu (LinnOf Keys. A Blag.
Keetrii o&tottra, Keys. &, Bias.
PymotoiMM anglorum (Temm.), ICm^IL
Fuj/inui ohicuruif Bp.
P^illfiiit barolH (Bonelli), Bp.
FuffiiiMB yelk<num (Aoerbi), Bp.
ProoMaria yelkuan (Aoerbi), SohL
Puffinus yelouanus (Acerbi), Cones.
Neetrii anglorum (Temm.), Bey.
NeotrU baroli. Bey.
Length, about 13; wing, 9^; tail, 3.2; tarsoSy L9; bill, 1.6.
Hob. — ^North Atlantic Ocean, not ranging into the Baltic, bat in tiie
Mediterranean as fkr as the Black Sea. On the American coast finom
Labrador down to New Jersey. (Dresser.)
A specimen in Mr. Bartram's collection, captured while sitting on its
solitary egg in a rocky hole on a small island in Oastle Harbor, in
April, 1864. The egg was onfortonately broken. There is no record of
the bird's breeding on any other occasion, nor of any other specimens
being obtained ; bat it is qaite possible that it, as well as Wilson's Pe-
trel and other ProceOoridce, may formerly have freqnented the islands
in nnmbers, and that an occasional pair may revisit their old haants.
Bach birds would, fix>m th^ habits, be bat little noticed by any bat
flshermen.
183. Puffinus obscuruSf Om. Dasky Shearwater; ^^Gahow;" <<Pem-
blyco."
PtoceUaria oh$oura, Gm.
Puffinus ob9curu$f Lath., Bp., Natt., AacL
" P^ffinu8 Vkermimierif Less.''
Length, aboat 12; wing, 7} to 8; tail, 4|; bill, 1^; tarsns, If.
Hah. — Tropical regions in Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
Since Mr. Hurdis, in 1849, identified the ^^Oahow" or ^^Oowhow" of
the historians of Bermuda with this interesting species, very few ob-
servations have been made on the few pairs still frequenting the islands.
That the poor <^ Gahow" has almost ceased to breed there is a melan-
choly fact. Formerly it was plentiful, and even within the last fifteen
years, Mr. Bartram informs me, there were many nests in the isolated
rocks, both on the north and south shores. On the north side the bird
was formerly called " Pemblyco ^ or " Pimlico," probably from its call-
note, while on the southern shores the name "Oahow" or "Oowhow"
was applied to it. I found two nests in 1874, each containing a single
young bird, one of which I kept alive for about six weeks, intending to
43end him to the Zoological Society's Gardens in London ; but before I
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BIRDS OF BERMUDA. 275
got an opportunity of doing so the nnfortnnate bird died. He had be-
eome remarkably tame, following me about the house and garden, wad-
dling along awkwardly enough on his tarsi, and uttering a musical
<< chirrup " the while. He used to sit under the table where I was writ-
ing, pecking away at my boots, and apparently extremely happy. I fed
him on fish, and gave him a salt-water tub occasionally, which he thor-
oughly enjoyed. He slept a great deal during the day, and usually got
behind an open door— the darkest place he could And— for his ^^ siesta.''
When I took him from the nest he was nearly able to fly, but still re-
tained the long nestling-down of the young bird, slate-colored on the
head and shoulders, light brown on the under parts^ the former soon
rubbed off, but the latter was more permanent, and was not got rid of
for some days. The nests were simple holes in the face of the rock — my
bird had barely room to turn round in his. There was no unpleasant
smell about the nests or young birds, the peculiar, and to me not dis-
agreeable, odor of the Shearwater tribe being alone distinguishable by
its presence. I saw nothing of the old birds, who were in all probability
fiur out at sea at the time. An egg of this species, kindl^ presented to
me by Mr. Bartram, is, of course, pure white ; it has a considerable i>olish,
and is about the size of a bantam's, but less elongated in form. Mr.
Bartram was good enough also to present me with two skins of the adult
bird. He tells me that the statement made by the old historians of Ber-
muda as to the capture of the ^^Oahow" at night is no exaggeration;
for on visiting an island one night where there were several pairs breed-
ing, he quickly caught half a dozen of them, the stupid things settling
on his body as he lay on the ground, and allowing themsdves to be
taken in his hand I I know of only one instance of a ^^Oahow" being
seen on the wing in the day-time in Bermudian waters : this was in
August, 1874, when one was shot crossing Oastle Harbor, by Lieutenant
Hopegood, Ninety-seventh Begiment; but I believe they are occasion-
ally observed by fishermen on the south side.
With reference to the local names " Oahow" or " Oowhow," and " Pem-
blyco " or " Pimlico," Mr. Bartram writes to me on the 19th July, 1878:
^^ About twelve months ago I came across an old book called ^ A Com-
plete System of G^graphy,' printed under the name of Herman Moll,
&c., September 21, 1747, and the greater part of it professedly taken
firom a much older work called ^Britannick in America.' After describ-
ing Bermuda and its animal, insect, and vegetable productions, it gives
tlie following account of the birds that were found on the islands at that
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276 BIBDS OF BERMUDA.
time (say between 200 and 300 years ago) : ^There was a great variety
of fowl, both wild and tame, such as Hawks of all sorts, Storks, Herons,
Bitterns, Ospre3rs, Oormorants, Bald-Coots, Moor-Hens, Swans, Teal,
Snipes, Dncks, Widgeons, Sparrows, Woodpeckers, and a vast mnltitade
and variety of the smaller kinds, besides Owls, Bats, and other noctnr-
nal birds. Here was likewise formerly a kind of water-fowl, peculiar
to those islands, which used to come to land and hatch its young in
holes and burrows of the rock like rabbits. They were in great plenty,
and were called Gow-koes. They were easily caught, and good to eat,
the size of a Sea-mew. Our English made such havock among them
they are become scarce. Here is likewise found the Tropic Bird and
the ^^ PemUco." The last is seldom seen in the day-time, and, when it is^
it is looked upon as the unwelcome harbinger of a storm.'
<^ Now my belief is that the Oow-koes of old are lost and gone long
ago, and that the Gahow of the present day is neither more nor less than
the old and ancient Pemlico. For, in the first place, the Gahow of this
day is not nearly so big as a Sea-mew ; secondly, the Pemlico has never
been lost sight of by the Bermudians, the name having been handed
down fix>m father to son from the earliest times to the present day; and^
thirdly, the habits of the old Pemlico and the Gahow of to-day corre-
spond to a T — that is, they are seldom seen flying in the day-time, only
at night."
Mr. Bartram goes on to say that on making inquiries of the people of
Tucker's Town, St. David's, and Bailey's Bay, they knew nothing of
tlie Gahow, but all could tell him of the Pemlico. From the above inter-
estinjg account and from the strong evidence adduced by Mr. Bartram,
I am inclined (with all due deference to Mr. Hurdis) to share his opinion
as to the proper local name for P. obscurus being Pemblyco or Pemlioo^
and ftirther to believe that the Gow-koes or Gahows of old were of a
larger species, probably Manx Shearwaters (P. af^larwn). This, after
all, is pure conjecture and of doubtfbl interest to any but Bermudians
themselves; still I venture to mention the facts in the hope that some
more conclusive historical evidence may be forthcoming.
Pufflnus opisthomelas (Goues): Black-vented Shearwater. On the 1st
May, 1877, Mr. Bartram obtained a bird sitting on its egg on a rocky
islet in Gastle Harbor, which, from its measurements and admixture of
black feathers with the white of the under tail-coverts, may be refera-
ble to the variety or species P. opisthomelas; though, as I know nothing
of this bird and am ignorant of its synonymy, I have not thought it
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BIRDS OF BEBMUDA. 277
advisable to introduce it formally into my list Moreover, to judge fix>m
Dr. O. Finsch's remarks on P. obaourus in his paper on the Birds of
Ifinafou Island, in the Pacifllc (P. Z. S., 1877, Part IV, pp. 786, 787), it
would appear <<that the black or white of the under tail-fbathers forms
no specific character, and even less so the more or less extent of the
black along the rectal line.''
Mr« Bartram informs me ^^The Black-vented Shearwater is 16 inches
long; wing, 9; tail, 3J^; bill, 1} (not measuring along the curve); tarsus,
1}; middle toe and claw. If; under parts white; upper parts black;
tail black; sides of the cheek below the eyes black; crissum white, but
a black bunch of feathers on each side, lapping over and meeting across
the vent; in other respects it is made like the Oahow, only larger; it
does not exactly answer to Ck>ues' description, but the black below the
eyes is the distinguishing mark, and being a female may account for the
difference. The egg is white and measures 2| by 1^ inches."
To judge from the size of the bird and its egg, I should myself be in-
clined to consider this specimen a Manx Shearwater (P. anglarum)^
which has been already shown to breed in Bermuda by Mr. Bartram^
but I have no means of deciding the question, and am compelled Uh
leave it in its present unsatis&ctory state.
Order PYGOPODES.
Family PODICIPID^.
G^us PoDiOBPS, Lath.
184. Podieepa eamutuay Lath. Homed Orebe.
ColymbuB amihu, Linn.
ColynHnu drnpUcatua, MiilL
ColffmbuB camuhiSf Qm., Namn.
Fodioep9 oomutu»j Lath., Temm., Boie, Steph., Keys. 4b Bias., Qxhj, So!U«»
Bp., Sw. dt Beioh., Nntt, And., Lawr., Couesy Finsoh, Snow, andof ftathogt
generally.
DytM oomutua, Kanp.
Ck>l]/m^bu$ ob9(mnu, Gm.
PoMoepi ohBOwruif Lath., Leaoh.
Coljfmbu$ oaapioua, S. G. Gm., Gm.
PodicepB oaapioHB, Lath. .
Ck>l]fmlmanigrioan$f Soop.
Podioq»9 arctUmSf Bole.
Podioep9 iokunu, Bp.
licngth, 14; wing, 5.75; tarsus, 1.76; bill, .90.
Mob. — ^^orth America; Europe; Asia. (Ooues.)
One shot by Dr. Oole, on the 24th of November, 1846, is now in) Oi^
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278 BIBDS OF BEBICUDA.
Key. H. B. Tristram's ooUection. One was killed by Oaptain Tolcher,
Fifty-sixth Begiment, near Spanish Point, on the 1st Febmary, 1855;
it was in company with three or four others. Mr. Bartram has two
specimens of different dates.
Gtonns PoDiLYHBUS, Less.
186. PodUjfmbu8 podicepsj (Linn.) Lawr. Pied-billed Orebe; Water-
witch; Dabchick.
CoJywUmt podioeptf Linn., Gm.
Podilifmbu$ podicep9y Lawr., Coop. 4b Book., Cones, and of most late U. 8.
writers.
8$Xbeoc^%9 poi^ioep9j Bp.
Colymbu9 ludovidanuMf Gm.
PodioepB hidovkianuMf Lath.
PMo9p9 caroUMmtiBf Lath., Bp., Sw. 6l Belch., Nntt, And., Gir., Max., and
of writers generally.
8fibm>oifolu» oaroUnefMU, Bp.
Podilfifibw limeatus, Heenn.
Length, about 13 ^ wing, 5; tarsus, 1.50; bill, .75.
IToft.— North, Central, and part of South America; West Indies
(Coues).
Three are recorded in <<The Naturalist in Bermuda'' — ^two obtained
in October, 1849, and one by Major Wedderbum, in February, 1850.
Mr. Hurdis once found a perfect skeleton of this bird by the side of a
pond. Tolerably abundant in the winter of 1874-75, especially at Trott^s
and Basden's Ponds. The way in which these birds can sink under
water, without leaving a ripple behind, is truly marrellous, and entitles
them ftilly to the name " Water Witch.'' They are very shy, but I once
surprised one asleep on a flat stone, as much to my astonishment as to
the bird's. All the specimens I saw were in immature plumage, want-
ing the black bar on the biU and the black throat-patch.
Family ALCIDiE.
G^nus Mekgulus, Bay.
186*. MerguluB allcj (Linn.) YieiL Little Auk; Sea«Dove; Dovekie»
Alca dllef Linn. %
Jllerguliu alle, Vieil., And.
Uria alU, Temm., Bp., And.
MergvXu$ melanolcuciiB^ Bay.
Alca Candida, Brann.
Alca alee, Gm. .
Length, 7^; wing, 4}; tail, 1^.
Hob. — Gircumpolar portion of both the Western Pal»rctic and East-
em Nearctic Begions, being driven southward to continental Europe
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BIBDS OF BEBMUDA* 279
and the coasts of the United States only by stress of weather; stragglers
in some numbers as far south as the Canaries (Dresser).
Mr. Hurdis says : ^' One of these birds was captured alive on the 28th
January, I860, by a servant of the Bev. J. XJ. Oampbell, at Ireland Island.
It was in company with four or five others on a piece of grass-land near,
that gentleman's house. Unfortunately this specimen was destroyed by
a pig before I had an opportunity of seeing it. My information was
obtainedftomMr.OampbeUhimsel^ who had this bird in his possession.'^
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ON A BIRD NEW TO BERMUDA,
WITH
NOTES UPON SEVERAL SPECIES OF BARE OR ACCIDENTAL OCCURRENCE.
BT
OUITOV HABT ¥KRTITA¥, IL D.,
Of Locust Gbotb, Lswis Couktt, Nbw Tobx.
981
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ON A BIRD NEW TO THE BERMUDAS, WITH NOTES UPON SEV-
ERAL SPECIES OF RARE OR ACCIDENTAL OCCURRENCE.
Melo^pizafasoiata (Omelin) Scott Song Sparrow.
Walter H. Merriam and myself found a dead Song Sparrow near
Hungary Bay^ Bermada, April 18, 188L This was after a heavy gale
from the southwest, and the date would bring it about the dose of the
period of northward migration for this species along our coast. Al-
though the weather was warm and the atmosphere laden with moisture
the bird was perfectly fresh and could not have been dead long. It
was doubtless lost at sea during the storm and carried exhausted to fhe
Bermudas, where it perished fix>m the efifects of the tempest. This
species has not heretofore been recorded fix>m the Bermudas.
Pyra/nga rubra (Linn.) Yieillot Scarlet Tanager.
On the 18th of April, 1881, 1 found an adult male of this species,
washed ashore on the south side of Bermuda, in Paget Parish.
PeUonetta per^ficillata (Linn.) Kaup. Surf Duck.
During the middle and latter part of April, 1881, 1 on several occa-
sions saw a male <^ Skunk-head Scoter,'' or ^^Surf Duck" swimming
about in a shallow brackish-water pond in Devonshire Parish. The
pond was bordered and encroached upon by a dense growth of the
curious semi-aquatic mangrove {Bhizophara mangle)j of which a single
tree often covers several acres, and constitutes a miniature forestby itselfl
It was within this intricate and complex labyrinth of half-immersed
roots and tangled branches that the duck was commonly found. Here
he would drift about lazily but with considerable circumspection, obtain-
ing an easy and varied sustenance tcom the multitudes of small ^< shell
flsh'' and other marine animals that gather in countless hosts about
the roots of this remarkable tree. Where could a duck find a more in-
viting or secure home than this secluded lagoon, hidden by a dense and
almost impenetrable jungle of mangrove, and surrounded by a morass
of treacherous bog t
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284 BIBDS OF BEBIOJDA.
Oymoeharea leueorrhoa ( Yieillot) Ooaee. Leaeh's PetreL
Whfle gathering shells along the stretch of soath shoie known as
'^Tackerstown Beach," May 1, 1881, Mr. Wm. S. Peniston and I found
an adnlt female of this Petrel lying dead upon the sand. The bird
is common enoagh at sea a hundred or two miles ftom the Bermndas,
l>at I never saw one near the islands.
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FJLlEiT VI.
THE REPTILES OF BERMUDA.
BY
SAMUEL OABMAH,
Ov THE Museum of CoMPABAiiyE Zooloot, CAMBsiDas.
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THE REPTILES OF BERMUDA.
SAUBIA.— Lizards.
EuMBCBS LOiramosTBis Oope.
TESTUDINATA.— Turtles.
Sphabqis oobiaoea Gray. Leather Back.
Ohblonia mtdas Schw. Green.
Thalassoohelys oaoxjana Fitz. Loggerhead.
Bbetmoohslys imbbioata Fitz. HawksbilL
Five species of reptiles are all that are known to be fonnd on the
Bermudas. Only one of the fiye, Mmeoes tongiro8tri8y* can be claimed
by these islands as their own. This one is a long-bodied^ short-limbed,
red-£EM^ little seine, which loves the sunshine so brilliantly reflected in
the bronzed tint of the smooth glossy scales, which has colors so subdued
*EUMBOSS LONOIBOSTBIS.
PUaUadon longiroitrU Cope, 1861, Pr. Ac. PhiL, 313.
Bumeoes longiroitrU Cope, 1875, Check List, 45.
EwtM0$8 langirostris Goode, Am. Jour. Soi. 1877, 290.
Body moderately stoat, fhsifSorm, depressed ; head little larger than the neck, swol-
len at the angle of the month, tapering to the narrow mnzzle ; tail abont one-sixth
longer than the body, stent, conical, tapering to a point. Limbs short, rather stent ;
anterior reaching the fourth labial, posterior— without the toes — extending half way
to the axilla. Digits compressed, with strong curved nails. Eye small ; lower lid
with large scales in front of the pupil which are translucent, if not tnmsparent.
Month-cleft medium, curved. Snout elongate, slightly swoUen near the end in large
specimens. Top of head somewhat flattened, with nhieteen shields, intemasals in
contact between anterior prefrontal and rostral. Prefrontals three, a pair in contact
between frontal and anterior ; latter broader than long, hexangular. Frontal hex-
angular, widening forward, obtuse angled in front. Supraoculars four on each side,
anterior small, in contact with frontal and prefrontals. A pair of small quadrangular
parietals, separating occipitals and frontal, in contact by their interior angles. Inter-
occipital elongate, narrow, wider and acute-angled forward. Posteriorly each occipi-
tal is joined by a large broad scale and laterally by an elongate temporal. Three
plates between the angle of the eye and the nasal, anterior small. Rostral little
broader than high, convex. Temporals 1—2, lower posterior large, semicircular mar-
gin forward, resting upon the hinder labial. Labials eight, anterior five lower, pos-
terior three larger, sixth and seventh in contact with the small scales covering the
eyelid, fourth and fifth in contact with a pair of small scales below the front angle
of the eye. Mental large, broader than long, broader than rostral. Infralabials
eight (8 — 9). A broad submental (1—2) immediately behind the mental. Behind
these there are three nearly as broad, the front pair of which are in contact. Farther
back there are one or two elongate narrow shields touching the infralabials. Scales
287
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288 REPTILES OF BEBMUDA«
and moyements so rapid that the flash and rostle of disappearance are
most often all that tell of its presence, and which, when caught napping
by the sharp-sighted hunter, in fiftvorite haunts in the wood among the
rocks or about the buildings, frequently secures freedom by leaving its
tail as a trophy in the hand of the enemy while retiring, but little the
worse for the loss, to grow another. Its most common name is ^^ Skink.''
This name is shared with many other species of the large family to which
it belongs, a fSeunily which has representatives in nearly all the tropical
and subtropical parts of the earth. In some of the West Indies allied
species are called ^^ Slippery Backs," in others ^^Mabouia," and in the
United States ^^Blue tails'' and ^* Scorpions."
Oaptain John Smith mentions the occurrence of lizards on the Ber-
mudas previous to 1623, but in the same breath says they no longer
existed at that date. ^^ Lizards there were many and very large, but now
none, and it is said they were destroyed by the Gat." There is a possi-
bility that formerly some large species existed here, as at present upon
Navassa {Metapoceros)^ or ui>on the Galapagos {Canohphns and AmbUf*
rhynchua). let it is hardly probable that any lizards were entirely ex-
terminated; it is more likely that the existing 8i>ecies, being without
enemies and undisturbed, reached a greater size than is possible on the
islands densely populated as they now are. One can have littie idea of
what the Oaptain had in mind when he used the word << large." If there
had been very large lizards other writers would not have passed them
without notice. Bev. Lewis Hughes, 1614, says nothing about them.
Among his statements concerning the animals, after enumerating the
birds, he says that <^ Here is no kihd of beasts but hogges and cattes and
they but in one or two places which are thought to come at first by
smoothi with two poree, hinder margin roonded, in thirty-six longitudinal rows, those
of the flank irregolarly ascending backward. Scales of middle of back and belly
larger, those under the middle of the tail broadest A smaU plate on each side of the
pair of large ones in front of the yent.
ColoiB of yonng light brown on back, dark on flanks, lighter and bluish beneath.
A dark-bordered white line along each edge of the back from the anterior supraciliary
to the tail. A similar more or less broken line fix>m below the eye across the ear to
the hip. Between the white bands the flanks are dark brown. The dark color shades
into the bluish at the sides of the abdomen. A narrow white band extends along the
iimer edges of the supraciliaries forward around the outer edges of prefrontals. Chin
and throat yellowish red, cheeks more brown, and top of head reddish brown. Limbs
and sides of belly and tail mottled with light. With age the white becomes more ob-
solete, the ground color a more uniform darker brown, and the yellowish red predomi-
nates on cheeks and crown. Specimens described frimished by Professor Ooode, for
whom they were collected by J. Mathew Jones, esq.
Very common on the Bermudas, frequenting the old walls and stone heaps in the
cedar groves (Jones).
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REPTILES OF BERMUDA. 289
means of Shippe-wracke. The hogges were manie, bnt are now bronght
to a small number." Lizards do not appear in the list noted by William
Strachy, 1610. << Worms I nener saw any, nor any venomous thing, as
Toade, or Snake, or any creeping beast hurtfull, onely some Spiders,
which as many afflrme are signes of great store of Oold." John Hardy's
I)oetical description of the Bermudas, 1671, tells us that ^^'No Adders,
Serpents, Toads, or Snakes are seen to prejudice Man's health,'' bnt says
nothing of lizards.
In recent times there have been several notices, one of which, that of
Mr. Jones, in "The Naturalist in Bermuda," 1859, reports them to be
very common. From the work of Dr. T. L. Oodet, 1860, p. 251, the fol-
lowing is taken :
" In the dass Beptilia (reptiles) we find the order Ohelonia (the turtle
tribe). This order is represented by the green turtle {Chelania mydaSj
Holbrook)^ and the hawk^s-bill {Chelonia caretta^ Holbrook) is more or
less brown or rufous. In the order Sauria we have the lizard tribe.
The saurian reptiles are distinguished from the chelonian by the want
of a shield and by the presence of teeth. The bluetailed skink (Scincus
fasciatus^ Holbrook) and the Scincus occllatus (Da.) are representatives
of this order. The Scincus ocellatus burrows in the sand so quickly that
it is out of sight in an instant, and appears rather to have found a hole
than made one. In the class Beptilia we have bad occasion to name but
a few genera and species; so barren are these islands in that class of
animals which respire by lungs, having reil and cold blood, and bodies
covered with homy or cartilaginous plates or with hard scales."
Apparently the doctor supposed there were two species of Bermuda
lizards, but of those he mentions, oney fasciatusy belongs to the Southern
United States, and the other, ocellatus j to Australia, and neither is found
on these islands. The species found here is evidently not a recent arrival.
It differs so much firom any of its neighbors in the new world that the
question of its origin has become quite a puzzle. Seines, Gteccos, and
other small reptiles of similar habits are sometimes carried immense
distances in the ballast or cargoes of vessels. There would be no great
difftculty in the way of introduction, bnt as yet we know of no species
80 closely allied as to suggest a common parentage among the more im-
mediate ancestry.
The other four species making up the reptilian fauna of the Ber-
mudas belong to the Sea Turtles, whose erratic habits and great capa-
bilities as mariners have made them visitors upon all the shores of the
Bull. Nat Mus. No. 25 19
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290 REPTILES or BERMUDA.
temperate and torrid zones long enough before oar race is said to haye
taken its first lessons of navigation in boats made of their gigantic
shells. Of two of the four, Mr. Jones says that the Green, Chelonia
mydasj is ^Hhe common turtle of the Bermudas," but ^^not abundant";
and the Hawkbill, Eretmochelys imbricata, Is <^not unfrequently taken."
The other two, the Leather Back, Sphargis coriaoeoj and the Logger-
head, Thalas80€hely8 caonanaj are only occasional visitors. They were
first placed upon the list by Professor Goode, 1877. Below I have
quoted from a number of accounts of the Bermudas and their life by
the pens of those who wrote during the first half century of the exist-
ence of the cdlony. These quotations give a fair idea of the abundance,
habits, and capture of turtles in those early days. Below them is
placed all that could be gathered in the West Indies and among t^e
Florida Keys, where the turtles are still numerous, but where, as was
the case in the Bermudas, reckless destruction is gradually reducing
their numbers.
The history of the Bermuda reptiles reaches back to a very eiu^ly
date in that of the islands themselves. December 17, 1593, the French
vessel, commanded by de la Barboti&re, was wrecked upon the Isle of
Bermuda, and it was not until the 11th of the following May that the
crew was able to get away, which they finally did in a vessel of their
own make. Henry May, an Englishman who happened to be with the
party, furnished an account of the adventure and the construction of
the vessel, in which occurs the following:
"In stead of pitch we made lime, and mixed it with the oyl of tor-
toises, and as soone as the carpenters had calked, I and another, with
«ch of vs a small sticke in our hands, did plaister the mortar into the
<)eames, and being in April, when it was warm and fiEure weather, we
could no sooner lay it on, but it was dry, and as hard as a stone. In
this moneth of April 1594, the weather being very hot, we were afrayd
our water should fayle vs; and therefore made the more haste away;
and at our departure we were constrayned to make two great chests,
and calked them, and stowed them on ech side of our mainmaste, and
so put in our prouision of raine water, and thirteen line tortoises for oar
food, for our voyage which we intended to Newfoundland. In the
South part of this Island of Bermuda there are hogs, but they are so
leane that you cannot eat them, by reason the Island is so barren, bat
it yieldeth great store of fowle, fish and tortoises."
An anonymous writer, in an account of the loss of the ship of Sir
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George Summers, July 28, 1609, among other things upon which his
party subsisted, says: *< Lastly they found the berries of Cedar, the
Palmetto tree, the Prickle peare, sufficient fish, plentie of Tortoises and
diners other kinds which sufficed to sustaine nature." Sylvanus Jour-
dan's narrative of the same occurrence adds:
<^ There are also great store of Tortoises (which some call turtles),
and those so great, that I have scene a bushell of egges in one of their
bellies, which are sweeter than any Henne egge : and the Tortoise itselfe
is all very good meate, and yieldeth great store of oyle, which is as
sweete as any butter: and one of them will suffice fifty men a meale at
least: and of these hath beene taken great store, ^vith two boates at
the least forty in one day. . • . We carried with vs also a good
portion of Tortoise oyle, which either for frying or baking did vs very
great pleasure, it being very sweete nourishing and wholesome."
William Strachy's account of this event is still more complete.. It is
strange he makes no mention of the lizards in his enumeration of the
animals:
'^Wormes I neuer saw any, nor any venomous thing, as Toade, or
Snake, or any creeping beast hurtfull, onely some Spiders, which as
many affirme are signes of great store of Gold. . . • And when
there was any fret of weather (for vpou euery increase of wind the
billow would be so great, as it was no putting out with our Gundall or
Canow) that we could not fish nor take Tortoyses, then wee killed our
Hoggs. But in February when the Palme Berries began to be scant or
dry, and the Cedar berries failed two moneths sooner, true it is the Hogs
grew poore, and being taken so, wee could not raise them to be better,
for besides those Berries we had nothing wherewith to franke them:
but euen then the Tortoyses came in againe, of which wee daily both
tamed vp great store, finding them on Land, as also sculling after them
in our Boate strooke them with an Lron goad, and sod, baked, and
roasted them. The Tortoyse is reasonable toothsom (some say) whol-
some meate. I am sure our Company liked the meate of them verie
well, and one Tortoyse would goe further amongst them then three
Hogs. One Turtle (for so we called them) feasted well a dozen Messes,
api>ointing sixe to euery Messe. It is such a kind of meat as a man
can neither absolutely call Fish nor Flesh, keeping most what in the
water, and feeding vpon Sea-grasse, like a Heifer, in the bottom of the
Coues and Bayes, and laying their Egges (of which wee should finde fine
hundred at a time in the opening of a shee Turtle) in the Sand by the
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shoare side, and so couermg them close leaae them to the hatching of
the Sonne, like the Manati at Saint Dominique, which made the Spanish
Friars (at their first arriuall) make some scrapie to eate them on a
Friday, becaose in ooloor and taste the flesh is like to morsells of Yeale.
Concerning the laying of their Egges, and hatching of their yoong Peter
Martyr write th thns in his Decades of the Ocean : At such time as
the heate of Nature moneth them to generation, they come forth of the
Sea, and making a deepe pit in the sand, they lay three or foure hun-
dred Egges therein: when they haue thus emptied their bag of Con-
ception, they pat as mach of the same againe into the Pit as may satisfie
to couer their Egges, and so resorte againe vnto the Sea, nothing care-
ftill of their succession. At the day appointed of Nature to the procre-
ation of these creatures there creepeth out a multitude of Tortoyses, as
it were Pismyers cTut of an anthill, and this only by the heate of the
Sunne, without any helpe of their Parents : their Egges are as big as
Oeese Egges, and themselues growne to perfection, bigger than great
round Targets."
The date of depositing the eggs is somewhat earlier than that given
by the Florida Turtlers. Striking with an iron goad is a hint of what
is now known as pegging. Speaking of the pinnace they built, he says:
<^ Wee breamed her otherwise with Lime made of Wilkeshels and an
hard white stone which we burned in a kiln, slaked with fresh water,
and tempered with Tortoyses Oyle.'^ In the commission of Grovemor
Moore, 1612, he is requested to "be very carefull to make tryall of a
mixture made with oyle of tortoises and powder of shells or such like,
wch necessitye compeld our men to find ovt for there vse instead of
pitch and tarr for trimminge there shipps, and did them excellent serv-
ice for that purpose." One of this governor's companions, in a letter
supplementing Silvanus Jourdan's account, gives the name "Turkles,"
a form which I find still to be in use in Eastern Massachusetts. "Tur-
kles thare bee of a mightie bignesse: one Turkic will serue or suffice
three or four score at a meale, especially if it be a shee Turkic, for she
will haue as many Egges as will suffice fiftie or three-score at a meale ;
this I can assure you, for they are very good and wholesome meate,
none of it bad, no, not so much as the very guts and maw of it, for
they are exceeding fat, and make as good trix>es as your beastes bellies
in England. . . Also, we haue olives grow with vs, but no great
store : many other good excellent things we haue grow with vs, which
this short time will not permit me to write on so largely as I might:
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REPTILES OF BERMUDA, 293
but this is of truth that Hogges, Turkles, Fish and Fowle doe abound
as dust of the earth."
That wanton destruction had decidedly lessened the number of turtles
as early as 1620 is evident irom the following act of the Assembly of
that year :
"An act agaynst the KiLLmaE op oueb young Tortoyses.
" In regard that much waste and abuse hath been oifered and yet is
by sundrye lewd and impvident psons inhabitinge wthin these Islands
who in there continuall goinges out to sea for fish doe upon all occa-
sions, And at all tymes as they can meete with them, snatch & catch
up indifferentlye all kinds of Tortoyses both yonge & old little and
greate and soe kill carrye awaye and devoure them to the much decay
of the breed of so excellent a fishe the daylye skarringe of them firom
of our shores and the danger of an utter distroyinge and losse of them.
" It is therefore enacted by the Authoritie of this present Assembly
That fix)m hence forward noe manner of pson or psons of what degree
or condition soeuer he be inhabitinge or remayninge at any time wthin
these Islands shall p^snme to kill or cause to be killed in any Bay
Sound Harbor or any other place out to Sea : being w**^in five leagues
round about of those Islands any young Tortoyses that are or shall not
be found to be Eighteen inches in the Breadth or Dyameter and that
upon the penaltye for euerye such offence of the fforfeyture of fifteen
pounds of Tobacco whereof the one half is to be bestowed in publique
uses the other upon the Informer."
Allusions to the turtles become less frequent in the latter half of the
century. In fact, it would seem as if the first twenty or thirty years of
the settlement's existence had served so to reduce their numbers as to
make them somewhat rare. This is the opinion of General Lefroy, to
whose great work on the Bermudas I am indebted for the early history.
In the preface of his work (Mem. Bermudas, Vol. I, preface, p. viii) he
says : " The abundance of turtle, fish, and fowl rapidly came to an
end." Other writers of recent times mention them as occurring in the
waters off the shores, but do not speak of them as abundant. General
Lefroy states in a foot-note (Vol. I, p. 67) that " The largest hawksbill
turtle killed for many years past weighed 150 pounds ; the largest green
. turtle 146 i)ounds in the shell." General Nelson, Geology of Bermuda,
1837, notes the occurrence of very large turtle bones in the sands near
the shore. I give his statements at second hand, as found in Mr. Jones's
book : <^ Turtle bones have also been dug up in the loose sand of the sea-
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294 BEPTILES OF BERMUDA.
beach, the turtles sharing the same fate as the bird before mentioned^
being buried whilst depositing their eggs. Colonel Nelson was informed
by an eye-witness that the dimensions of the skeletons of these animals
were 9 feet in length by 7 in breadth.^ It is unfortunate that we do
not know the species of turtle to which these bones belonged. There
is room for difference of opinion in regard to the time of the turtle^s
interment. During storms bodies that have been thrown upon the
beach by the waves are sometimes buried to considerable depths by
the sandr A short time after the ^' epidemic" that was so fatal to the
fishes on the western coast of Florida, in the fall of 1878, I saw the
bodies of a number of large turtles, probably killed by the same cause,
floating along with the myriads of dead fishes in the edge of the Gulf
Stream. A storm firom a particular direction might have heaped up
and buried that refuse of death upon the windward shore of some land,
perhaps to be unearthed again by geologists of the future who would
reckon the age of that stratum in millions of years.
The turtles of the Bermudas are of species more abundant in the
West Indies and around the shores of the Caribbean and the Gulf of
Mexico. Consequently I have not hesitated to gather in those localities,
where it was more accessible, information concerning these creatures
for use in an account of Bermuda reptiles. There is little' doubt that
turtles from the West Indies visit the Bermudas. The sea turtles are
capable of enduring such an amount of hunger and fatigue, and are
possessed of such powerful muscular organization, that, aided by the
tides and currents, they perform journeys of almost incredible length. It
is not a very rare occurrence that they are met with in mid-ocean. Those
taken on the coasts of England are supposed to have crossed the At-
lantic with the help of the Gulf Stream. Some herpetologists think it
likely that turtles cross the Atlantic and enter the Mediterranean. The
Leatherback and Loggerhead are the most erratic. Though their proper
home may be said to extend not more than 35^ on each side of the
equator, they are found straggling as many as 16^ farther to the north
or south. K specimens enter the Atlantic from the other oceans it is
most likely to be by way of the Cape of Good Hope, where the currents
would seem to favor the passage. However, there is only one case in
which there is any doubt, that of SphargiSj of which specimens from
the different oceans are so much alike that writers are still undecided
whether there is more than one species. Certain respects in which the
Pacific "Trunkbacks" differ from those of the Atlantic have induced
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BEPTILES OF BBBHUDA. 295
me to separate theniy distin^ishing the former by the name Sphargis
schlegeliijBxid the latter by that by which it is commonly known^ ^har-
gis coriacea.
The Oreen Turtle, Cheloniaj and the Hawkbill, EretmochelySy seldom
Tentnre more than 35^ from the equator. Species of these genera are
unlike in the Atlantic and Pacific. Those of Chelonia are most num-
erous and seem to vary most according to locality, which would sug-
gest a disposition less erratic or perhaps a distribution determined
to some extent by that of the grass of their favorite pastures. On our
coasts these turtles range from the Garolinas to Southern Brazil, and
from Southern California to Peru. The places of greatest abundance
are on the shoals in the vicinage of low sandy bea^ches or islands not
occupied by men. Persons who make a business of collecting turtles
and eggs in the Florida Keys and among the West Indies claim that
the great demand has resulted in no diminution of the numbers. In the
Bermudas, as we have seen, those well able to decide are satisfled.that
turtles are growing less numerous.
For much of the information given below I am indebted to my Mend
Bichard M. Kemp, of Florida, who has taken great pains to secure an-
swers to the lists of questions sent out ; the balance was gathered upon
the grounds by observation or fix)m the turtlers. His notes included
items concerning the ^^ Bastard," a turtle intermediate between the Log-
gerhead and Green, of which he was fortunate enough to secure a pair
of fine specimens and which have been elsewhere described under the
name Colpochelys Kempii. Young turtles of the five kinds are eaten.
Green turtles are most sought. Old ones of the other kinds are not so
palatable. Bastards and Trunkbacks are least cared for. All kinds
are found in the same region during the entire year. "They eat sea-
weed, crawfish, conchs, fish, a kind of sponge called Loggerhead sponge,
and the Portuguese men-of-war." The latter, Physaliaj are quite plenti-
ful in the winter, and turtles of all kinds are very fond of them and
are easily taken while eating. They shut their eyes to avoid the stings
of the men-of-war, constantly using the flippers to brush them away
and can at such times be approached and taken into a boat without
pegging. On the turtle grounds there were numbers of specimens
of a large marine sponge, sometimes as much as 3 feet in diameter, and
with very little silicious flramework, from which portions had been
torn. These were said to be Loggerhead sponges from which turtles
had been eating. A larger proportion of the food of the Green Turtles
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296 REPTILES OF BEBHUDi.
is vegetable. When in the crawls or turtle pens they aie fed upon
fishes and meats of various kinds, as are the other sorts. The princi-
pal food of the genus {Chelonia) seems to be the sea-grass, ZoHera
marina^ commonly called "Turtle Grass." When grazing turtles eat
the roots, and the toi>8 of the grass rising to the surface mark the
feeding ground and often betray them to the " turtler." My inform-
ant tells me the Loggerheads nip the smaller portion of the spiral from
the large conchs, and in this way extract the animal. Trunkbacks some-
times exceed 1,200 pounds in weight. The largest we have been able to
measure was close upon 7 feet in length and weighed about 1,000 pounds.
The Green are next in size. Eight hundred and fifty pounds is the
largest of which we can learn. The largest Loggerhead of which we
have positive information did not exceed 450; and Mr. Kemp says a
sbell turtle weighing 160 pounds is a very large one.
Xear the haunts prices of the meats vary firom 4 to 10 cents per pound
alive, and fh>m 12 to 18 dressed. A specimen of Green Turtle weighing
100 pounds is considered to be between three and four years of age. In
its first year it would attain a weight of 15 to 20 i)ounds. Turtles are
captured by pegging, by means of long nets, and when they come on
shore to lay. Ordinarily the creatures are timid and endeavor to escape.
In the water it is not very difficult to follow them, as they rise from
time to time to breathe. When tired out they go to the bottom, and
seldom make much resistance to being hauled on board the boat or
towed ashore by a line attached to the i)eg. A peg is a small steel
instrument like a blunt nail, to which a long cord is attached, and which
slips out of the socket in which it is placed, on the end of a long pole,
on being struck into the shell of the turtle. Being firmly wedged by
the bone, the i)eg enables the turtler to draw his prey about by the
line attached to it. By much practice the turtlers become very dexterous
in taking objects in the water. One who assisted me in collecting, and
to whom I am indebted for a great deal of information, Daniel Williams,
of Florida Keys, did not seem to have his aim at all affected by differences
of depths or angles in situations in which a novice would find it diffi-
cult to strike objects of five times the size. During the mating season
turtles are much less timid, and boats are allowed to approach quite
near. The season varies somewhat for the different kinds. From the
most reliable accounts it is April to June for the Green, Loggerhead,
and Shell turtles (Hawkbill), and for Bastard and Trunkback it is De-
cember to February (see below). Coupling takes place in the water and
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BEPTILES OF BERMUDA. 297
continues for considerable lengths of time. A strong nail on the first
digit of the forward paddles is bent downward so as to form a hook,
with which the shell of the female is grasped. '' From two to four, some-
times five, lots of eggs, from 75 to 200 each, are laid in a season." The
layings are fourteen to fifteen days apart — ^< never more than fifteen
nor less than fourteen ; so we know just when to expect her again, and
always very near the place where she laid the first lot."
The nests are made at night. About to lay, the turtle approaches
the shore cautiously ; if not disturbed she lands and at once proceeds
to select a place to dig. The excavation is a foot or more in depth.
After the sand has been scooped out by the paddles and the eggs laid,
the sand is replaced carefully and packed by the weight of the body
during replacement. The trail from the water to the nest resembles the
track of a stone-sled and leads to a space larger than the turtle which
has been much trampled over. Somewhere in this space the turtler
expects to find the eggs. He uses a small stick with which he probes
the trodden area in all parts until, plunged through one or more of the
eggs, the yelk upon the probe locates them. A story is told by the
hunters to the effect that after the nest is finished the turtle goes along
the beach a little way to trample over another space, in which no eggs
are placed, before returning to the water. On the fourteenth or fifteenth
night she is expected to return and make another nest near the first.
The hunter waits for her, and after she has left the water turns her on
her back. She is unable to right herself when turned, and her captor re-
turns at his leisure to take her to market. The eggs hatch in six to eight
weeks, and the young scramble into the water at once. They have no
means of defense, and are eagerly preyed upon by various birds and
fishes on their way and after they reach the sea. In the stomach of a
shark, which the kindness of Lieut S. M. Ackley, IT. S. 'S.y enabled me
to examine, a 10-pound Green Turtle was found. The shell was too hard
for the shark's teeth, and was scored all over by the efforts of the "man-
eater" to divide it. Discouraged in his attempts he had at last swal-
lowed it entire. The greatest destruction undoubtedly takes place dur-
ing the first month or two of existence, while the shell is comparatively
soft and the size such as places the little creatures at the mercy of the
fowls and most of the common fishes.
It will be seen that the Florida authorities place the egg-laying time
in April, May, and June ; in this they agree with the majority. The
notice cited above from William Strachy's narrative apparently places
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298 REPTILES OF BEBMUDA.
it earlier^ bat it does not fix an exact date for the arrival of the tnrtles
on the shore. In regard to SphargiSy however^ I find something more
conflicting, and, it being so definite as to dates, locality, &c., am inclined
to believe it entitled to consideration. The item is copied from the
Morning Joomal of April 30, 1846, by Gosse in <* The Natoralist^s So-
journ in Jamaica,'' 1859, p. 306, and bears the marks of its origin in
evidence of desire to make the most of it, yet, as Mr. Gosse suggests,
it has sufficient appearance of accuracy to warrant preservation. The
locality of the occurrence is Negril Bay, at the west end of Jamaica :
^< The anxiety of the fishermen in this little village was aroused on
the 30th of last month by the track of a huge Sea-monster, called a
Trunk-turtle, which came on the sea-beach for the purpose of laying
her eggs. A search was made, when a hole in the sand was discovered,
about 4 feet in depth, and as wide as the mouth of a half-barrel, whence
five or six dozen white eggs were taken out. The eggs were of differ-
ent sizes, the largest the size of a duck's egg. On the morning of the
10th of this month, at half-past five o'clock, she was discovered by Mr.
Grow on the beach, near the spot where she first came up. He gave
the alarm, when all the neighbors assembled and got her turned on her
back. She took twelve men to haul her about 200 yards. I went and
measured her, and found her dimensions as follows : From head to tail,
6 feet 6 inches ; from the outer part of her fore fin to the other end (to
the tip of the otherf ), 9 feet 2 inches; the circumference round her back
and chest, 7 feet 9 inches ; circumference of her neck, 3 feet 3 inches;
the widest part of her fore fins, 18 inches ; her hind fins, 2 feet 4 inches
in length. Her back is formed like a round top of a trunk, with small
white bumps in straight lines, resembling the nails on a trunk ; her
color is variegated like the rainbow (probably the living skin displayed
opaline reflections); there is no shell on her back, but a thick skin, like
pump leather."
The date given would place the time of laying in the latter part of
March instead of as early as claimed by the fishermen and turtlers,
December, January, and February, for this genus. Sphargis is the most
rare and least known of the sea turtles.
In early times turtles were so numerous around the Bermudas that
two boats were able to take forty in a day; now they are so rare that
this number more nearly represents what are taken in a season. To
any one who takes the trouble to look into the matter the fact is patent
enough that unless their enemies are restrained these animals are des-
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REPTILES OF ^ERMUDA. 299
tined to become as rare in the waters of Florida and the West Indies
as they are now about the Bermudas. It would seem as if, with proper
protection by law, a creature which lays such a large number of eggs
and grows so rapidly might be propagated and multiplied to almost
any extent in regions growing their favorite food* We know of nothing
else for which their pastures are so available. What locality is better
situated than the Bermudas for a grand experiment in turtle culture!
Turtles hatch and take care of themselves if let alone. Any move-
ment that will protect them in the coupling and laying season and in
their early days, or that will reduce the number of their destroyers^
will tend to increase and cheapen the supply. Possibly eggs might be
collected and hatched, the young guarded for a while, and set free
after the days of greatest mortality had passed and they had grown
too large and hard for the birds and smaller fishes. Eggs could be
imported. Perhaps some action has already been taken in regard to
the matter in the Bermudas and in the United States; if not, the ques-
tion is respectftilly suggested to the authorities as one worthy their at-
tention.
LIST OF THE SEA TURTLES (CHELONIOIDiE), WITH SYK-
ONYMY.
Ebetmoohelys IMBBIOATA. HawkbilL Caret.
Hdb. Tropical Atlantic.
CkeUmia (EretmockdyB) imbrioata Fits., 1843, Syst. Bept., 30.
Eretmochelya imhrioata Agasaiz, 1857, Contr. i, 381 ; Goode, 1877, Am. Jour.
Sci., xvi, 290.
Teatudo imbrioata Linn., 1758 Syst. Ed. z, 1, 197 ; 1766, Syst. Nat., Ed. zu, 350;
Walb.,1782, Clielon.,46,110; Schneid., 1783, Schildkr., 309,-1786, Mag. Z.
Nat., 258; Gmelin, 1788, Linn. Syst. Nat., i, 1036; Donnd., 1798, Zool. Beitr.,
3, p. 3 ; Schoepff, 1792, Hist. Test., 83, pi. 18 A and B ; Latr., 1801, Hist. Bept,
i, p. 50; Shaw, 1802, Gen. Zoof.,iii, 89, pi. 26 and 27; Dandin, 1805, Hist.
Bept., V, p. 39.
Chelonia imhrioata Schweigg., 1814, Prodr. Monogr. Chelon., 21; Gravenh.,
1829, Del. Mus. Vrat., I, 6; Wagl., 1830, Syst. Amph., 133; Gray, 1831,
Cataphracta, p. 52; Gray, 1831, Syn. Bept., Griff. An. KiDg., ix, p. 21;
Dum. Bibr., 1835, Erp. Gen., v, 547, pi. 23, f. 2; Bell, 1839, Brit. Bept., pp.
1 and 10; Holbr., 1842, N. A. Herp., ii, 39, pi. v; Coot. &Bibr., 1843, Bept.
Cuba, 28; Bell, 1849, Brit. Bept., pp. 1 and 11, fig.; Dum., 1851, Cat. Meth.,
25: Straucb, 1862, Chelon. Stud., 181; Sowerby & Lear, 1872, Tortoises, pi.
57 and 58 ; Temm. & Schl. 1838, Fanua Jap., Bept., p. 13. pL V. f. 1, 2.
Caretta imhricata Merr., 1820, Syst. Amph., 19; Max., 1825, Beitr. Nat. Brazil,
i, 24; Fitz., 1826, Neue Class. Bept., 44; Bonap., 1836, Chelon. Anal., 9;
Gray, 1844, Cat. Tort., 54; Gray, 1855, Cat. Sh. Bept., 74 (part); Gray, 1870,
Snppl. Cat. Sh. Bept., 119; Gray, 1873, Pr. Zool. Soc., 397; Gray, 1873,
Hand list, 92 ; Girard, 1858, U. S. EzpL Exp. Bept., p. 440.
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300 BEPTILE8 OF BERMUDA.
Onyo^ckelys krau$9ii Gray, 1673, Pr. ZooL 800., 398; Onj, 1873, Hand list,
p. 93.
Chelonia virgaia Wagl., 1833, loon et Descr. Amph., pi. 29.
Ckelonia multUoutata Kahl, 1820, Beitr., 78.
Befereuoes under varioas names: Rochefort, 1668, Hist. Ant., 231 ; DnTertre,
1667, HiBt. Gen. Ant., ii, 229; Grew, 1681, Mua. Reg., 38, pi. 3, f. 4; Labat,
1724, Toy. Amer., i, pp. 182, 308; Sloane, 1725, Jamaica, ii, 331; 8eba, 1734,
Thesaur, i, 79, f. 4; Catesby, 1743, Carol., ii, 39; Brown, 1756, Jamaica,
465; Knorr., 1767, DeUc. Nat, ii, p. 124, pL 30; Daub. Diet Encyd, 1784-W;
Parra, 1787, Descr., Ac., 112, pi. 42; LaC, 1788, Quad. Ovip., i, p. 105, pL
ii; Donnd., 1796, Zool. Beitr., iii, 3; Shaw, 1802, Gen. Zoo!., iii, 89, tab. 26
and 27; Boso, Nouv. Diet., 1816-'19, vol. 34, 257; Cnv., 1817, R^gn. Aninu,
13; Kuhl., 1820, Beitr.,78; Lesson, 1834, Belang. Yoy., 302; Bonnat, 1789,
£ip^t.,21; Ray, 1693, Syiiops., 260.
Eretmoghelys squamata. Hawkbill.
Hab, Tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans.
Eretmoohelys squamata Agassiz, 1857, Contr., i, 385.
fCaretta 1ri$»a Riipp.,1835, Neue Wirb. Abyssin., 4, taf. 2.
Chelonia imbrioata Blytb, 1846, Jour. As. Soc., 376; Tscbudi, 1845, Fauna.
Peru, Rept., 22.
Caretta imhrioata Kelaart, 1852, Rept. Ceylon, i, 180.
Careita §quamata Krefft, 1871, Austral. Yertbr., 39; Theobold, 1876, Rept.
Ind., 33.
Careita Squamosa Girard, 1858, U. 8. Expl. Exp. Rept., 442.
Caretta roetrata Gid., 1858, Expl. Exp. Rept., 446, pL xxx, f. 8-13.
Teetudo imbricata Penn., 1769, Ind. Zool., 87.
Le Caret Perm., 1765, Hist. HoU. Equinox., 50.
Thalassooiielys oaouana. Loggerhead. Gaooane.
Sab. — Tropical Atlantic.
TkalaseoohelyB oaouana Fits., 1841, Zool. Ann. Wien Mus., i, 128,-1643, 8yBt.
Rept.. 30; Agassiz, 1857, Contr., i, 384; Goode, 1877, Am. Jour., 290.
Testudo carettay Linn., 1758, Syst., Nat. 197 ; Linn., 1766, Syst., Nat. 351 ; Walb.,
1782, Chelon., 4,95; Gmel., 1788, Syst. Linn., 1038; Schcepff, 1792, Hist
Test., pp. 67, 74, pi. 16, 17, f. 3; Donnd., 1798, Zool. Beitr. iii, 9; Latr.,
1801, Hist. Rept., i, p. 33; Shaw, 1802, Gen. Zool., iii, 85, pL 23, 24, 25; Cut.,
1829, R. An., ii, 14; Griff., Pidg., 1831, An. King., ix, 20.
Caretta oaouana Fitz., 1826, Neue Class. Rept., 44.
Chelonia careita Grayenb., 1829, Del. Mus. Yrat., 1, 7.
Caouana caretta Gray, 1844, Cat. Tort., 52 ; Gray, 1855, Cat. 8b. Rept., 73; Gray,
1870, 8uppl. Cat. 8b, Rept., 118; Gray, 1873, Pr. Zool. Soc., 404; Gray, 1873,
Hand-list, 89.
Chelonia caouana &c\iweigg, 1814,Prodr. Monogr. Cbelon., 22; Risso, 1826, Eur.
Merid., ui, 85; Wagl., 1830, Syst. Ampb., 133, Tab. i, f. 1-23; Gray, 1831,
Syn., 53; Bibr., 1832, Exp. Mor^j, Zool. 64; Dum. Bibr., 1835, Erp. Gen.,
ii,p. 552; Dum., 1851, Cat. Meth., 25.
Teetudo caouana Bounat., 1789, £rpet., 20; Daud., 1805, Rept., ii, p. 54, pi. 16,
f. 2; Cuv., 1817, R. An., ii, 13.
Testudo cephalo Sobneid., 1783, Scbildkr., 303.
Careita cephalo Men*., 1820, Ampb., 18; Max., 1825, Beitr., i, 25; Risso, 1826,
Eur. Merid, iii, 85.
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REPTILES OF BERMUDA. 301
Ckehnia (earetia) cephdlo Less., 1834, Voy. Belang., 300.
Chelama (oaouana) oephalo Coct. &, Bibr., 1843, Rept. Cnba, 35.
Chelonia cephaloTemm. d^ Sohleg., 1838, Faun. Jap., 23, f. 1, 2, 3, pi. 4.
Chelania pelasgarum Yal., 1840, Rept. Morea, tab. 10.
CephalockelyB oceanioa Gray, 1873, Pr. ZooL Soo., 408; Hand-list, 91.
Caauana eUmgata Gray, 1855, Cat. Sh. Rept., 73 ; Sappl., 1870, p. 118.
JEremonia elongata Gray, 1873, Pr. Zool. Soo., 403 ; Hand-list, 96.
Thalassochelys oortioata Grd., 1858, Ezpl. Exp. Rept., 431; Strauob, 1862,
Chelon. Stud., 187.
Under various names : Rondelet, 1554, Piso. Libr., zvi, 445 ; Gesner, Aquat.
Libr., 3, 1131 ; Gesner, 1554, Hist. Anim. Quad. Ovip., 114 ; (Gesner, 1629, Hist.
Anim., iy, 944 ; Aldrov. 1621, Quad. Ovip., 712 ; Rochefort, 1658, Hist. Ant.,
231; Olear. Mns., 1666, 27; Dut«rtre, 1667, Hist. Ant., ii, 228; Ray, 1692,
Synops. An., 257; Labat, 1724, Voy. Amer., i, pp. 182, 311; Seba, 1734,
Thesaur., i, pi. 79, f. 6 ; Catesby, 1743, Carol., ii, 40 ; Brown, 1756, Jamaica,
465; Gronow, 1763, Zooph., p. 16, No. 71 ; Gottw., 1781, Phys. Anat. Scliildkr;
Parra, 1787, Descr., etc., 112, pi. 43; La C, 1788, Quad. Ovip., i, 95; Bechst.
1800, Ueb. La C, i, 110; Meyer, Zeitr.-Vertr., i, pi. 30, 31 ; Brown, 1776, 111.
Zool., 116, pi. 48; Mns., Besl., pi. 60; Edwards, Birds t, 206; Boso, Kouv.
Diet., vol. 34, p. 256, 1816-^19; Cuv., 1817, Regn. Anim., 14.
Thalassochelys oliyacea. Loggerhead.
Edb. — ^Tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans.
Chelonia olivacea Esobscb., 1829, Zool. Atl., Tab. 3, Descr., p. 2 (20) ; Cantor,
1847, Cat. Malay. Rept., 13.
Thalas90chely9 {Lepidockelys) oUvaeea Fitz., 1843, Syst. Rept., 30.
ThalassachelyB oUvaoea Fitz., 184J., Zool. Ann. Wein Mus., i, 128 ; Agassiz, 1857,
Contr., i, 385.
Chelonia dussumierii Dnm. Bibr., 1835, Erp. Gen., ii, 557 ; Dnm., 1851, Cat.
Meth., 25.
Caouana dussumierii Smith, 1849, Zool. S. Africa, App., p. 2.
Chelonia caretta var. p, Gray, 1831 ; Cataphracta, 54.
Caouana olivacea Gray, 1844, Cat. Tort., 53; Gray, 1855, Cat. 8b. Rept., p. 73;
Gray, 1870, Suppl. Cat. Sb. Rept., 118 ; Theobald, 1868, Jonr. Linn. Soo., x,
p. 20 ; Erefft, 1871, Austral. Yetebr., 39 ; Theobald, 1876, Rept. Ind., 32.
Lepidoohelys olivacea Grd., 1858, Wilkes Exp. Rept., 435 ; Gray, 1873, Pr. Zool.
Soo., 407 ; Gray, 1873, Hand-list, 91.
Caretta oltvoooa Rflpp., 1835, Neue Wirbeltb. Abyssin., 7, pi. 3.
Testudo japonioa Thnnb., 1787, Yet. Akad, viii, 178^ pi. vii ; Schn., Gesellsch
Nat. Fr. Berl., x, 266.
CareUa thunbergii Merr., 1820, Syst., 19.
Lepidoohelys dussumierU Grd., 1858, Expl. Exp., 437.
Thalassochelys (Oolpochelts) EsMpn.
Kemp's Gnlf Turtle. " Bastard.'^
Sab. — ^Northeastern part of the Golf of Mexico.
Thalassochelys JST^mpii Qarman, 1880, BulL Mus. Comp. Zool., 123.
Ohblonia MYDAS. Green Turtle.
Hob. — ^Tropical Atlantic and acUacent waters.
Testudo mydas, var. y Linn., 1758, Syst. Nat., 197 ; Linn., 1766, Syst. Nat., 351 ;
Omel., 1788, Linn., Syst. Nat., i, 1037.
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302 REPTILES OF BEBMUDi.
TMtudomydMf Sohoepff; 1792, Hist. Test, 73, pi. 17, 1 2; Bonnat., 1789, Erp^t.,
19; Cuv., 1796, Tabl. fiWm. 288,-1817, B. An., ii. 13,-1829, R.A11. ii, 13;
Oppel, 1811,Prodr., 9; Latr., 1801, Rept., i, 22, pi. 1, fig. 2; Dand., 1805,
Rept., y, 10, pi. 10, f. 2; Qriff. A, Pidg., 1831, An. King., ix, 81.
Chelonia rnydM, Sehweigg., 1814, Prodr. Monogr. Chelon.,pp. 10 A. 22; Gray,
1825, Ann. Phil., x,212,-1831, Synops. in Qriff. An. King., ix, p. 20; Gray,
1831, CaUphracta, 52; Lesson, 1834, Belang. Yoy., 299; Dam. Bibr., 1835,
ii, p. 558; Holbrook, 1842, N. A. Hetp., ii, 25, pi. 2; Cootean d^ Bibron,
1843, Rept. Cuba, 19; Dam., 1851, Cat. Hetb. Rept., 24; Agassis, 1857,
Contr., i, 378; Sowerby & Lear, 1872, Tortoises, 13, pi. 59 & 60; Grarenh.,
1829, Del. Has. Vrat., i, 5 ; Wagl., 1830, Syst. 133.
Caretia mydat Fitz., 1826, Kene Class. Rept., 44.
l>$tudo vUidii Sobn., 1783, ScbUdkr., 309, Tab. ii ; Latr., 1802, Rept., i, 48.
CheUmia viridit Temm. ± Sobl., 1838, Faan. Jap., 18; Gray, 1844, Cat Tort,
54; Gray, 1855, Cat Sh. Rept, 75; Straaoh, 1862, Cbelon. Stad., 185; Gray,
1870, Sappl. Cat Sh. Rept, 119; Gray, 1873, Pr.Zool. 800., 402; Gray, 1873,
Hand-list, 95 ; Girard, 1858, Expl. Exp., Rept, 453.
CkeUmia mrgata Coct ± Bibr., 1843, Rept Cuba. 26 (part).
RxratBNCES UNDER VARIOUS NAMES: Dutertre, 1667, Hist Ant, ii, 227;
Sloane, 1725, Jamaica, U, 331 ; Rochefbrt, 1658, Hist. Ant., 228; Seba, 1734,
Thesaor., i, pi. 79, f. 5; Catesby, 1743, Carol., ii, 38; Brown, 1756, Jamaiea,
465; Gronow, 1764, Mas. Ichth., ii, 85, No. 68; Parra, 1787, Descr., etc., 112,
tab. 41 ; La C, 1788, Qaad. Ovip., i, 54, fol. 1, p. 92 ; Shaw, 1802. Gen. Zool.,
iii, 80, pi. 22 ; Lesson, 1843, Belang. Yoy., 296, 299, 301, 302; Cav., 1829, Regn.
Anim., ii, 13; Audubon, Omith. Biog., ii, 374; Bonnat Enoyl. meth., pl.3, £.
2; Bosc. Noav. Diet, 1816-19, p. 252, tome 34; Merr., 1820, p 18; Wiegm.u.
Rothe, 1832, Handb. Zool., 164 ; Tschndi, 2845, Fauna Pern., 22.
Var. Marmorat€U
Hob. — Atlantic, Ascension Island.
Chehnia marmoraia Dam. Bibr., 1835, Erp. Gen., ii, 546; Dam., 1851, Cat.
Meth., 24; Girard, 1858, Expl. Exp. Rept, 455 Strauch, 1862, Chelon. 8tad.,
187.
Chelonia virgata. Green Turtle.
Hdb. — Tropical portions of Western Pacific and Indian Oceans.
Ckelonia virgata Sehweigg., 1814, Prodr. Monogr. Chelon. 21 ; Gnerin, 1829-
'38, loon. R^gn. Anim., pi. 1, f. 4; Dam. Bibr., 1835, Erp. Gen., ii, 541;
Coct. & Bibr., 184.3, Rept Cuba (part); Blyth, 1846, Jour. As. Soc., 376;
Cantor, 1847,Cat. Rept. Malay, 13 ; Gray, 1844, Cat. Tort., 54 ; Dum., 1851,Cat
Meth., 24; Gray, 1855, Cat Sh. Rept., 74 (part); Agassiz, 1857, Contr., i,
379; Strauch, 1862, Chelon. Stud., 183; Swinhoe, 1863, Ann. Mag., 221;
Theobald, 1868, Jour. Linn. Soc., x, 20; Gray, 1870, Sappl. Cat, Sh.Rept,
119; KreflEt, 1871, Austral. Vert., 39; Gray, 1873, Pr. ZooL Soc. 402; Gray,
18r3, Hand-list, 93; Theobald, 1876, Rept. Ind., 33; Girard, 1858, ExpL
Exp. Rept., 437.
Chelonia mydas var. Gray, 1831, Cataphracta, 52, 53.
f Chelonia maculo9a Cuv., 1820, R^gn. Anim., 13; Dum. Bibr., 1835, Erp. Gen.,
U, 544 ; Dum., 1851, Cat. Meth., 24; Girard, 1858, Expl. Exp., Rept, 454.
Chelonia lachrymaia Cut., 1829, R^gn. Anim., ii, 13.
Caretia or Sea Tortoi9e Bruce, 1778, Voy. Nile, v, pL 42.
f Chelonia fofmoea Girard, 1858, Expl. Exp., Rept, 456, pL xzxi, 1 1-4.
f Chelonia tenuis Grd., 1858, Expl. Exp., Rept., 461.
f Teetudo maoropue Walb., 1782, Chelonogr., 112.
\EuchelyB mocroptM Girard, 1858, Expl. Exp., Rept, 448, pi. xxxi, f. 9-11.
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REPTILES OF BERMUDA. 30(5
Ghelonia AGASSIZn.
Sab. — ^Tropical portion of Eastern Pacific.
Chelonia virgaia Agassiz, 1657, Contr., i, 379.
CheUmia agoisizii Dom. Boo., 1870, Exp. Soi Mex., pt. 3, pL 6, p. 96; Oaxv
man, 1880, Bull. Mas. Comp. ZooL, 126.
Chelonia depressa.
Hob. — ^Aostralian seas.
Chelonia depre$9a Garman, 1880, BaU. Mas. Comp. Zool., 124.
SPHARGIDID^.
Sphargis coriaoea. Trunk or Leather Turtle.
Sab, — ^Tropical and temperate portions of the Atlantic.
Te$t¥do coriaoea $. mercurii Rond., 1554, Pisc. libr., xvi, 450; Gesner, 1620, Hist.
Anim.,iv,496.
Teetudo coriaoea Linn., 1766, Syst. Nat., 350; Schneid., 1783, Schildkr., 312;
YandeU. ad Linn. Patav., 1761, fig. ; SchoDpff, 1792, Hist Test., 123 to 128;
Latr., 1801, Rept, i, 58, pi. 3, f . 1 ; Dand., 1805, Rept., ii, 62, pL 18, £ 1 ; Tur-
ton,Brit. Faana, 78; Griif. & Pidg., 1831, An. King., ix,93.
Sphargie merourialie Merr., 1820, Amph. 19; Risso, 1826, Ear. Merid.,iii, 85;
Max., 1825, Beitr. Natg. Brazil, i, 26; Gray, 1869, Pr. Zool.Soo., 224.
Chelonia coriaoea Sohweigg., 1814,Prodr. Monogr. Cbelon.,pp. 10,20.
Chelonia (Sphargie) coriaoea Gray, 1831, Synops. in Griff. An. King., ix, 20.
Sphargie coriaoea Gray,1831,Cataphracta 51 ; Dnm.Bibr.,1835, Erp.Gen., ii, 560 ;
BeU, 1839. Brit. Rept.,11 ; Holbr., 1842, N. A. Herp., ii, p. 45, pL vi ; Gray, 1844,
Cat. Tort, 51; Bell, 1849, Brit Rept, 12; Gosse, 1851, Jamaica, 306 ; Gray,
1855, Cat Sb. Rept, 71; Agassis, 1857, Contr., i, 373; Gray, 1864, Pr. ZooL Soc.;
Gray, 1870,8appL Cat 8b. Rept, 119, f.40. ; Gray, 1873, Pr. Zool. Soc., 411;
Gray, 1873, Hand-list, 96; Goode, 1877, Am. Jonr., xiv,290; Bonap., Faana
Ital.; Jenyns, Brit Vert., 290; Gervais, Noav.Arcb. Mas., viii, pp. 199-228,
pi. 5-9.
Teetudo tuheroHlata Gravenb., 1829, Rept. Mas. Yrat., 9.
Dermochelge ailanHoa (Les.) Cav., 1836, R6gn. Anim.,i,367; Cay., 1829. R^gn.
Anim.
Dermatoohelye poroaia Wagl., 1830, Syst Ampb., 133, atl., pi. i, f. 1-23, ix, f. 10 ;
Fitz., 1843, Syst. Rept, 30.
Coriudo^ coriaoea Flem.,Brit Anim., 149; Harl., 1827, Amer. Herp., 83; Harl.,
1827, Jonr. Ac. N. 8c. PbiL, y, 399.
References under various names: Delafont,1729,Mem.Acad.,8; Borlase
Cornwall, 287, pi. 27; Catesby, 1743, Carol., ii, 40; Bodd., 1761, Gaz. 8ant6,
No 6; Foageroux, 1765, Hist Acad. Sci., 44; Daub. Encycl.Metb., 1784-^;
Penn., Brit Zool., iii, 7 ; Amorenx, Joar. Pbys., 1778, p. 65 ; La C, 1788, Qaad.
Ovip., i. 111, pi, 5 ; Bonn., 1789, Encycl. Metb., pi. 4, f. 2; Donnd., 1798, ZooL
Beitr., iii, f. 2; Becbst, 1800,Ueb, La C.Qaad. Ovip., 135; Boso, 1816-'19,
Nouv. Diet, yoL 34, 257; Cav., R^gn. Anim., ii, 14.
Var. SchUgeliL
^a^.— Tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans.
Sphargie coriaoea Bleeker, 1857. Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 471.
Dermatoohelye ooriacea Tbeobald, 1868, Jour. Linn. Soo., x, 20; Tbeobald, 1876,
Rept Ind., 34; Swinboe, 1870, Pr.Zool. Soo., 409; Krefft, 1871, AnstraL Ver-
tebr.,39.
Sphargie mercvrialie Temm. 6c Scbl., 1838, Faan. Jap., Cbolon, pi. 1-3 ; f Smitb,
1849. Zool. 8. Africa. App., p. 2.
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Pj^RT VII.
ANNELIDA FROM BERMUDA,
COLLECTED BY G. BBOWN GOODS.
BY
Profottor H. R WBBSTEB,
Of Union Collbob, Schbnsotadt, K. T.
Ball. Nat. Mas. No. 25 20 aos
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ANNELIDA FEOM BEEMUDA,
Fam. AMPHINOMIDiE.
Hebmodioe Kinberg.
OfVers. Kong. Yetensk-Akad. Forhand., p. 11, 1667.
Hebmodioe oabunoulata Kinberg.
(Plate VII, Figs. 1-5.)
Nereis gigantea Linnjeus. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, vol. i, p. 1066. 1776 (teste Baird).
Aphrodita oarwiouUita Pallas. Miscell. Zool. p. 102, pi. viii, figs. 12, 13. 1766 (testa
Qnatrefages).
Terehella carunculaia Gmkun. Linn. Syst. Nat., yoI. 1, p. 3113. 1769.
Amphiiwme oarunculata BRUGitoE. Enc. M<Sth., art. Ampbinome, p. 46. Atlas, pi. 60,
figs. 6, 7. 1789 (t. Baird).
Amphinome earunculaia Cuyier. Diet, des Sei. Nat., art. Amphinome, vol. ii, p. 72.
Ampkhume oarunoulaia Grubb. Fam. der Ann., pp. 40 and 122. 1851.
AmpMname carwnculata Quatrefages. Hist. Nat. des Ann., vol. i, p. 395. 1865.
AmphinovM oarunculata Audouin bt M. Edwards. Littoral de la France, yoI. ii, p*
123. 1834.
Pleione oarunculata Satigny. Syst. des Ann., p. 61.
Pleione oarunculata Lamarck. An. sans Vert. '1st ed., vol. v, p. 330 ; 2d ed., vol. v, p.
572 (t. Baird).
Pleione oarunculata Cuvibr. B^gne Animal, voL iii, p. 199, ed. Crochard, Ann^dea
pi. 8, figs. 4, 4 A.
PMone oarunculata Grube. De Pleione carancolata. 1837.
Pleione oarunculata Trbviranus. Beob. ans der Zodl., p. 53, pi. xi. 1839.
Hervtodice oarunculata Kinberg. Ofvers. Kongl. Yetensk-Akad, p. 13. 1857.
Htrmodiee oarunculata Baird. Linnean Society, Joamal,Zool., yoI. z, p. 219, pi. It,
figs. 3 a, b. 1868.
There is a series of short flattened setae along the anterior margin of
the ventral ramus, from ten to fifteen in number, which seems not to
have been observed.
The dorsal setse are quite long, very delicate, simple, capillary.
The ventral set® are much shorter than the dorsal, differ much in
length, diameter, and number of teeth found along their outer third.
Some are bluntly rounded and curved at the apex; others have a
single blunt tooth just back ot the apex, on the side opposite the series
of teeth. 307
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308 ANNELIDA FROM BERMUDA.
BDEYTHOE Kinberg.
OfVera. af Kongl. Votensk-Akad. Forhandl., p. 13. 1857.
EuRYTHofi MACROTRICHA Baird.
(Plat© Vn, Fig«. e-9.)
AmpMnome maeroirieha Schmarda. Neae Wirbell. Thiere, vol. i, part 8, p. 144, figa.
a, b, o, in text, and pi. xzxiv, fig. 390. 1861.
Amphiname maerotrioka Quatrkfaoes. Hist. Nat. des Ann. yoL i, p. 406. 186&.
EwryikoS maeroiricka Baird. Linnean Society, Jonmaly ZooL, yoL z, p. 225, pL iv,
figs. 5 a, b. 1868.
Schmarda's description of this species is very short, and I am with*
ont information as to the original color of the specimens sent me. The
xeferencci however, is probably correct. On the anterior margin of the
ventral ramus is a series of short, flattened set», 6 to 9 in number (Fig.
9). The ventral set» are not so much curved externally as in Schmarda's
Agure.
The collection includes a single specimen belonging to this family,
too much injured for identification.
Fam. CHRYSOPETALID^.
BHAWAMA Schmarda.
Nene Wirbelloae Thiere, yoL i, part ii, p. 164. 1861.
Bhawania Goodei n. «p.
(Plate VII, Figs. 10-15.)
1^0 good view of the head was obtained. The anterior segments curve
directiy forwards, embracing the head and reaching beyond it; pal»
and setSB both projecting far beyond it, and in alcoholic specimens it
seems impossible to free the head from the surrounding parts.
On the ventral surface there is an oval caruncle reaching through
Ave segments, its length about double its breadth.
The pal8B (Fig. 10) are broadly rounded externally, sides slightly con-
vex, attached by a long narrow process. The inner edge is denticulated
to near the end. The surface is covered by numerous longitudinal
raised lines, of which three are wider than the others. All these lines,
except the outer one of the wide lines, are covered with raised scales,
which are very numerous and small on the narrow lines, presenting, when
moderately magnified, the appearance of series of beads. The external
wide band is smooth. Some of the raised lines are continued on the
insertion plate. The palsB are very numerous ; from the middle line of
each lateral half of the body they curve— the external, outward; the
internal, inward. Fig. 10 represents one of the pal® taken from about
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Bull. No. 25, U. S. National Muscnm.
PLATE Vn.
T\
A
LfJ "^ ■«*
/
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ANNELIDA FROM BERMUDA. 30^
tbe middle line of the body ; passing from this line outward they become
somewhat narrower.
Feet biramous; ventral ramus (Fig. 12) a little longer than the dor-
sal, curved upward, tapering slightly from base to apex, bluntly rounded
externally. It carries a finger-shaped cirrus which originates near the
base of the ramus. Dorsal ramus (Fig. 11) somewhat conical, truncated
externally, and bearing a short cirrus, which arises near the center of
the truncated surface. The two rami are very close to each other.
SetSB of the ventral ramus of two kinds, both compound ; in the upper
part of the bundle from two to six, elongate (Fig. 13), delicate, with
long capillary appendix 5 all the others much shorter (Fig. 14), stouter^
with short appendix. SetaB of dorsal ramus (Fig. 15) from ten to fifteen
in number, all of one kind, thin, pointed, flattened, widest near the
center ; tiiey arise from the upper side of the ramus. The anterior seg-
ments curve forwards, forming semicircles. All the segments are very
narrow. After the fifth segment the body has a uniform diameter to
the posterior third, after which it tapers uniformly to about one-half
the greatest width. The falling off in width is also rapid along the
first five segments.
Color, in alcohol, pale light-yellow; ventral surface yellowish, or red-
dish-brown.
Body slightly convex above ; flattened below.
Length (largest specimen), 50™".
Width, 3"»™.
Specimen only 10"*° in length were also 3"™, or even 3.5™™, in widths
Fam. POLYNOID^.
HALOSYDNA Kinherg.
Ofversigt Kongl. Vetensk-Akad. Forhand., p. 384. 1855.
HALOSYDNA LEUCOHYBA {Sohmarda).
(Plate Vll, Figs. 16-18. PI. VUI, Figs. 19,20.)
PolgnoS Jeucohyha Schmarda. Neue Wirbellose Thiere, vol. 1, part 11, p. 153, figiiie»
in text a, b, c, pi. xxxvi, fig. 308. 1861.
Polynoe leucohyba Quatrefagks. Hist. Nat. des Ann., vol. 1, p. 251. 1865.
t Antinoe leucohyha Baird. Linnean Society, Journal, vol. viii, p. 193.
The width of the head, back of the bases of the antennsB, exceeds the
length (Fig. 16). The head is slightly convex above, with a central de-
pression extending about one-half of the way back from the anterior
margin; sides strongly (K)n vex; posterior margin straight; bases of the
lateral antennte as long as the rest of the head.
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310 ANNELIDA FROM BERMUDA.
There are, probably, four eyes, but in the alcoholic specimens only two
could be seen; these were lateral, circular, large, on the median line.
Antennae smooth, cylindrical to near the apex, then tapering sud-
denly; median antenna about one-third longer than the lateral.
Superior tentacular cirrus about equal in length to the median anten-
na; inferior cirrus as long as the lateral antennse.
Palpi triangular, stout, tapering uniformly to near the end, terminat-
ing in a small conical process; their margins are scalloped, and their
surfaces thrown into folds by deeply impressed lines ; length about that
of the lateral antennae.
There are eighteen pairs of elytra. (Schmarda gives seventeen in
the text; in the figure, seventeen on one side, eighteen on the other).
The first pair, circular; the others, oval (Fig. 18); slightly emarginate
^ong the anterior margin ; covered with small, white, rounded papillae
on their exposed surface, becoming more numerous on the posterior
4ilytra.
The feet are quite stout; dorsal ramus (Fig. 17) minute; ventral ra-
mus divided into two parts by slight longitudinal constrictions ; dorsal
^irri arising from stout basal articles, reaching a little beyond the ven-
tral setae; ventral cirri of first pair as long as the dorsal cirri, and sim-
ilar to them in all respects, directed forwards. After the first pair they
arise from minute basal articles, are fusiform, reach to the end of the
'ventral ramus.
There are from 6 to 10 dorsal setae (Fig. 20), short, acute, broad at
i^ase, transversely serrate. Ventral setae (Fig. 19) stout, bi-dentate, ex-
cept those of the first segment, which end in a single point. They are
in two bundles, but are all of one kind.
Exposed part of elytra, blue; covered part^ grayish-white; papillae
of elytra, white; body, beneath the elytra, blue; anterior part of head
and bases of elytra, blue ; posterior part of head with numerous black
pigment spots ; feet and ventral surface, yellowish- white; dorsal cirri
"with a blackish band near the base, and another about two-thirds of the
way out.
I refer the specimens sent me by Mr. Goode to Polynoe leucohyha
Schmarda, though it will be seen that the figures differ, especially
those of the setae. Baird has doubtfully referred this species to An-
tinoe KiNBERG, but Fig. 16 shows that it cannot be so referred.
Schmarda says nothing about the head.
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ANNELIDA FROM BERMUDA. 311
Fam. HESIONID^.
FALLACIA Quatrefages.
HiB. Nat. des Ann., vol. ii, p. 98. 1865.
Fallaoia proctochona (Schmarda) Qtrfg.
(Plato VIII, Fig. 21.)
Hesione proctochona Schmarda. None WirboUoso Thiere, vol. 1, part ii| p. 79, figue
of seta in text, and pi. xxviii, fig. 226. 1861.
Fallaoia proctochona Quatrefages. Hist. Nat. des Ann., vol. ii, p. 99. 1865. ''
At first it seemed that it would be necessary to institute a new genus
for this species. Afterwards two minute papillae were found on the an-
terior angles of the head, which are doubtless rudimentary antennsB.
As they are too small to be seen even with an ordinar^^ hand magnify-
ing glass, it is not surprising that Schmarda failed to mention them.
Mr. Goode collected nine specimens of this species, and the museum of
Union College has a large number of specimens, collected by myself on
the west cost of Florida, from Sarasota Bay to Key West. Schmarda
states correctly in the text that there are sixteen tentacular cirri; his
figure shows but fourteen. These, like the dorsal cirri, arise from long
cylindrical basal articles. From Schmarda's figure they would seem to
arise in a linear series ; in fact they are in pairs, one above the other.
The basal article of the ventral cirri is very short. The upper margin
of the foot (Fig. 21) is prolonged into a conical cirrus. According to
my Florida notes the antennae are red. It is impossible to determine
fit)m alcoholic specimens how many segments bear tentacular cirri| bnt
there appears to be but one.
The ante-anal segment has no pedal rami, nor setae, but merely two
long cirri, dorsal and ventral.
The anal segment has two long anal cirri, as long as the dorsal cinL
The anal opening is surrounded by a series of low, flattened, projections^
with convex external margin, oval in form, al^ut six in number.
It would appear that Schmarda's specimens had lost the anal dnL
PODARKE JShlers.
PoDABKR OBSOUBA Verrill
Yerrill. Invert. Animals of Vineyard Sound, etc., p. 589^ pi. zii, fig. 61. 1874.
Webster. Annel. Ch»t. of the Virginain Coast, p. 216. 1874. Annel Chast.of New
Jersey, p. 107. 1880.
The collection contains a few specimens much ipjured, but probably
belonging to this species.
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B12 ANNELIDA FROM BERMUDA.
Fam. NEREIDS.
NEREIS Cuvier.
Nereis BAiRDn, n. sp.
(Plate Vm, Pigs. 2S^-28.)
The head of tbis species (Fig. 22) is quite long, the anterior thirds
set off from each other and boonded by lines curving inward ; the pos-
terior third with convex sides ; posterior margin straight.
Eyes not very large, circular, lateral.
Antennae about one-half as long as the head, removed from each
other, at origin, by less than their own diameter; inserted in slight
depressions of the anterior margin of the head ; bluntly conical.
Palpi very long, not large, not tapering, with large terminal articles,
which, in alcoholic specimens, are nearly sphericaL
The buccal segment, in contracted specimens, has the same length
as the second segment ; probably double that length in life.
The maxillary ring of the proboscis is short (Figs. 22», 23) ; the parag-
nathi are complete; mostly conical; arrangement, i, irregularly V-
shaped; ii, double series, irregular; iii, two transverse, linear series; iv,
numerous, irregular; v, sometimes wanting, sometimes one, two, or
three, small ; vi, on each side a single, narrow, elongated transverse
denticle, ends rounded ; situated on elevations (Fig. 22) which have
straight inner margins ; outer mar^ns straight to near the anterior end,
when they curve inward ; vii and viii in two series, the anterior com-
posed of a few large denticles, the posterior more numerous and smaller.
Tentacular cirri with stout cylindrical basal articles ; the cirri them-
selves delicate; the posterior superior longest, reaching back to the
eighth segment ; the others much shorter, as shown in the figure.
Feet rather stout and short ; on the anterior segments (Fig. 24) the
lingulflB and rami are nearly of the same length, stout, conical. Dorsal
cirrus arising from the upper margin of its lingula, stout, conical, not
reaching quite to the end of the lingula. Ventral ramus bi-labiate; an-
terior lip a little longer than the posterior. Ventral cirrus arising just
within the base of its lingula, delicate, finger-shaped, nearly as long as
the lingula. Further back the feet undergo some changes. The su-
perior lingula is enlarged (Fig. 25), the dorsal cirrus moves nearer the
apex of its lingula, and on the extreme posterior feet becomes a little
more delicate (Fig.26.) The dorsal ramus becomes smaller, more sharply
conical. The ventral ramus shortens, especially its anterior lip. The
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ANNELIDA FROM BERMUDA. 313
veutxal lingnla retains its length bat loses in diameter. Tbe ventral
cirras remains unchanged. Other specimens, certainly belonging to
this species, have the feet more delicate, the dorsal and ventral cirri a
trifle longer. (Figs. 24», 26».)
Anal cirri filiform, as long as tbe last ten segments.
In the dorsal ramus there are from 6-10 setSB (Fig. 28) with long
delicate appendix, the terminal points of the stem equally long. These
setfiB form the upper part of the ventral bundle, while its lower part is
made up of falcate setae, appendix short (Fig. 27), terminal points of
stem very unequal in length.
Body convex above, slightly convex below ; of nearly uniform width
for the anterior three-fourths ; tapering slightly along the posterior
fourth, but appearing to retain a uniform diameter, on account of the
lengthening of the feet. A few of the anterior segments also taper
slightly.
Length, 36-50'>»'n.
Width, 3-4°>".
Number of segments, 50-80.
Nereis gracilis, n. «p.
(Plate IX, Figs. 29-36.)
Head wide (Fig. 29), slightly convex laterally and above, a little con-
cave behind, produced in front to form the bases of the antennse.
Eyes quite large, placed well in front; those on either side nearly in
contact.
Antennae \iith long cylindrical basal articles, produced from the head,
iust within the anterior eyes ; they are long, conical.
Palpi long and stout, curved inward near the base ; terminal articles
quite long j in contracted specimens they fall a little short of the an-
tennae. I
Proboscis and jaws not seen.
On the specimen figured, which was otherwise in good condition, the
posterior superior tentacular X5irri were both lost. On another specimen,
much injured, this cirrus remained, and was found to be very long,
reaching back to the thirty-fourth segment, being nearly three times as
long as the anterior superior cirrus, which reaches to the twelfth seg-
ment ; the inferior cirri are much shorter.
Buccal segment produced forward along its anterior margin, encroach-
ing a little on the headj its len<]:th, in alcoholic specimens, is about
that of the next segment.
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314 ANNELIDA FROM BERMUDA.
The dorsal cirri are very long and delicate 5 they have a stout basal
article, which, on the anterior segments, is merged in the base of the
upper lingula (Fig. 30); further back the lingula has the appearance
of arising from the base of the cirrus (Figs. 31, 32). The dorsal cim
increase in length gradually, backward, and appear to gain much more
than they really do, owing to the shortening of the other parts of the
foot.
On the anterior segments the free portion of the ux>per lingula (Fig.
30) is about one-third as long as the dorsal cirrus, delicate, conical.
The upper ramus is as long as the free part of the upper lingula, but
falls a little short of its apex ; in form it is like the lingula. The ven-
tral ramus is bilabiate, the anterior lip much the longest, conical, and
minute at extremity (Fig. 30); basal three- fourths stout, with strongly
convex sides. The posterior lip is very broad, completely concealing
the base of the anterior lip in a posterior view (Figs. 30, 32); sides
nearly straight, apex bluntly and irregularly rounded. The inferior
lingula iS long, conical, swollen at base. The ventral cirrus arises
isome distance within the base of the ventral lingula, and reaches nearly
to its apex ; it is very delicate, conical.
There is a progressive diminution in size of all parts connected with
the feet from before backward, with the exception of the cirri ; the
lingulse, esi>ecially, become much smaller, falling short of the rami;
but the cirri elongate, the ventral cirrus finally reaching beyond both
lingula and ramus.
The setsB are of three kinds : those of the dorsal ramus for the most
part with delicate capillarj^ appendix ; the points of the stem nearly
equal in length (Fig. 33) ; with these, in the lower part of the bundle,
a few falcate setse (Fig. 35) ; in the ventral ramus there are two bundles
of set» ; the upper bundle is composed mostly of set® with apx>endix
similar to those of the first kind, but with one of the terminal points of
the stem much longer than the other (Fig. 34) ; there are also a few of
the other two forms ; the setae of the lower bundle are mainly falcate
(Fig. 35), with also a few similar to Fig. 34.
Anal segment simple, cylindrical ; anal cirri as long as the dorsal
cirri, and like them in all respects.
Body strongly convex above ; slightly convex below ; tapering a little
along a few of the anterior segments, and also along the posterior third.
Length of only entire specimen, 60™°».
Width, 4.5«»».
Number of segments, 92.
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Bull. Ko. 25. U. S. National Musfu
PLATE I
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ANNELIDA FBOM BERMUDA. 315
Fam. EUNICID^.
EUNICE Cuvier.
Eunice mutelata, n. sp.
(Plat© IX, Figs. 36, 36a-^— 40.)
This species is represented in Mr. Goode's collection by an anterior
fragment composed of 39 segments, length 30"°* 5 and by a posterior
fragment, 180 segments, length 90"»°>. These may have belonged to
the same specimen, but do not make up the whole of any specimen, an
intermediate part, of unknown length, being lost.
The head is distinctly and deeply bi-lobed.
The antennae rather delicate, cylindrical, smooth, blantly rounded at
apex; median antenna 3.5°*°* in length, reaching back to the middle of
theMth (third setigerous) segment; inner pair, length 3°^; outer pair
a mere trifle shorter than the inner.
Eyes small, black, circular, between the bases of the paired antennae.
Buccal segment equal in length to the three segments following it,
taken together; second segment a little shorter than the third.
Tentacular cirri as long as the buccal segment, conical, apex blunt.
The branchise begin on the seventh setigerous segment; on the sev-
enth, eighth, and ninth segments, a single filament; on the tenth, elev-
enth, and twelfth, two filaments; on the thirteenth, fourteenth, and
fifteenth, three filaments; from the sixteenth to the thirty-seventh,
four filaments (Fig. 36ft); on the posterior fragment the branchiae have
but a single filament (Fig. 36o), becoming very delicate and short on
the posterior segments (Fig. 36^).
The dorsal ciiTi, largest on the first setigerous segment (Fig. 36),
growing progressively smaller (Fig. 36ft); at first finger-shaped, then
conical. On tl^e first segment of the posterior fragment this cirrus
shows considerable increase in length, but is shorter than the branchia
(Fig. 36o); while on the last segments (Fig. 36d), though the length of
the cirrus is about the same, it is much longer than the branchia.
The ventral cirri are stout, conical, base swollen ; outer third, on
anterior segments, cut off by a shallow constriction; longest on first
segments.
Anal segment cylindrical, small. Anal cirri short.
The upper (capillary) (Fig. 27) setae are very long and delicate; long-
est on the posterior third. The comb-like set« (Fig. 40) have their outer
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316 ANNELIDA FROM BERMUDA.
teeth prolonged. The setse of the lower bundle are compound, longer
m the posterior segments than in front; apex (Fig. 38) bi-dentate.
In the anterior rami there is but one acicula, simple, pointed, project-
ing a little beyond the foot; afterwards a second acicula is added (Fig.
-39), curved within the ramus, ventral, apex bluntly bi-dentate, project-
ing.
The body is strongly convex above, flattened below.
The width at the fifteenth segment, 5""° ; tapering very gradually in
t)oth directions, giving on the posterior segments a width of 1.5°>°^.
The color, in alcohol, is light reddish -brown, with indications of a
vhite band on the posterior half of the fourth setigerons segment. On
the posterior segments the color is dark reddish-brown.
There are numerous gray specks on the entire surface.
Eunice dentioulata n. sp.
(Plate X, Figs. 41, 41 a, 6-45.)
Head distinctly bi-lobed ; lobes flattened, broad ; antennae short, deli-
t»tte, about one-third longer than the head, smooth, conical, equal.
Buccal segment about the length of the next three. Second segment
not plainly separated from the buccal, when seen from above.
Tentacular cirri delicate, conical, about one-half the length of the
buccal segment.
Dorsal cirri long and stout on the non-branchiated segments (Figs. 41,
41a), very delicate on the segments with branchiae (Figs. 416, 42), and
arising from the side of the branchial stem.
The ventral cirri are quite long on the anterior segments (Figs. 41,
-Ala) ; after the first few segments they have a swollen base (Fig. 41ft),
but this is lost further back (Fig. 42).
The branchiae appear at about the middle third, and for a large num-
ber of segments consist of a single filament (Fig. 416) ; at about the be-
ginning of the last third another filament is added, while on the pos-
terior segments there are three.
The capillary setae (Fig. 43) have a long cylindrical inner part ; a short,
wide, flattened, outer part, tapering suddenly to a sharp point.
The compound setae (Fig. 44) have a small, outer tooth; a large, stout,
inner tooth. When highly magnified the stem shows a series of minute
.denticulations along one margin, near the appendix, and the membrane
of the appendix shows an incised margin.
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Bull. Xo. 2j, Xf. S. XatiODnl Museum.
PLATU X.
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ANNELIDA FU( M IIEKMUDA. 31 T
The lower acicula (Fip:. 45) is curved externally, and has two slmrp^
triangular, teeth, of which the lower is very large.
Body slightly convex above, flattened below; segments numerous,
short ; on the largest specimen, at the widest part of the body, there
were four segments, in a length of !"*"».
Anal cirri lost on all our specimens. Color in alcohol, uniform yellow-
ish-white.
Length of longest complete specimen, 60°>°*.
Width, S"*"*.
Another specimen, posterior part lost, had a width of 4°^".
The specific name is given in reference to the denticles on the stem of
the compound set®.
Eunice longisetis n. 9p.
(Plate X, Figs. 46, 46 a, &-49.)
Head four lobed, upper lobes small; antennse smooth, median and
median lateral reaching back to the fifth segment ; lateral about one-
half as long as the median.
The dorsal cirri are long and stout (Figs. 46, 46a, ft,) on the brancbi-
ated segments, arising just at the base of the branchial stem.
Ventral cirri stout, reaching beyond the foot. Branchi» begin on the
sixth setigerous segment, at first as a single filament, delicate, shorter
than the dorsal cirrus ; farther back the number of filaments increase^r
to eight, carried on the side of a stout stem, which is nearly double the
length of the dorsal cirri ; on the posterior segments they become re-
duced to the same condition a6 on the anterior, but persist to the end*
The capillary set» are very long, reaching nearly to the end of the
dorsal cirri (Fig. 47); the compound setsB are about one-half as long as
the capillary, terminal teeth sharp (Fig. 48), nearly at right angles to-
each other.
In the upper part of the foot are two or three sharp aciculsd, project-
ing slightly ; in the lower part, and extending into the ventral cirroB^
a single, curved, bi-dentate acicula (Fig. 49).
Body convex above ; flattened below ; anal segment short; anaJ cirri
two, in all respects similar to the dorsal cirri.
Golor (in alcohol), dark reddish-brown. Fourth setigerous segment
white. Antennsd, tentacular cirri, and dorsal cirri evidently banded
with white and some other color in life, but with only slight traces oi
such marking remaining. AciculsB black.
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318 ANNELIDA FROM BERMUDA.
Buccal segment as loDg as the four following segments together;
second segment short, not well defined above 5 tentacular cirri about
one half the length of the buccal segment
Number of segments, 107.
Length, 40°»°».
Greatest width, 4"»™.
Eunice longioirrata n. «p.
(Plate Xn, Figs. 75-80.)
Head distinctly four-lobed ; upper lobes narrow, but somewhat elon-
gated. Median antennse reaching back to the eleventh segment; median
lateral also long, reaching to about the eighth segment; lateral about
one-half as long as the last. They are all very delicate, smooth.
The buccal segment is as long as the next three segments. The
second segment is nearly as long as the third, plainly set off fix)m the
first both above and below; its tentacular cirri are very delicate,
acutely conical, reaching forward to the middle of the head.
The dorsal cirri on the anterior segments are large and long (Figs.
75-77), irregularly wrinkled ; they diminish in size very gradually back-
ward to the middle of the body ; behind the middle they again gain in
diameter and length, but are never so large as on the anterior segments.
The branchisB begin as a single filament on the third setigerous seg-
ment (Fig. 76) ; on the next segment they have 6 subdivisions, on the
next from 12 to 15. This number they retain to about the thirty-third
segment; then for the next ten segments the filaments gradually become
ffewer ; from about the forty-third to the fifty-third there is but one fila-
ment; after this they disappear. The branchiated segments form about
one-third the length of the body.
The anal cirri are in two pairs ; one quite short, blunt; the other as
long as the last twelve segments taken together, every way similar to
the antennse.
The bidentate setsB have the form shown in Fig. 79 ; the outer tooth
is quite long, bluntly rounded at apex ; the lower sharp, triangular.
In the anterior segments there is one stout, projecting acicula, in the
upper part of the foot ; presently another is added ; still further back
a hi-dentate acicula (Fig. 80) appears, in the lower part of the foot,
followed quickly by another of the same kind. Delicate set» penetrate
the base of the dorsal cirri.
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ANNELIDA FROM BERMUDA. 319
The general color of the body (in alcohol) is yellowish- white ; beauti-
fully irridescent.
Body strongly convex above ; flattened below.
Length (about), 110°»"».
Greatest width, 4°»".
There is a gradual diminution of diameter along the posterior third.
Eunice violacea Grube.
Eunice rioZacea, Grube. Annnlata Orstediana p. 57. 1856.
Evnice violacea Qnatrefages. Hist. Nat. des Annel., vol. i, p. 326. 16G5.
Eunice Eaussan £h)er8. Die Borsten^tirmer, p. 309. 1866.
Ehlers' identification of JE. violacea Grube with K Rouascei Quatr.
seems at best very doubtful. In the former, the branchiie appear on the
sixth segment; in the latter, on the tenth, and both descriptions seem
to have been made fh)m adult forms. Our material is hardly sufficient
to decide the question positively.
MARPHYSA Quatrefagea.
Marphtsa acicularum n. sp.
(Plate X, Figs. 50-53.)
Head broad, distinctly bi-lobed ; lobes very broadly rounded in front;
antennae smooth, tapering but little; median and median pair about
three times as long as the head ; lateral pair a little shorter than the
last ; eyes two, black, between the bases of the paired antennae.
Buccal segment double the length of the following segment ; second
segment a trifle shorter than the third.
Dorsal cirri (Figs. 60-52) stout, conical, retaining about the same length
throughout ; ventral cirri on the anterior half of the body borne on a
stout cylindrical process, which becomes smaller on the posterior part
of the body.
The branchiae begin (on adult specimens) on the twenty -fifth to twenty-
ninth setigerous segment, at first as a single filament, shorter than the
dorsal cirrus. The filaments soon increase in number to four (Fig. 52),
but on the posterior segments become again reduced to one very minute
filament.
The superior (capillary) setae are about double the length of the in-
ferior, and of the ordinary form. The form of the inferior setae is shown
in Fig. 63.
There are from three to five sharp, black acicnlae in each foot, scarcely
projecting.
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320 ANNELIDA FROM BERMUDA.
The first ten segmeuts are ronnded ; tlieir length a little more, their
diameter a little less, than that of the segment following. After the
tenth segment the body is mach depressed ; very sliglitly convex above,
flat below ; along the posterior third the body is somewhat more convex,
and diminishes gradually in diameter.
Length, 120""».
Greatest width, 6"™.
Color (in alcohol), dirty white, somewhat iridescent
NICIDION Kinberg.
NicmiOM KmsEBGi n. sp. ,
(Plato XII, Figs. 81-88.)
This genus is represented in Mr. Goode's collection by a single speci-
men, of which the posterior segments are lost. What remained is in
good condition, and it seems desirable to describe it, as well as maybe,
because so few species of the genus have been found.
The head (Fig. 81) is bi-lobed, convex above and at the sides ; the
median antenna reaching back to the third segment ; the paired antennsB
a little shorter than the median ; eyes small, circular, black, situated
back of the origin of the lateral antennae.
The buccal segment fs nearly as long as the three following segments
together; the second segment i>erfectly well marked, as long as the
third ; the tentacular cirri were lost, merely a short basal part remaining.
The dorsal cirri on the anterior segments are stout, irregularly and
bluntly conical (Figs. 82, 83); further back they become somewhat
smaller (Fig. 84). The ventral cirri on a few of the anterior segments
(Fig. 82) are as long as the dorsal, finger-shaped ; soon they become
much swollen at base (Fig. 83), and then fall off rapidly in size, being
hardly i>erceptible on the posterior segments of our fragment (Fig. 84).
The capillary setsB are widened for a part of their length (Fig. 86),
and then drawn out into a delicate capillary termination. The com-
pound setsB have the form shown in Fig. 85. There are many comb-like
set® (Fig. 87), with their teeth curved and prolonged, especially one of
the outer teeth.
In the anterior feet there is a single stout acicula, strught, pointed,
slightly projecting; fhrther back appears a bi-dentate adcnla, in the
lower part of the ramus (Figs. 84, 85).
Body strongly convex above, flat or slightly concave below.
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ANNELIDA FBOM BERMUDA. 821
Color, in alcohol, white.
Length of seventy segments, 14°*".
Diameter, 1.2™™.
ARABELLA {Grube) Uhlers.
Arabella opalina VerriU.
Lumhrioonweie splendida Leidt. Marine Invert. Fauna of R. I. and N. J., p. 10. 1855.
Lumhriconereia opalina Verrill. Invert. Animals of Vineyard Soond, in Report of
U. S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, Part II, p. 342, pi. xiii, figs. 67, 70. 1874.
Arabella opalina Verrill. Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. for 1678, p. 299.
Arabella opalina Webster. Annel. Ch». of the Virginian Coast, etc., p. 242. 1879.
Annel. Ch»t. of N. J., p. 116. 1880.
This species, on oar coast, certainly ranges as fEur north as Gape Ood,
and as far south as Beaufort, K 0.
CBNONE (Savigi^) Ehlers.
(Enone diphyllidia Sohmarda.
Plate Xn, Figs. 89-91.
(Enone diphyllidia Schmarda. Nene Wirbel. Thiere, vol. 1, part ii, p. 120, pi. xzxii,
fig. 256 (also figures in text). 1861.
Andromache diphyllidia Kinbero. Annulata Nova, p. 571. 1865.
(Enone diphyllidia Quatrefages. Hist. Nat. des Ann., vol i, p. 374. 1865.
(Enone diphyllidia Ehlers. Die Borstenwiirmer, p. 407. 1868.
In preserved specimens the '^ frontal tentacles" of Schmarda (Mund-
polster, Ehlers) are hardly visible.
The anterior feet with all their appendages are shorter and wider than
those further back (Fig. 90). After the first few segments there may be
from one to three stout bi-dentate setse in the lower part of each ramus.
Ehlers' remarks upon this genus and species seem to be accurate in
every respect.
Fam. ARICIID^.
ANTHOSTOMA Schmarda.
Anthostoma ramomm Schmarda. Nene WirbeUose Thiere, vol. i, part ii, p. 62 (figs, of
feet and sets in text).
The collection contained but one specimen of this species^ and that
very badly injured, but sufficient for identification.
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 25 21
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322 jUfNEUDA FHOM BERMUDA.
Fam. OPHELIID^.
OPHELINA Orsted.
Orabe, in his Annolata Semperiana (p. 193), arranges the genera of >
this family in the following manner :
Ophelina Ousted ; type, Ammotrjfpanne auloga$ter Rathkb.
Ammotrypane R^thke ; type, Ammotrypane limadna R^thkb.
Ophelia SAYiamr ; type, Ophelia U4»mi$ Sayigny.
This arrangement seems to be correct, and accordingly the following
species has been referred to Ophelina.
Ophelina magulata n. sp.
(PlateXI, Fig8.54, 55.)
Head as long as the first three segments taken together, terminating
in a delicate, elongated, conical process, which is set off by a shallow con-
striction.
There are three eyes, forming a transverse series, near the posterior
matgin of the head, very small, the middle one largest. The first seg-
*inent is qaite short ; from the first to the seventh the segments increase ^
gradually in length ; after the seventh they are of uniform length, ex-
cept the last four, which are shorter.
The outline of the feet and relative length of the setsB are shown iu
Figs. 54, 55.
The branchisB begin on the second segment ; on all our specimens
there are 24 pairs of branchisd, with one exception, where there are 24 on
one side, 25 on the other, leaving three non-branohiated setigerous seg-
ments. It is possible that the branchiaB have been lost from some or
all of these segments, as we have but few specimens, and in all the pos-
terior segments are somewhat injured.
. The branchi® are densely ciliated.
\ , n- v^^ A^ N3n the seventh segment a jsircular black spot appears on the side of
the segments, close to the origin of the branchisB. These spots are
found on ehven segments; they then become elongated, narrow, and
presently disappear.
The general color (in alcohol) is pearl-gray. In every case the anal
segment is too much injured to admit of determining the number of the
papillae. A few of them are bi-furcate at extremity.
Length, 19°^.
Width, 2°^.
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Bull. Nn. 25, U. S. National Mnspitm.
PLATE XL
G5XZ7
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ANl^LIDA FROM BERMUDA. 323
Fam. THELETHUSID^.
AEBNICOLA Lamarck.
Abenicola cbistata Stimpaon.
Stimpson. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. His., vol. V, p. 114.
QUATREFAGES. Hist. Nat. des Ann. , vol. ii , p. 673. 1865.
The posterior (non-branchiated) segments of this species are set off
from each other by deep constrictions.
On the first segment, back of the branchiee, the feet are represented
by two stout conical cirri on either side, distant frojjCL each other by
aboat the diameter of the base of each.
On the remaining nine segments there is bat a single cirrus on each
side, and these pass to the ventral surface, and stand close together.
Fam. CIRRATULID^.
CIERATULU8 Lamarck.
ClRBATULUS TENUIS U. Sp.
(Plat6XI,Fig8. 56, 57.)
Head short, bluntly rounded in firout^ no eyes. First three segments
without set» or cirri. Third segment a little longer than the fourth ;
as long as the first two together.
Lateral branchiae begin on the fourth segment, and exist, on the an-
terior third of the body, on all segments; not so numerous further back.
Dorsal branchiae on the fifth, sixth, and seventh setigerous segments,
two or three on each side of each segment; not forming a complete
transverse series, but leaving a naked median space. Branchial cirri
all long, not differing from each other.
The setae of the anterior segments are capillary in both rami, long,
delicate, 7-10 in each fascicle.
At about the fifteenth setigerous segment the ventral setae begin to
be replaced by uncini, and after a few segments the capillary setae dis-
appear. There are at first three of the ventral uncini; then two ; while
on the posterior segments there is but one to each ramus. At about the
twentieth setigerous segment uncini appear in the dorsal rami ; both
kinds of setae remain to the end.
The body is convex above, compressed, flattened below; segments
very short but distinctly defined ; from the middle the diameter decreases
slightly, backward.
2^umber of segments, 110.
Length, aO"*"*.
Diameter, 2°»™.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
324 ANNELIDA FBOM BEBMUDA.
Fam. TEREBELLID^.
TEEEBELLA {L.) Malmgren.
TKKSBBIXA BfAQNlFICA 91. 9p.
(Plate XI, Figs. 58-60.)
The tentacles are very numeroas, stout, three-fourths as long as the
body, even in alcoholic specimens.
- The branchiae of the first pair are large and long (12°^); of the
second, one-half the first; of the third, one-half the second: the stem,
Ijefore giving off branches, forms one-half .the length. The branchiae
liaye numerous brown specks on their stems and branches.
Seven segments, beginning with the second branchiated, have a
small, conical papilla or cirrus, placed between the two rami; there is a
similar cirrus at a corresponding place on the first branchiated segment.
The ventral surface of the second segment is raised into a thin plate,
oil either side of the middle line, widening externally ; a somewhat sim-
ilar structure, but not so well marked, occurs on the third and fourth
segments. Back of the fourth segment are the ventral plates, sixteen
in number, of uniform width, their anterior and lateral margins thick-
ened and separated by an impressed line from the body of the plate.
The width of the first plate is five to six times its lengtii; they become
progressively narrower, until on the last plate the width and length are
^bout equal. As the ventral plate becomes narrow th^lincigerous tori
widen.
An impressed line running just in front of the pedal rami divides
ijach segment into twx) parts; very distinctly above, less so below.
The body retains a uniform diameter to the posterior sixth ; after
which it tapers somewhat rapidly, the diameter of the anal segment
being about one-half that of the middle segments.
Length, 160»«.
Diameter, 8°^.
Number of segments on specimen measured, 136.
Oolor in alcohol, yellowish- white.
ENOPLOBEANGHUS Vefrill
Enoplobbanohus sangxtineus VerriU.
CJuBtobranohus sanguineui Yerkill. Invert. Animala of Vineyard Sound, p. 616. 1874.
£noplobranchtis sanguineus Yereill. Check-List.
JEnoplohranchus sanguineus Webstbb. Annel. ChsBt. of the Yirginian Coast, p. 263.
1879.
The collection contains a few specimens, all much injured, certainly
belonging to this peculiar genus, and probably also to VerrilFs species.
Digitized by CjOOQ IC
ANKEI/IDA FBOM BERMUDA. 325
Fam. SABELLID^.
PEOTULIDES n. g.
BranchisB united along their inner part by membrane.
Set» of first segment in an oblique double series. TJncini in two
series and of two kinds on all segments. Anterior dorsal set® of two
kinds. Collar complete, save for a narrow dorsal incision ; not reflexed.
Yentral sulcus continued on the dorsum.
This genus is closely related to Potamilla Malmgbbn, but differs from
it in the character and arrangement of the setse of the first segment, in
the continuation of the yentral sulcus on the dorsum, and in having
two rows of uncini on the abdominal segments.
Pbotulides eleoans n. g.j n. sp.
(Plate XI, Figs. 63-74.)
The branchial cirri are from nine to fourteen on each side, base form-
ing a semicircle; they arise Arom a long undivided basal part, one-half
as long as the cirri themselves ; pinnsB elongate, delicate; short terminal
part of the cirrus without pinnce.
There are two series of minute eye-specks, one about two-thirds of the
way out on the cirri, corresponding to the space occupied by six or
seven pinnae; another, still further out. These eyes cannot be seen m
alcoholic specimens.
Tentacles flattened, triangular, length about one-fourth that of the
branchiae.
The first segment is double the length of the second, complete save
for a narrow dorsal incision (Fig. 63).
There are from six to eight thoracic segments, the variation in num-
ber not depending on size, as some of the largest specimens have but
six segments. Posterior segments short; numerous.
The setae of the first segment are in two series, which run obliquely
from before backward, along the entire length of the segment. All
these setae are dilated at the end, and have a capillary apex; they do
not differ from each other much in form (Figs. 64-66); there are about
forty setae in each row; they barely project from the surface.
Setae of remaining thoracic segments of four kinds: In the dorsat
ramus, from 4 to 5 long bi-limbate setae (Figs. 67, 68): below these a
double series of short setae, with dilated globular extremities (Figs. 69,
70) without capillary terminations. In the ventral ramus are the twe
uigmzed by VjOOQIC
326 ANN£LIDA FBOM BERMUDA.
forms shown in Figs. 73 and 74 3 these are arranged in two long series.
After the change of set® (i. e., on the abdominal segments) the oncin^'
remain without modification (Figs. 73, 74) ; the ventral rami carry a
few very long capillary setae (Fig. 71), and others with dilated end,
from the depressed summit of which arises a very delicate capillary
appendix or apex (Fig. 72); further back both kinds of ventral setsB
become somewhat elongated, and, in particular, the capillary termina-
tion of the set® with expanded ends doubles in length.
The body is convex above, flattened below; of uniform width for the
anterior four-flfths, falling off gradually along the posterior fifth to one-
half the anterior width.
The base and cirri of the branchisB are purple, except the base of the
superior cirrus on each side, which is white; pinnae, to the outer margin
of the connecting membrane, purple; then, for a short distance, white;
next, for a longer distance, purple; followed by another short white
series, Terminal pinnae, purple; naked terminal part of cirri, colorless.
AVhere the pinnae are white the sides of the cirri are also white, but the
dorsum of the cirri is always purple. Young specimens have the cirri
umber- brown or brown, with a tinge of purple; pinnse colorless, white
or greenish- white. The first segment has its anterior margin white ;
dorsum and sides dark umber-brown; ventral surfia>ce, for anterior two-
thirds same as the dorsum, then a narrow white line, while the x)osterior
part of this surface is dark flesh-color. Bemaining thoracic segments,
umber-brown; dorsal rami of this part of the body, dark flesh-color.
Abdominal segments light flesh-color. On the anal segment two umber-
brown spots (t eyes) which cannot be made out in preserved specimens.
This species tbrms a very tough membranous tube. The description
given above is largely drawn from notes on si>ecimens found at Beau-
fort, I^. C, in 1876, by the Union College zoological expedition of that
year. Most of the specimens found at Beaufort had their tubes im-
bedded in fragments of a soft oolite just below low-water mark. Two
specimens were found with these tubes attached to shells.
A specimen with something over a hundred segments, measured
while living, gave —
Length, 26™.
Breadth, 2"»°».
From firont margin of collar to tip of branchiae, 6"^.
Another si>ecimen:
Length, 50"".
Breadth, 36"".
Digitized byLjOOQlC
Bull. No. 25, L'. S. Katioual Maseum.
PLATE Xn.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
ANNELIDA FROM BERMUDA. 327
SABELLA (X.) Malmgren.
Sabella melanostigma Schmarda.
The collection contains a single specimen, without branchite^ and
otherwise ii^jored, which probably belongs to Schmarda^s species.
Fam. SERPULID^.
HYDBOIDES Ounnerus.
Hydroedes dianthus VerriU.
Serpula dUmthm Vbbbux. Invert Animalfl of Vineyard Sound, p. 030. 1S74.
Hydraide$ ^Uamihu Ysbrill. Proc. Aoad. Nat. Soi., Pldla., for 1878, p. 900.
Hydroidei dkmUmi Wkbstkb. AnneL Cli»t. of the Viiginian Coast, p. 266. 1879; of
New Jersey, p. 128. 1880.
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GENERAL INDEX.
[For index of Botany, see page 183.]
A.
Abbott,C
Abel, Professor
Acanthylis pelasgia
Accentor anrocapillas
Accipiter
ardoeiacns
foscas
haliaetuB
palombarios
pennsylvanicoB
mficaudas
striatoB
velox
Accipitrin»
Ackley, Lieut. S. M
Actitis bartramins
macnlarias
Actiturus
bartramiuB
longicandus
Actodroraas boDapartii
(Heteropygia) bona-
partii
macalata
minatilla
ActodromoB melanotos
miDntilla
wilsoni
^gialeus melodns
BemipalmatiiB
^gialitis
melodas
semipalmatas
Yociferns
iEgiothns
fhsoescens
linaria
linarioB
.£6alon columbarins
Agelaina)
Page.
186,257
184
218
218
218
222
218
218
^0
218
218
218
297
240
239
240
240
240
236
235
235
236
235
235
230
230
229
230
230
229
195
195
195
195
219
Aix ,
sponsa
Alanda
alpestris
Page.
256
256
178
177
arvensis 167,178
oantarella ' 178
oomata 177
dolclvox 178
itaiica 178
intermedia 178
japonioa 178
IndoYiciana 177
montana 178
pekinensis 178
pennsylyanioa 177
rubra 177
rufa 177
ynlgaris 178
Alaudid» 177
Alandlnffi 177
Aloaalce 278
aUe 278
Candida 278
AlcedinidflB 210
AloedoAlcyon 210
ladoviciana 210
Alcid© 278
Alder, Corporal 255
Alectorides 246
Allen, CM 6
AUen,H 145
Alopias Tolpes 150
Ambergris 154
Amblyrhynchas 288
American Bittern : 245
common Crow 204
Coot 250
Flamingo 250
Golden Plover 166,228
Goshawk 218
Harrier 217
329
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
330
GENERAL INDEX.
Page.
American Hawk Owl 217
Long-eared Owl 213
Night Heron 244
Pipit 177
RedCroasbiU 193
Redstart 186
Robin 170
Rough-legged Buzzard 221
Snipe 166,232
Sparrow-Hawk 220
Stint 235
Swan 251
Wigeon 255
Woodcock 232
Ammodromus henslowi 197
palustriB 198
savanna 197
Ammotrypane 322
limacina 322
aulogaster 322
AmpelidsB 190
AmpelinsB 190
Ampelis... 190
americana 190
carolinensis 190
oedrorum 174,190
garrulus 190
sialis 173
Amphinoma caruncnlata 306
Amphinome caruncnlata 306
macrotricha 308
Amphinomid» 306
Anas 253
acuta. 254
adunca 253
albeola 259
americana 255
boschas 253
(Boschas) crecca var 255
(Boschas) discors 256
(Boschas) domestica 253
bucephala 259
canadensis 252
carolinensis 255
caudacuta ^.... 254
caudata 254
( Chauliodus) strepera 254
clangula 258
clypeata 256
collaris 258
crecca 255
oreccaTar 255
eurvirostra 253
discors 256
Page.
Anas domestica... •• 25^
fera 253
freycineti 253
fuligula 25c
(Fuligula) rubida 260
(Fuligula) rufitorques 258
glaucion 259
hyperboreus 252
jamaicensis 260
longicauda 254
marila 257
nivalis 252
obscura 253
perspicillata 259
rousseaui 271
mbens 256
rubida 260
rufitorques 258
rustica 259
sparraannii 254
sponsa 256
strepera 254
americana 254
vallisneria 258
vallisneriana 258
Anatid® 251
AnatinsB 253
Andromache diphyllidia 321
Annelida from Bermuda 306,306
Anous 271
fusoatns 271
Pherminieri 270
niger 271
plumbea 271
spadicea 271
stolidus 271
Anser 252
canadensis 252
ccemlescens 252
hyperboreus 252
niveus 252
parvipes 252
Anserinffi 252
Anthinee .^^ 177
Anthostoma 321
ramosum 321
Anthus 177
aquaticus 177
hypogsBUS 177
ludovicianus 177
pennsylyanicns 177
pipicus 177
rebens 177
reinhardtii 177
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QENERAL INDEX.
331
Page.
Antbus spiDoletta 177
Autinoc 310
leucohyba 309
Apbrodita canmoalata 306
Aquila balisetUB 222
(baliaetos) leucocephalna 223
lencooephaloB 223
AqailiDie 222
ArabeUa 321
opalina 321
Aramides (ootamioopB) novebora-
censia 247
(oreoiscoB) Jamaioensia 248
(mostelirallns) oarolina 247
Aramns (pardirallns) virginianiis 246
Arcbibuteo 221
lagopns 221
lagopns var. sancti-
Johannis 221
sancti-johanms 221
Ardea 242
adspersa 245
alba 242
(Ardeola) exilis 246
(Botaums) ocBmlea 243
yiolacea 245
viresoens 244
callooephala 245
pandidiflsima 243
caroliDensis 243
cayanensis 245
chloroptera 244
coemlea 243
coeralesoens 243
disoors 244
egretta 242
exilie 246
freti-hndBonis 245
gardeni 244
berodias 242
boactU 244
hndflonias 242,245
JamaioenaiB 245
lentiginoea 245
leuoe 242
ladoTioiana 244
macnlata 244
minor 245
mokoko 245
nsBvla 244
nlvea 243
nyotlcora 244
sexsetacea 245
stellaris var 245
var. p 245
Page.
Ardea stellaris var. fi, minor 245
yiolacea 245
virescens 244
ArdeidfiB 242
ArdeinsB 242
Ardenna major 273
Ardeolaezilis 246
Ardetta 246
exilis. • 246
Arenaria vulgaris 237
Arenicola 323
cristata 323
Ariciidffi •.. 321
Aristonetta vallisneria 258
Arqnatella maritima 23b
Asio bracbyotns 214
galapagoensis 214
peregrinator 213
ulula 214
Astnr 218
atricapillos 218
borealis 220
colombariuB 219
ftiscos 218
palumbarios 218
var. atrlcapil-
lu8 218
Athene wilsoni 215
Atricilla catesbyi 266
Attagen aqaila 263
Ank, little 278
Austen, Capt. J. C ••• 75
Ayland, Mr 50
Aythya 258
vallisneria 258
B.
Baird,ProfcS. F 161
Balffinid» 147
Balanus 151
mysticetns 152
Bald Eagle 223
Baltimore Oriole 203
Bank Swallow 189
Barbatia domingensis 31
BamSwallow 188
Barred Owl 215
Bartram, J. T.. .. 13, 168, 169, 170, 171, 174,
179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 186,
188, 190, 192, 194, 198, 199, 200,
203, 205, 206, 207, 209, 211, 213.
214, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221 , 22.1
224, 230, 243, 245, 250, 254, 261,
262, 263, 264, 265, 267, 269, 271,
272,273,274,275.276, 277, 278
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
332
GENERAL INDEX.
Page.
Dartramia latioanda 240
Dartramiiis longicaadus 240
Bartram's Sandpiper 240
Bastard 301
Bat, Hoary 145
silver-haired 145
Bay-winged banting 197
Bee-marten 205
Bell, Ebenezer 10
Belted Kingfisher 210
Bendall 176
Bermuda, Annelida from 305,306
Birds of 163,165
Botany of 33,36
Geology of 5
Mammalsof 143
Botes on rare or acci-
dental birds from.... 283
onabiidnewto...... 281.283
Physical geography of. 6
Reptilesof 285,287
Bemichi 252
canadensis 252
(Lenooblepharon) cana-
densis 252
Bhawania 308
goodei, new species . .. 308
Bird, Frigate 263
Indigo ...... ..-•••••-•••• Id9
Man-of-war 263
Yello w-bUled Tropic 263
Birds of Bermuda 163,165
of rare or accidental oc-
currencein the Bermudas 283
Bittern, American 245
Least 246
Biziurarubida 260
Black and YeUow Warbler 183
beUied Plover 228
biUed Cuckoo 211
Creeping Warbler 179
Duck 253
Eat 157
Tern 271
Blackbird, Cow 203
Black-necked Stilt 231
Black- vented Shearwater 276-277
Bland, Colonel 169
Blue-bUl 257
Bluebird, Eastern 173
Blue-eyed Yellow Warbler 180
tails 288
Bine-winged Teal 256
Blue Yellow-backed Warbler ... 179
Bob-o-link 202
Bombycilla americana 190
carolinensis 190
cedrornm 190
Bonaparte 219,241
Bonaparte's Gull 267
Sandpiper 235
Booby Gannet 261
Botanical names. Index of 133
Botany of Bermuda 33,35
Botaurus 245
freti-hudsonis 245
lentiginosus 245
minor 245
nsBvius.. 244
Brachyotus 214
galapagoensis 214
palustrls 214
Branta canadensis 252
(Leucoblepharon) cana-
densis 252
Brown Creeper 176
Lark 177
Pelican 262
Eat 156
Buboalbifrons 215
Buoephala albeola 259
americana 259
clangula . 258
Bnffle-head 259
Bulla media 31
Bunting, Bay- winged 197
Henslow's 197
Snow 195
Butaetes Sancti-Johannis 221
Bnteo 22U
americanus 220
ater 221
borealis 220
(Oraxirex) borealis 220
fermgineicaudus 220
fulvus 220
lagopus 221
niger 221
Sancti-Johannis 221
spadiceus 221
Buteonin» 220
Butor americana 245
exilis 246
lentiginosus 245
Butorides virescens 244
Butter-ball 259
Buzzard, American rough-legged 221
eastern red-tailed 220
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GENERAL INDEX.
333
C.
Page.
Cahow 274,275
Calidris 236
americana 237
arenaria 236
tringoides 237
Campbell, Rev. J. U 279
Canada goose 252
Canvas-back dnok 258
Caonana caretta 300
dnssnmierii 301
elongata 301
olivacea 301
Caouane 300
Ca^io whale 147
Caprimalgid» 208
Caprlmulginffi 208
Caprimalgos americanus 208
(ohordeiles) virgln-
ianus 208
popetue 208
virginianas 208
Carbo dilophus 262
Cardinal Grosbeak 200
Cardinalis 200
virginianas • 175,200
Cardnelis elegans 196
Caret 299
Caretta bissa 300
caonana 300
cephalo 300
imbricata 299,300
mydas 302
olivacea 301
rostrata 900
squamata 300
squamosa 300
thnnbergii 301
Carleton, Sir Dudley 155
Carolina Dove 225*
Rail 247
Carruthers, James 6
Cat-bird 172
Catharista aura 224
Cathartes 224
aura 224
iota 224
CathartidsB 224
Catoptrophorus semipalmatus . . . 237
Cedar-bird 190
Cephalochely 8 oceanica. 301
Cerchneis sparverius 220
Cerithium versicolor 3|L
Certhia 176
americana 176
Page.
Certhia familiaris 176
maculata 179
mexicana 176
varia 179
Certhiadffi 176
Certhiiuas 176
Cetacea 146
Ceryle 210
alcyon 210
Ch»tobranchus sanguineus 324
Chsetura 209 •
pelagica 209
pelasgia 209
Ch»turin» 209
Chama lingua-felis 31
maoerophylla. 31
Chamberlain, John 155
Chamepelia 225
albivita 2^
granatina 225
passerina 225
CharadriidtB 228
Charadriinffi 228
Charadrius 2:^
(^gialitis) hiatioula
var. semipalmatus. 230
(^gialitis) meloduB.. 230
calidris 536
cinclus 231
dominicus 228
fulvus 229
ful VU8 var. virginious . 228
helveticuB 228
hiaticula 230
himantopus 231
jamaicensis 229
marmoratus 228
melodns 230
mexicanus..^ 231
okeni 230
pluvialis 228,229
rubidus 236
semipalmatus 230
squatarola 228
torqnatus 229
varius 228
virginicns 228
vociferus 229
Chaulelasmus 254
americana 254
streperus 425
Chauliodusstrepera 254
Cheimonea tridactyla 267
Cheiroptera 145
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834
GENERAL INDEX.
Pago.
Chelidon bioolor 189
Chelonia 289.295,296
agassizii 303
caouana 300
(caonana) oephalo 301
caretta 289,300
(caretta) cephalo 301
caretta var. /9 301
oephalo 301
coriacea 303
depreesa 303
dassomierii 301
(Eretmocbelys) imbri-
cata 299
formoea 302
imbrioata 299,300
laohrymata 302
maculosa 302
mariBorata 302
multiscutata 300
mydae 287, 289, 390, 301, 302
mydasvar 302
my das var. marmorata. 302
olivacea 301
pelasgorum 301
(sphargis) coriacea 303
tenuis 302
rirgata 300,302,303
viridis 302
Chen hyperboreus 252
Chimney Swift 209
Chionochen hyperborea 252
Chloroscery le alcyon 210
Chordeiles 208
virginianus 208
Chroecocephalus Philadelphia . . . 267
Chroicocephalns atricilla 266
bonapartei 267
Chrysomitris 195
macroptera 195
pinus 195
Cbrysopetalid© 308
Cinclos interpres 231
Circus 217
cyaneus hudsonius 217
var. hudsonius. . . 217
hudsonius 217
uliginosns 217
Cirratulidffi 323
Ciiratulus 323
tenuis, new species 1^23
Clamatores 205
Clangula...*- 258
albeola 259
P*g«.
Clangula americaua 259
clangula 25B
glaucion 258,259
vulgaris 259
Clutterbuck, Captain , 2b3
W 249
Coccoborus ludovicianus 199
Coccothraustes cardinalis 209
(Guiraca) ludovi-
ciaua 199
rubricoUis 199
virginianus 200
Coccothraustiuffi 19:i
CoccyginfB 211
CoccyguB americanus 212
dominicus 212
erythrophthalmns . 211
Coccyzus 211
americanus 211,12*4^
bairdii 212^
dominicus 211
erythrophthalmns 211
pyrrhopterus 212
Coloptes 2ia
auratus 213
mexicanus 213
Cole, Dr 193,219,224,257,260,277
Colin, Virginian 226
CoUurio 193
ludovicianus 193
boroalis 193
Collyrio borealis 193
chemungensis 193
Colpochelys kempii 295
Columba canadensis 224
carolinensis 225
(Goura; passerina 225
marginata 225
migratoria 224
passerina 225
Columbad 2i4
Columbella cribraria 32
mercatoria 32
Columbidffi 224
ColumbinoB 224
Colymbus auritus 277
caspicus 277
comutus 277
dnplicatus 277
ludovicianus 278
nigricans 277
obscums 277
podiceps 278
Common Mouse 161
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OENEBAL INDEX.
335
Page.
Common Snipe 233
Tern 269
Whale 147
Conolophns 288
Contopus 206
borealis 206
oooperi 206
mesolenouB 206
virens 207
Coot, American.. w 250
Coral, Limestone, and its vari-
eties • 9
Coriado coriacea 303
Cormorant, Donble-crested 262
Com Crake 248
Corvidae 204
Corvinae 204
Corvus 204
americanns 204
corax ^iOb
corone 204
Cosmonessa sponsa 256
Cotamicolns 197
henslowi 197
Coturnicops noveboracensis 247
Cotyle 189
riparia 189
Cones, Dr 228,257
Cow Bird 203
Blackbird 203
Cowhow 274,275
Crake, com 248
Creciscus jamaicensis 248
Creeper, Brown 176
Crex 248
Carolina 247
galeata 248
martinica 249
pratensis 248
pygmjea 248
Crossbill, American Red 193
White-winged 194
Crow, Common American 204
Crow, Mr 298
Cmcirostra lencoptera 194
Cuckoo, Black-billed 21 1
Yellow-billed 212
Cuculi 211
Cncnlidte 211
Cncnlus americanns 212
auratus 213
carolinensis 212
cinerosus 212
dominicensis 212
. Paffe.
CqcuIus erythrophthalmus 21 1
Curlew, Esquimaux 241
Hudsonian 240
Curvirostra americana 193, 194
lencoptera 194
Cyanoloxia cyanea 199
Cyanoptems disoors 250
Cyanospiza 199
cyanea 199
Cygninae 251
Cygnus 2'1
americanns 251
bewickli 251
canadensis 252
ferns 251
musicus 251
Cymochorea lencorrhoa 284
Cymotomns anglomm 274
arcticns 273
Cynanthus colubris 209
Cyphoma gibbosa 31
Cyprsea 32
CypseU 208
Cypselidffi 209
Cypselns pelasgins 209
D.
Dabchick 278
Dsedalion pictum 218
Dafila 254
acuta 254
acuta var. americana 254
caudacuta 254
Dana, Prof. James D 6,8,12,17
Darrell,John 209
John Harvey :^,44
Richard 227
R.R 68
Darwin, Charles 6,8,17,26,27
DeCandolle 60
Dendroeca 191
Dendroica 180
^estiva 180
cserulescens 181
canadensis 181
castauea 182
coronata 182
discolor 183
maculosa ! 18;{
palmamm 183
pinna 183
virens 181
Dendronessa sponsa 256
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336
GENERAL INDEX.
Page.
Denison, Lieat . .169, 170, 178, 181, 187, 189,
197, 205, 206, 225, 234, 238,
240, 243, 244, 246, 253, 254,
255, 257, 259, 263, 266, 270
DemiAtoohelys coriaoea 303
poroata 303
atlantioa 303
Dolichonyx 202
agripeonis 202
oryzivorua 202
Dominicanos marinas 265
Double-crested CormoraDt 262
Dove, CaroliDa 225
groand 225
sea 278
Dovekie 278
Drummond, Colonel. 173, 184, 199,217,235,
262,268
Dnck, Black 253
Canvas-baok 258
Dusky 253
Hawk 219
Lesser Scaup 257
Ring-necked 258
Ruddy 260
Summer 256
Surf 283
Wood 256
Dusky Duck : 253
Shearwater 274
Dyer, Prof. Thiselton 45
Dysporussula 261
Dytes comutus 277
E.
Eagle, Bald 223
White-lieaded 223
Eastern Bluebird 173
Red-taUed Buzzard 220
Snow-bird 198
Ectopistes 224
carolinensis 225
marginata 225
migratoria 224
Egret, great white 242
Egretta candidissima 243
coerulea 243
leuce 242
nivea 243
Yirescens 244
Elliott, Governor 56,58,62,63
Emberiza cyanea 199
glacialis 195
graminea 197
Pi^^
Emberiza henslowi lyT
hyemalis 198
montana 195
mnstelina 195
nivalis 195
oryzivora 202
pecoris 20:)
(Plectrophanes) nivalis 195
savanna 197
Empidonax .• 207
pusillns 207
pusilluB var. traillii. 207
traillii !.... '207
Enioociohlaaurocapilla 184
noveboracensis 185
Enoplobranchus 324
sanguineus 324
Epeira * 192
clavipes 192
Eremonia elongata 301
Eremophila alpestris 177
comuta 177
Eretmochelys 295
imbricata 287.290,299
squamata 300
Enbalffina cisarctica 147
Euchelys macropus 302
Eumeceslongirostiis. 287
Eunice 315
denticulata, new species. 316
longicirrata, new species. 318
longisetis, new species... 317
mntilata, new species.... 315
Rousseei 319
violacea 319
EunicidsB 315
European Goldfinch 196
House Sparrow 196
Skylark 178
Snipe 233
Ereunetes 234
himantopus 234
occidentalis 234
petrificatus 234
pusilluB 234
semipalmata 234
Eriamatura 260
rubida 260
ErismaturinsB 260
Ernst, Prof 45
Erythaca (Sialia) wilsoni 173
Erythropbrys americanus 212
carolinensis 212
erjrthrophthalmus. 211
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QENEBAL INDEX.
337
Pftge.
Esqnirnanx Cnrlew S41
Eur^thoe 30H
maorotricba 308
F.
Falcinellae ordU 241
Falco 219
(JSsalon) lithofalco 219
(iBsalon) lithofalco var.
columbarins 219
anattim 219
aruDdiDacens 222
atricapillns •.... 218
borealis 220
caroliDODsis 222
cayaneDsis 222
colmnbarins 219
commnnis 219
cyanens 217
dubius 218
fuscus 218
baliaetns 222
bndsoniiis 217
(Hypotriorchis) colmnba-
rins 219
intermixtns 219
Jamaicensis 220
lagopns 221
lencooepbalns 223
leveriannsw • 220
melanogenys 219
niger 221
nigrioepe 219
orientalis 219
ossifragns 223
palnmbarins 218
pennsyly aniens 218
peregrinns 219
pygargns 223
regalis 218
Sancti-Jobannis 221
spadicens 217,221
sparverins 220
temerarins 219
(Tinnnncnlus) spanrerins. 220
nliginosns 217
velox 218
wasbingtonii 223
FaloouidsD 217
Falconince 219
Falcon, peregrine 219
Fallacia 311
proctochona 311
Fayrer, Lientenant 216
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 26 22
Psne.
Ftoliy ox carolinensis 172
Festing, Lientenant 190, 234
Ficcdnla Indoviciana 179
marilandica 166
trichas 186
Finscb, Dr. O 277
FissureUa barbadensis 31
grsBca • 31
Flamingo, American 250
Flicker 21$
Florida CGDmlea 243
Gallinnle 248
Flycatcher, ollTe-sided 206
Train's 207
Force, Peter 23
Fork-tailed gnll 266
Fossils 31
Fox sparrow 198
Fo«ard,C 233
Fozard, C. B 256
Fozard, Mr 177,232
Frigate Bird 263
Fringilla ambigua 203
borealis 195
cardinalis 200
cyanea 199
domestica ............ . 196
fermginea..... 198
georgiana 196
graminea 197
benslowi 197
bndsonia 198
byemalis 198
iliaca 198
linaria 196
Indoviciana 199
nivalis 198
palnstris 196
pecoris 203
pinns 195
punicea 199
mfa 196
savanna 197
(Spiza) palnslris 198
(Zonotrichia) iliaca ... 198
Pringillida 193
Fulica 250
americana 250
atra 250
flavirostris 249
martinica 249
martinicensis 249
noveboracensis 247
wilsoni 250
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S38
GENEBAL INDEX.
Page.
Pnlicin» 248
Fuligula 257
afBniB 287
albeola 259
olangala 258
collam 258
(Oymunra) rubida 260
marila 257
mariloides 257
minor..... 257
(Oxyara) rabida 2G0
perspicillata 259
rabida 260
mfitorqaes 258
vallisneria 258
Folignlinffi 257
Falixaffinis 257
collaris ..•.••..... 258
G.
Gadwall 254
Galeoscoptes caroliDensis 172
GallinflB 226
Gallinago 232
brehmi 233
brehmii 238
delkunotti 233
drummondii 232
gallinaria, var. wil-
soni 232
media 167,23;j
sabini 233
soolopacina 233
nniclayata 23:J
wilsonii 232
Gallinula 248
Carolina 247
cbloropus 248,249
var. galeata 248
crex 248
galoata 248
martinica "249
noveboraoensis 247
porphyrio 249
Gallinnle, Florida 248
Parplo 249
Gambetta 238
flavipes 238
melanoleaca 238
Gannet, booby 261
Garman, Samuel 285
Garzetta candidissima 243
Gates, Sir Thomas 22,23.150
Pftge-
Gavia atrioilla 266
bonapartei 267
leucoceps 271
sabini 268
tridactyla 267
bmchii 266
Gavina ssonorhyncha 266
GeloobeUdon agraria 268
anglioa 268
aranea 268
baltbioa 268
meridionalis 268
palustris 268
Geology of Bermada 5
Geopicos auratas 213
GeothlypinsB 184
Geothlypis 186
tricbas 186
Gibbs 184,194.211,240,254
Glancion clangnla 258
Glancus argentatoide^ 266
argentatns 266
zonorbyncbns 266
Glossy Ibis 241
Glottis semi palmata 237
Godet, Dr. T. L 289
Godet, M. Theodore 85
Godwit, hudsonian 237
Golden-crowned Thrash 184
Eye 258
Robin 203
Winged Woodpecker . . . 213
Goldfinch, European 196
Goniaphea 199
ludoviciana 199
Goode, Prof. G. Brown 6, 288. 290 305, 310,
311
Goosander 260
Goose, Canada 252
Snow 252
Goshawk, American 218
Gosse, Mr 298
Graculus 262
dilophus 262
Grallatores 22H
Gray, Dr. Asa 45
Gray Plover 228
Great black-backed Gull 265
Blue Heron 242
Northern Shrike 193
White Egret i 242
Gk^ater Shearwater 273
Yellow-shanks 238
Grebe, Homed 277
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QEMEBAL INDEX.
339
Pftge.
Grebe, Pied-billed 278
Green Heron 244
Turtle 287.301,302
Winged Teal 255
Greenwood, Dr CO
Grey King-bird 206
Snipe 233
Grisebach 45,62
Grosbeak, Cardinal 200
Rose-breasted 199
GronndDove 225
Guiraca ludoviciana 199
Gnll-billedTem 268
Gnll, Bonaparte's 267
Forked-tailed 268
Great black-backed 265
Herring 266
Laughing 266
Eing-billed 266
Sabine's 268
H.
HffimatopodidsB 230
Haliaetus 223
^lencooephalos 223
washingtonii 223
Haliplana fuliginosa 270
Halosydna 309
iencohyba 309
Hardy, John 289
Harford, Mr 203,272
Harrier, American 217
Harvey, Capt 225
Hon.E 71,72.73
Samuel 227
Hawes, George W 30
Hawk, American Sparrow 220
Duck 219
Hen 220
Marsh 217
Night 166,208
Pigeon 219
Sharp-shinned 218
Hawkbill 299,300
Hawksbill Turtle 287
Hay, Col. Dmmmond 151
Headland, John 146
Hedy meles Indovicianus 199
Helinaia protonotarins 180
Helix circnmflrmata 31
microdonta 31
Helminthophaga citroea 180
Helmi therus protonotarins 180
Helospiza palnstris 198
Page>
Hemipalama himantopns 234
minor 234
multistriata 234
Hen-hawk 220
Henicocichla, aurocapilla 184
noveboracensis ... 185
Henslow's Bunting 197
Hermodice 306
camnculata 306
Hevodias alba var. egretta 242
caudidissima • 243
cosrulea 243
egretta 242
var.CaliforDica 242
leuce 242
virescens 244
Herodiones 241
Heron. American Night 244
Great Blue 242
Green 244
Little Blue 243
Snowy 243
Yellow-crowned Night . . . 245
HerringGull 266
Herse bicolor 189
Hesione proctochona •• 311
HesionidsD 311
Heteropoda mauri 234
semipalmata 234
Heyl.J.R 14
Hierofaloo atricapillus 218
Himantopus 231
melanopt ems 231
Mexicanus 231
nigricoUis 231
Hinson.Mr 231
Hirundarufa 188
HimndinidjB 188
Hirundininae 188
Hirundo 188
Americana 188
bicolor ; 189
osemlea — • 189
cinerea 189
horreorum 188
ludoviciana 189
pelagioa • 209
pelasgia. 209
purpurea 189
riparia 189
rustioa 188
subis 189
versicolor 189
violacea 189
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340
GENEBAL INDEX.
P»ge.
Hirando vlridis. .••• 189
Hoary Bat 145
Hodites semipalmata 237
Hollis 219,220
Hooded Fly-oatching Warbler .. 186
Merganser 261
Hooker, Sir Joseph 42-45,46
Hopegood, Lien tenant 21 1-275
Horned Grebe 5J77
Lark 177
Hadsonian Carlew 240
Godwit 237
Hngbes, Henry 146
Rev. Lewis 103-105,288
Hnmming-bifd, ruby -throated .. 209
Hamp-back 147
Hnrdis, J. L 38, 145, 168, 160, 171,
173, 174, 178, 180, 186, 188,
192,193,198,199,202,203,
204,207,209,210.215,216,
217. 219, 223, 224, 229, 231,
2:12, 238, 240, 241, 243, 244,
246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251,
252, 255, 258, 262, 264, 265,
267. 270, 273, 274, 278, 279
Htissey , Lieutenant . . 225, 243, 253, 259, 260
Hydrochelidon 271
fissipes 271
faliginosnm 270
lariformis 271
nigra 271
plombea 271
Hydroidee 327
dianthus 327
Hyland,Mr.,jr 180
Hylocichla mnstelina 171
Hyphantes baltimore 203
Hypotriorchis colambarios 219
Hypsibates nigricollis 231
L
IbidinoB 241
Ibis 241
faloinellns 241
facinellns var. ordii 241
Glossy 241
ordil 241
Icteridae 202
Icterinffi 203
Icterus 203
agripennis 202
baltimore !... 203
baltimorensis 203
peooris 203
PftffS.
Index of Botanical names 133
English or local names of
Bermndan plants.... 127
Indigo Bird 199
Ingham, S. 8 106
Insectivora 156
lonomis martinicensis 249
Ispidaalcyon 210
J.
Jack Snipe 235
Jones, J. M 5,6, 16, 19, 25, 27, 29,
30, 45, 63, 80, 92, 143,
166,168,169,170,174,
179,187,193,200,201,
213, 224, 288, 289, 290
Jonrdan, Sylvanus 146, 159, 291
Jonco 198
hyemalis 198
K.
Kemp,EichardM 295,296
Kemp's Gulf Turtle 301
Kerr.Prof. W.C 15
Key, Admiral 99
Key, Sir Cooper 43
Kildeer Plover 229
King-bird 205
groy 206
Kirkwood, Capt 234
Kittiwake 267
L.
LaflFan, Col 99
Sir Robert 43
Lamelllrostres 250
Lompronessa sponsa 256
Lance, A. W 45
Land Rail 248
Lane, Mr 262
Lang, Lieut 71
Laniidie 193
Laniinos 193
Lanius borealis 193
excubitor 193
olivaceus 192
septentrionalis 193
tyrannus 205,206
var. carolinen-
sis 205
Tar. domlnioen-
sls 206
var. ludovicl-
anus 205
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QEN£BiJ:< INDEX.
341
Page.
Larid» 265
LarmsB 265
Lark, brown 177
homed 177
shore 177
Laroides argentaoens 266
argentatoides 266
argentatns 266
argenteus 266
m^jor 266
minor 268
rissa 267
tridactyla 267
Laropis anglioa 268
Lams 265
albns 265
argentatoides 266
argeutatas 266
argentens 266
atricilla 266
bicolor 269
bonapartei 267
oanns 266
capistratos..... .* 267
cincrens 266
columbinus 269
delawarensis 266
fnscus 266
gavia 267
glaiicns 266
maculatus 265
marinus 265,266
var.iS 266
maximns 265
meralinus ••• 271
nrovins 265,267
niger 265
occidentalis 266
Philadelphia 267
philadelphicns 267
ridibnndus 266
riga 267
rissa 267
sabinii 268
smithsonianns 266
stoma 269
torqoatns 267
tridactylns 267
zonorhynchos 266
Lasinms cinerens 145
Laughing Gall 266
LaWarre 150
Leach's Petrel 284
Least Bittern 246
Page>
Least Sandpiper 235
Leather-Back Turtle 287
Turtle 303
Lefroy, General 20,26,29,293
Governor 72,99
SirJ. H 6,7,19,33,46
Lepidoohelys dusBumierii 3Q1
olivacea 301^
Leptopelicanus fusoos 262
Lepturus candidns 263
Lesser Scaup Duck 257
Tell-tale 238
Lightboum,Mr 89
Limestone, Coral 9
LimicolsB 228
Limosa : 237
ffigocephala 237
australis 237
grisea 233
hudsonioa 237
melanura 237
Linariaminor 195
• pinus 195
savanna 197
Linnet, pine 195
red-poll 196
Linota linaria 195
Little Auk 278
Black Raa 248
Blue Heron 243
Yellow Rail 247
Livonapica 31
Lizards 287
Llewellyn 216
Loblpee 231
hyperboreus 231
Loggerhead 300,301
Turtle 287
Loogipennes 265
Lophody tes cucullatus 261
Loxia 193
americana 193
oardinalis 200
curvirostra 193
var. americana. 193
falcirostra » 194
lenooptera 194
ludoviciana 199
obscura 199
rosea 199
Lucina pennsyl vanioa 31
Lumbriconereis opalina 321
splendida 321
Lye, Captain 189
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342
GENERAL INDEX.
H.
Maboaia ••
Macrorhamphus
griaeus ,
soolopaoeuB
MaUard
Mammals of Bermada
ManniDg, Mr. F.A
Man-of-war Bird
288
233
233
233
253
143
37
283
Manx Shearwater 273,277
Mareca 256
americana 255
penelope/fif 255
Marilaafflnis 257
oollaria 258
Marpbysa 319
aoioolamm, new species 319
Marsh Hawk 217
Martinioo gallinule 249
Martin, purple 189
Martyr, Peter 292
Maryland yellow-throat 186
Maury, M.F iSl
May, Henry 20,21,290
Megaceryle alcyon 210
Megalopterus stoUdus 271
Meli ttarchus dominioensis 206
Mellisuga colubris 209
Melospiza 198
fasoiata 283
palostris 198
Merganser castor 260
var. Ameri-
canns 260
oucnllatus
gulo
rail
serrator
Merganser, hooded .••••
red-breasted
Mergin» •
Mergus
americanus
castor
cristatus
oucuUatus.....
lencomelas ••• •••
merganser
T^^T^
sexxator
Mergulus
aUe
melanoleuous
Merxiam, Clinton Hart
261
261
261
261
260
260
260
260
261
261
261
260
261
261
278
278
278
•281
Pftga.
Merriam, Walter H. 283
Merula mlgratoria 170
mustelina 171
olivacea 171
wilsoni 171
Metapoceros 288
Michaux, A. 95
Francis Andre 44,63
Micropalama 234
himantopns 234
Microptera americana 232
Middleton, Michael 43
Mavin» 217
Blimintt 172
Bfimns 11^
carolinenais 172
felivox 172
Mljeod, Capt 197
Mniotilta 179
borealis 179
canadensis 181
castanea 182
citroBa 180
coronata 182
discolor 183
varia 168,179
varia var. longirostris. 179
virens 181
Moll, Herman 275
Molobnispecoris 203
Molothrus 203
ates 203
peooris 203
Monticola cyaneus 175
Moore, Governor 154
Moseley, H.E 45
MotacilU 185
iBstiva 180
americana 179
anrocapiUa 184
derulescens 181
canadensis 181
citnna 180
coronata 182
eques 179
flavicauda 186
ludovioiana 179
maculosa 183
mitrata 186
noveboracensls 185
OBnanthe 173
palmamm 183
protonotarius 180
173
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Google
OENEBAL INDEX.
343
P»ge.
Motacilla yarU 179
virens 181
Motacillidffi 177
Moose, common 161
MnnrOy General 45,89
Mnridad 166
Mnrray^Jolin 29,30
Mas alexandrinos 157
amerioanna 157,158
decumanii8.....A ..• 156
flaviventria •• 157
infuacatoa ..1 158
mnsoalos •••••.. 161
nigricans ...• ••••• 167
norvegicoa 156
rattua 157,158
aetoena 158
tectomm 157
Mnsoioapa animosa •. .. 206
cantatrix 190
carolinenaia 172
cooperi 206
oncollata 186
dominicensia 206
guerala 207
inomata 206
noveboraoenaia. .••••• 190
olivacea 192
rapax 207
rex 205
rubra 187
ruticilla 186
selbyi 186
traiUii 207
tyrannna 205
yirena 207
Myiarchns virena 207
Myiobios borealia .••.. 206
trailUi 207
virens 207
Biy ioctonaa mitratna 186
Myiodioctea 186
mitratna 186
Mytilna exnstus 31
N.
Nassa candei 32
var. antiUamm... 32
Nectria amanrosoma 273
anglomm 274
baroli 274
cinerea 273
fnliginosa 273
Page.
Neotria obacora 274
pnfflnns 274
Nelson, General R. 1 5,9,11,
12,13,18,25,27,31,293,294
NereidsB 312
Nereis :. 312
bairdii, new apeoiea 312
gigantea 306
gracilis, new q>eciea 313
Nerita peloronta 31
Nettion carolinenaia 255
Newport, Capt 23
Newton, Prof 178
Nicidion 320
kinbeigi, new species . . 320
NiglitHawk 166,208
Niphcea hyemalis 198
Nisos oolombanus 219
fnscns 218
pennsylvanicns 218
Nootna acadica 215
nivea 216
uyctea 216
Noddy Tern 271
Northern Pbalarope 231
Norway Rat 166
Norwood, Richard 24, 147
Nomenins 240
borealia 240,241
brasilienaia 240
brevirostris 241
hndaonicoa 240
intermedina 240
microrhynohna ••.... . 241
phieopos 240
rofiventris 240
Nuthatch, red-bellied 176
Nyotala acadica 215
albifrone 215
Nyctale 216
acadica 215
Nyotea 216
nivea • 216
soandiaoa 216
var. arotioa .... 216
Nycteinine 216
Nyctherodina violaoena 245
Nyctia Candida 216
Nyctiardea 244
gaideni 244
grlsea var. garden!.. . 244f ,
var. n»via.... 244 ,
mevea 244 ;
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344
6ENEBAL INDEX.
Nyctiardea violacea 245
Nyctioorax amerioanns 844
gardeoL....^ 844
grieeus 5^44
noevia «. 844
violaceas 845
Nyiooa vallianeiia 858
O.
Oakley, Col 8W
Ooeanites 272
oceanica 873
ooeanions 872
wilflonia 872
OBdemia 259
perspicUlata 259
(Enone 321
diphyllidia 321
Oidemia perspicillata 259
Olive-backed Thrush 171
Olivella oryza 32
OUver, Prof 44,65,56
Olive-sided Flycatcher 206
Olor americanna 251
OnaBirdnewtoBennada 281,283
Onocrotalas fascus 262
Onychochely s kraassii 300
ODychoprion faliginosa 270
Ophelia..^ 322
bicomis 322
Opheliidsd 322
Ophelina 322
macnlata, new species.. 322
Ordft, Capt 233,262
Oriole, Baltimore 203
Oriolns baltimore 203
Orpheas carolinensis 172
felivox 172
OrtyginaB 226
Ortygometra Carolina 247
chilensis 248
Jamaicensis 248
noveboracensis.... 247
Orfcyx 226
borealis 226
castaneas 226
virgiuianus 226
Osborn, Henry L 32
Oscines 170
Osprey 222
Otooorys 177
alpestris 177
var. chrysolse-
ma 177
PiM5«.
Otocorys alpestris var. lencols-
ma 177
oomnta 177
Otns 213
americanns 813
brachyotas.... 814
galapagoensis 814
palnstns 214
nlula 214
vulgaris 214
americanns 214
var. wilsonianus.. 213,214
wilsonianus 214
Oviedo, Qonzalo Ferdinando de . . 19, 23
Owl, American Hawk 217
Long-eared 213
Barred 215
Saw-whet 215
Short-eared 214
Snowy 816
Oxyechus vociferus 229
P.
Pandion 882
amerioanus 222
carolinensis 222
fluvialis 222
haliaetus 222
hali»tus, var. carolinen-
sis 222
var. lencoceph-
alns 222
indicns 222
leucocephalns 222
Parida 176
Partridge, Virginian 226
Parula 179
americana 167,179
Parus americanns 179
Passenger pigeon 224
Passer 196
domesticus 196
linaria 195
Passeroulus 197
alaudinus 197
palnstri3 198
savanna 197
Passerella 196
iliaca 198
obscnra 198
PasserelliniB 198
Paftseres 170
Passerina cyanea 199
oryzivora - 202
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QENEBAL INDEX.
345
Page.
PasseriDa peeoris ^03
Payne, George ••• 43
Paynter, Mr 56
Pectoral Sandpiper 235
Peotnnoalus 31
Pelecanidffi 262
Pelecanns 262
aqnilas • ^ 263
(Carbo) dllophns ' 262
fiber 261
ftisctu • 262
aula 261
Pelican, Brown 262
Pelidna brissoni 234
maritima 236
melanotoa ••• 236
pectoralis • 235
pnaiUa 235
schiuzii 236
Pellonetta perspicillata 259,283
Pelodea sarinamenaia 271
Pemblyco 274,275
Peni8ton,W. S 59,284
Percnoptems aura 224
Perdicidffi • 226
Perdix borealis 226
budaonioa 247
marilandica 226
yirginiana 226
Peregrine Falcon 219
PeriBsnra carolinensis 225
Peristera carolinenais 225
migratoria 224
Perot, W. B 44
Petrel, Leach's 284
WU^on's • 272
Petroobelidon bicolor 189
Pe-wee, Wood 207
Phaeton 263
flsthereas 263
Candidas 263
flavirostris. 263
mbricanda 263
PhaStonid© 263
Phsetons 168
Phalacrocoracidfis 262
Phalacrooorax dilophos 262
floridanns 262
Phalarope, Northern 231
Phalaropodidw 231
Phalaropns cinerascens 231
cinerens 231
foscus 231
hyperborens 231
Page.
Phalaropns rnficollis 231
Phileremos alpestris 177
comutus 177
PhUohela 232
minor 232
PhcenicopteridiB 250
Phcenicopterns 250
ruber 860
Phcenicosoma rubra 1S7
PhcBuisoma rubra 187
Physalla 295
Physeterida 153
Physeter macrocephalus 153
Physical geography of Bermuda. 6
Playa americana 212
dominica 213
erytbrophthalma 211
Picari® 208
Pici 212
Picid© 212, 213
Picin© 212
Pious atrothoraz 212
anratus 213
(Dendroc<^n8) varius 212
( Sphy rapicus) varius 212
varius 212
Pied-billed Orebe 278
Pigeon Hawk 219
Pigeon, Passenger 224
Pilumnus varius 212
PimUco 275
Pine-creeping Warbler 183
Linnet 196
PintaU 254
Piping Plover 230
Pipit, American 177
Pitylus cardinalis 200
Plants, Botanical names of 133
English names of 127
Plectrophanes 196
nivalis 195
Pleione carunculata 306
Plestiodon longirostris 287
Plover, American golden 166, 228
Black-bellied 228
Gray 228
Kildeer 229
Piping 230
Ring 230
Semipalmated 230
Pluvialis f ul vus americanns 228
varius 228
virginicns 228
Podarke 311
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346
QEHERAL INDEX.
Pftge.
Pddarke obscnra 311
Podioeps 277
srctioos 277
carolinensis "278
OMpicne 277
coniatns , 277
Indovicianos 278
obBoanis 277
solavos 277
Podicipidae •••••• 277
Podilymbus 278
liueatuB 278
podiceps 278
PcDcilonia sparverios 220
PoDcilopterDis borealis 220
PolyDoS leucobyba 300,310
Polynoidfle 309
Pooc®te8 197
gramiDeua 197
Pooecetea graminens 197
Pooley,Mr 217
Poipbyrio amerioanna •••. 249
cyanioollis ..•• 249
martinioa 249
^ tavona 249
Poipbyrola.. 249
martinioa 249
Ponaua 247
Carolina • 247
Jamaicensis 248
noveboracenaia 247
Potamilla 325
Prairie warbler 183
Frocellaria anglomm 273
foliginoaa 273
grisea 273
major 273
obscora ••• 274
oceanica 272
pelagica 272
poffinna 273
tristia - 273
wilsoni 272
yelkonan 273
yelkoan 274
Prooellariadffi 274
Procellariidffi 272
Procellariin® .••• 272
Progne 189
purpurea 139
snbis 189
Prothonotary Warbler 180
Protonotaria oitrcBa 180
Protnlides, new genua 325
Piotulidea elegana, new apeciea . 325
Pterocyanea discors 256
Pufflnua 273
amaurosoma 273
anglomm 273,276,277
areticua 273
baroUi 274
cinereua 273
fuliginoaua 273
gritfeua 273
llierminieri 274
mi^or 273
obaonrua 273,274,276,377
opiathomelaa ••• UTS
triatia 273
yelouanua 274
yelkonan 274
Porple gallinule 249
Martin 189
Sandpiper 236.
Puaey,Dr _ 106
Pygopodea 277
I^rranga 187
eativa 187
erythromelaa 187
rubra 187,283
Pyrgita domeatica 196
Pyrooephalna (Contopua) borealia 206
Tirena. 207
Q.
QnaU, Virginian 226
Quassi, Mr. 56
Qnerqnednla 255
acuta 254
carolinenaia 255
caudacuta 264
creoca 255
dieoora 266
atrepera 254
R.
Bail, CaroUna 247
Land 248
Little black 248
Little yellow 247
aora -. 166,247
Virginian 1M6
Eallida 246
Ballin» 246
Eallus 246
aqnatloua yar. y5 246
oarolinua.— • 247
orex - 248
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GEITERAL INDEX.
347
Page.
Rallas(Crex) carolinns 247
jamaiceDsos 248
limicola 246
noveboracensia 247
ruficolUa 247
stolidus 247
virgiDianas •»• 246
Raphigaster praainua. 209
Baptore8 s 213
Rat,Black 157
Brown 156
Norway 156
Tree 157
Recurvirostra himantopus 231
Reonryirostridffi 231
Red-bellied nuthatch 176
Red-bird 200
Summer .*. 187
Red-breaated Merganiier. 261
Snipe 233
Throah 170
Red-eyed vireo 192
Red-poll Linnet 196
Redshankn 270
Redstart, American 1IM$
Reid, Capt. Savile G 163
Governor 45,53,54,58,68
SirW 73
T. S 117
Rein, Dr 37,45,48,62,68,69,112
Reptiles of Bermuda 285,287
Rhimanphus pinus 183
castaneus 182
virens 181
RhinogryphuB aura 224
Rhizophora mangle 283
RhyacophiluB 239
chlorophygins 239
Bolitarins 239
Rhynchaspis clypeata 256
Rice-bird 202
Right Whale 147,151
Ring-billed Gull 266
Ring-necked Duck 258
Ring Plover 230
Risea 267
brunnichli 268
cinerea 268
kotzebui 268
tridactyla 267
Robertson, Dr 36
Robin, American 170
Golden 203
Rodentia 156
Paga
RoUo, Capt 103
Rooke,Capt 166,187,234,255
Roseate Tern 269
Rose-breasted Grosbeak 199
Ruby-throated Humming-bird .. 209 .
Ruddy Duck 260
Rustioola(Microptera) minor... 232
minor 232
S.
Sabella 327
melanoetigma 327
Sabellida 325
Sabine's Gull 268
Sanderling 236
Sandpiper, Bartram's 240
Bonaparte's 235
Least 235
pectoral 235
Purple 236
Semipalmated 234
SoUtary 239
Spotted 239
Stilt 234
White-rumped 235
Sargent, Prof 45,76
Sauria 287,289
Savanna Sparrow 197
Saw-whet Owl 215
Sazby, Dr 194
Saxicola 173
OBuanthe 173
odnanthoides 173
aialis 173
SazicolidsB 173
Sayomis borealis 206
Scarlet Tanager 187,283
Scincns fasoiatus 289
ocellatns 289
Scolopaoide 232
Scolopaciuffi 232
Scolopaxalba 5^37
borealis 240,241
Candida 237
delioatnla 232
douglasii 238
drummondii 232
flavipes 238
gallinago 232,233
grisea 233
hudsonica 237
lapponica 237
(Maororhamphus) gri-
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848
GENERAL INDEX.
Soolopaz melaDoleaoa 238
minor 232
Doveboracensis 233
semipalmata 237
Tocifems • 238
wilsonii 232
Scope albifrons 215
Scoresby 150
Scorpions 288
Scoter, Sknuk-Heod 283
Surf 259
Scotophilus acadioiui 215
noctivagana 145
Sea-Dove 278
Sea Turtles (Chelonioidea), with
synonymy 299
Seiuras 184,185
aqnaticos 185
aaiocapillos 184
gossii 185
ladovicianos 185
noveboracensis 168,185
tenoirostris 185
Semipalmated Plover 230
Sandpiper 234
Serpnladiantbos 327
8erpulid» 327
Setophaga 186
mitrata 186
mticilla 186
Setopbagince 186
Sharp-Shinned Hawk 218
Shearwater, Bhusk-vented 276,277
Dusky 274
Greater 273
• Manx 273,277
Sooty 273
Shore Lark 177
Short-eared Owl 214
Shoveller 256
Shrike, Great Northern 193
Sialia 173
sialis 173
wilsoni 173
SUver-Haired Bat 145
Sitta 176
canadensis 176
stnlta 176
varia 176
Sittina 176
Skink —. 288
Skunk-Head Scoter 283
Skylark, European 178
SlipperyBaoks 283
Page.
Small-Billed Water-Thrush 185
Smith. Capt. John 22, 88, 158. 288
Hodgson 252
Snipe 166
American 166,232
Common 233
European 233
Grey 233
Jack 235
Bed- Breasted 233
Wilson's 232
Wood 241
Snow-Bird, Eastern 198
Snow Bunting .* 195
Goose 258
Snowy Heron 243
Owl 216
Solitary Sandpiper 239
Somers, Sir George 22,23
SongSparrow 283
Sooty Shearwater 273,
Tern 270
SoraRail 166,247
Sorex 156
SericidiB 156
Sparrow, European House 196
Fox 198
Savanna 197
Song 283
Swamp 198
Sparvius atrioapillus 218
lineatus 218
Spathnlea dypeata 256
Spatula 256
dypeata 256
Spenser, Archdeacon 87, 97
Spermaceti Whale 153
Sperm Whal^ 153
Sphargididie 303
Sphargis 294,298
coriacea 287,290,295.303
coriacea var. schlegelii. 303
mercurialis 303
schlegelii 295
Sphyrapicus 212
varius 212
Sphyropicus varius 212
Spizacyanea 199
Spizellinse 197
SpiziuiB 199
Bpoffoth, Colonel 97
Spotted Sandpiper 239
Squatarola 228
australis 228
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OENEBAL INDEX.
349
Page.
8qnataTola helvetica 228
Stafford, Richard 148
8teganopode8 261
Stenia 268
affinis 268
anglica 268
aranea 268
csesia 271
dougalli 269
douglasi 269
fiseipes 271
fluviatilis 269,271
fuliginosa 270
var. crissalis.. 270
gouldii 270
gracilis 269
guttata 270
(Haliplana) faliginosa... 270
hirundo 269
laotuosa 270
macdongalli 269
macrodactyla 269
macroptera 269
macrotarsa 268
Dsevia 271
nigra 271
( Ony choprion ) fh liginoea . 270
paradisea 269
Philadelphia 267
pileata 271
plumhea 271
senegalensis 269
serrata 270
Btolida 271
Bnrinamensis 271
wilsonii 269
Steminj© 268
Stilt, Black-Necked 231
Stilt Sandpiper 234
Stint, American 235
Stone, Mr 251
Stowe, Captain 73
Strachy , William 22, 150, 289, 291
Strepsilas 230
coUaris 231
iuterpres 230
Strigiceps hudsonins 217
uliginosus 217
StrigidfiB 213
Striginffi 213
Strix acadica. 215
aoadiensis 215
accipitrina 214
albifrone 214
Page.
Strix (A8io)otn8 213
brachyotns 214
brachynra 214
bubo 216
var. albus 216
canadensis 217
Candida 216
caspia 214
chichictli 215
erminea ^ 216
femandica 215
froti hndsonis 217
fhnerea 217
hudsonia 217
nebnloaa 215
nivea 216
nyctea 216
otus 213
palnstris 214
peregrinator 213
phalasnoides 215
Bcandiaca 216
varius 215
Struthus hyemalis 198
Snla 261
brasiliensis 261
fiber 261
fusoa 261
SulidfiB 261
Summer Duck 256
Bed-Bird 187
Summers, Sir George 291
Summer Warbler 180
Surf Duck 283
Scoter 259
Sumia 217
hudsonia 217
nyctea 216
ulula 217
var. hudson ia 217
Swainson, John 272
Swallow, Bank 189
Bam 188
White BeUied. 189
Swamp Sparrow 196
Swan, American 251
Whistling i.... 251
Swift, Chimney 209
Sylbeocyclns carolinensis 278
podiceps 278
Sylvania mitrata : 186
ruticiUa 186
Sylvia sBStiva 180
americana , 179
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350
QENEBAL- INDEX.
SylvU anthoides 185
auTocapilla 184
antamnalis 182
cseralescens 181
oanadeDtds • 181
caroliuensis 180
castanea 182
childreni 181
citrinella 181
ooFonata 182
discolor 183
flava 181
leacoptera 181
maoalosa 183
magnolia 183
marilandica 186
minuta 183
mitrata 186
noveboraceiiBis 185
palmamm 183
petchia 183
pinna 183
protonotarios 180
pusilla 179,181
rathbonia 181
roscoe 186
sialis 173
sphagnosa 181
torqaata 179
trichas 186
varia 179
Tigorsii 183
virens 181
xanthopygia 182
Sylviaoola coronota 182
Sylvioola cestiva 180
americana 179
canadensis •••.. 181
castanea 182
discolor 183
maculosa 183
mitrata 186
petechia 183
pinas 183
pusilla 179
ruficapilla 183
varia 179
virens 181
Sylvicolid© 179,191
Sylvicolinffi 179
Sympbemia 237
atlantica 237
semipalmata........ 237
Syminffi 215
Symianyotea. 216
Symiom 215
nebulosuin.. 215
T.
Taobycineta bicolor 189
Tacbypetcs 263
aquilus 263
TacbypetidiB 263
Tadomanivea 252
Tallents, Lieutenant. 200, 216. 219, 255, 259
Tanager, Scarlet 187,283
Tanagra ssstiva 187
cyanea 199
rubra 187
TanagridiB 187
Tanagriuffi 187
Tantalid© 241
Tantalus loculator 251
mexicanus 241
Tattler 238
Teal 166
Blue-winged 256
Green-winged 255
Tectarins mnricatus 31
Tell-Talc, Lesser 238
Terebella 324
carunculata 306
magnifica, new species 324
Terebellidffi 324
Tern, Black 271
Common 269
Gull-billed 268
Noddy -m
Roseate 269
Sooty 270
Testndinata 287
Testudo caouana 300
caretta 300
cepbalo 300
coriacea 303
coriacea s. mercurii 303
imbricata 299,300
japonica 301
macropns 302
mydcs 301,302
tuberculata 303
viridis 302
Tetrao marilandicus 226
virginianus 226
Tbalasseus auglicus 268
Tha] assidroma anglornm 373
oceanica 272
wilsoni 291S
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OENESAIi INBEX
351
FAge.
Thalassipora infoscata 270
Thalassoohelys caonana 887, 290, 300
(Colpochelys)
kexnpii 301
corticata 301
kempii 301
(L^idocbelys)
olivacea 301,
olivacea 301
ThelethnsidsB 323
Thomson, Sir Wyville.5, 8,12, 26, 26, 27,
28,29
Thraeh, Golden-crowned 184
Olive-baoked 171
Red-breasted 170
Small-billed Water 185
Wood - 171
Tinnnncnlas 220
colambarins 219
sparverins 220
Tolcher, Captain .... 182, 203, 263, 271, 278
Totaninffi 237
Totanns bartramius 240
(Catoptrophoras) semi-
palmatas 237
cbilensis 238
chloropos 239
var.Bolitarins. 239
cboloropygins 239
crassirostris 237
flavipes 238
fnsoooapillQs 238
glareola • 239
maoroptera 239
macalarias 239
maritimiis 236
melanolencos 238
natator 238
noveboracensis •• 233
sasashew 23d
semipalmatns 237
solitarius 168,239
variogatns.... 240
Tociferas 238
Toomefortia 192
Traiirs Fly-catcher 207
Tree Rat 157
Trichas marilandica 186
persouatos 186
rosooe 186
Tringa 235
( Aotodromas) macnlata . . 235
arenaria 236
( ArqoateUa) maritima. . . 236
Fage.
Tringa bartramia 240
bonapartii 236
canadensis -236
cinclus 235
dominicensis 235
dorsulis 236
(Enliga) bartramia 240
ftisca 231
fnscicollis 235
helvetica 228
(Hemipalama) anduboni. 234
(Hemipalama) himanto-
pns 234
(Hemipalama) semipal-
mata 234
(Heteropoda) semipalma-
ta 234
hiaticula 230
himantopus 234
hyperborea 231
interpres 230
Httoralis 236
lobata 231
longicanda 240
macnlaria 239
maculata • 235
maritima... 236
melauotus 236
minutilla 235
morinella 231
nana 235
nigricans 236
notata 239
ochropns 239
pectoralis 235
pnsilla 234,235
schinzii 235
semipalmata 234
Bolitaria 239
.sqnatarola 228
striata 236
nndata 236
▼aria 228
wilsoni 235
Tringites macalarias 239
Tringoides 239
bartramias 240
macalarios 239
Tristram, Canon 180
Rev.H.B 232,242
Trivia Totanda 32
Trochilidffl 209
Trochilus 209
anreigaster 209
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352
GENERAL INDEX.
Page.
Trochilns colubrU 166,1«7,209
Trompe Whale 153
Trott, J.H 2-^4
Trancatella 31
Trank Turtle 303
Trynga arquatella 236
tridactyla 237
Tacker, Daniel 146,15:)
Governor 158
Harry 216
Pupper, Captaii} 202
Turdidte 170
Tardinffl 170
Tardus 170
aquaticns 185
anrocapillns 184
canadeuBia 170
caroliuensis 172
coronatns 184
densos 171
felivox 172
lividus 172
melodus 171
migratorina 170
minimus 171
minor 171
mustelinus 171
olivacens 171
( Seinrus) noveboraoensia . 185
Bolitarius 171
Bwainsoni 171
trichaa 186
Turkey-buzzard 1... 224
Turner, Mrs. Hildebrand 105
Sir Hildebrand 103
Turnstone 230
Turtle, Green 287,301,302
Hawksbill 287
Kemp's Gulf 301
Leather 303
Leather-baok 287
Loggerhead 287
Trunk 303
Turtles 287
Sea, List of, with synony-
my 299
TyrannidflB 205
Tyranninae 205
Tyrannula cooper! 206
trailli 207
virens 207
Tyrannus 205
borealis 206
oaroliuenais 205
Pace.
Tyrannus ooopeii 206
dominloensis 206
griseus 206
intrepidus 205
leucogaater 205
pipiri 205
traimi...A 207
vieillotii 205
virens 207
matutinns 206
U.
Ulnla acadica 815
braohyotns 214
nebuloea 215
Una alle - 278
V.
Vanellus helvetions 228
melanogaater 228
squatarola 228
Vaughan, Daniel 103
Vcrmetus lumbricalis 31
Yermi vora protonotarius 180
VespertilionidcB 145
Yiralva auglica 268
nigra 271
Vireo 190,192
belli 191
bogotensis 192
gilvus 191
musicus 190
noveboracensis 190
olivaceus 192
Red-eyed 192
yigorsii 183
virescens 192
White-eyed 190
Vireonidae 190
Vireoninffi 190
Vireosylvia 192
olivaoea 192
Virginian Colin 226
Partridge 226
Quail 226
Rail 246
Vulturanra 224
aura/3 224
iota 224
W.
Walther, A. F 54
Warbler, Black and Yellow 183
Black Creeping 179
BlneYeUow-baoked... 179
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GENERAL INDEX.
353
Page.
Warbler, Fly-catching Hooded . . 186
Pine Creeping 183
Prairie 183
Prothonotary 180
Summer 180
White Creeping 179
Yellow Blue-eyed 180
Yellow-rump 182
Water-witch 278
Webster, Prof. H. E 305
Wedderbum, Colonel .... 168, 171, 173, 174,
177,178,183,185,188,
193,194,197,202,204,
206,209,213,216,218,
224,228,229,230,233,
234,235,236,238.242,
243,246,248,252,257,
261,262,263,264,266,
267, 26«, 270, 272,278
Wetheby, Captain 44
Whale,Cape 147
Common 147
Right 147,151
Sperm 153
Spermaceti 153
Trompe 153
Wheatear ITS
Whistling Swan 251
White-bellied Swallow 189
White Creeping Warbler 179
White-eyed Vireo 190
White-headed Eagle 223
White-rumped Sandpiper 235
White- winged Crossbill 194
Wigeon, American 255
Willet 237
Williams, Daniel 296
Wilmot 146
Wilson 188
Wilsouia mitrata 186
Page.
Wilson's Petrel 272
Snipe 232
Wingood, Mr 67
Woodcock, American 232
WoodDuck 256
Woodpecker, Golden-winged 213
Yellow-bellied 212
Wood Pe-Wee 207
Snipe 241
Thrush 171
X.
Xema 268
atricilla 266
bonapartei . 267
sabinii 268
Xiphias gladins 150
Y.
Yarrell 173
Yellow-bellied Woodpecker 212
Yellow-billed Cuckoo 212
Tropic Bird 26:i
Yellow -crowned Night Heron ... 245
Yellow-rump Warbler 182
Yellow shanks 166,238
Yellow-shanks, Greater 238
Yellow-throat, Maryland 186
Yphautes baltimore 203
Z.
ZenaidinsB 225
Zenaidura 225
carolinensis 225
marginellus , 225
Zonites bermudensis 31
var. nelsonii 31
Zonotrichia alandina 197
graminea 197
Zostera marina 296
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3 2044 106 298 789
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